The Berginization of Raw Rubber

1930 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-34
Author(s):  
H. I. Waterman ◽  
R. H. Dewald ◽  
A. J. Tulleners
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Acetone Extract ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Contact Period ◽  
Made In

Abstract As a raw material for the experiments, a sample of raw rubber, viz., first latex crepe, was used. This was obtained from the Reichskautschukprüfungsanstalt in Delft, where analysis showed the particular sample of crepe contained 93 to 94 per cent rubber hydrocarbon, with the remaining 6 to 7 per cent composed of 2 to 3 per cent acetone extract, 2 to 3 per cent proteins (calculated as protein with factor 6.25) and finally moisture and ash. When dry distilled in the ordinary way, this crepe yielded up to 450° C. about 95 per cent of a yellow oil which was highly unsaturated. The bromine addition number (according to the McIlhiney method) of the distilled benzine (b. p. up to 220° C.) was, with a 3-minute contact period in carbon tetrachloride in darkness, higher than 120. The benzine obtained from the berginization of the raw rubber was far different from this. The experiments were carried out in an agitated autoclave. Five iron balls served as a means of stirring. In each experiment 150 g. of crepe were rolled around the pyrometer tube in the autoclave. Each time before an experiment, the autoclave was evacuated and was charged with hydrogen at 110 kg. per sq. cm. pressure. Two experiments, D6 and D7, were carried out. For comparison 2 similar experiments, D3 and D4, were made in which hydrogen under pressure was not used, in this case the heating being carried out under the pressure of the gases formed by the thermal decomposition. The conditions used in the D3 and D4 experiments were otherwise identical with those of the D6 and D7 experiments. The heating was carried on so that 450° C. was reached as rapidly as possible, at which point the system was maintained for 15 minutes. At the end of this period of heating, the autoclave was cooled rapidly by compressed air. After cooling the gases were drawn off through a previously evacuated spiral receptacle cooled with a carbon dioxide-acetone mixture. Whatever was not condensed in this way was collected in a gas-measuring receiver. After the pressure in the autoclave had fallen to one atmosphere, the autoclave valve was closed, the cold mixture was removed from the spiral, as a result of which the liquid condensed within the spiral evaporated in part.

Low-Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen by Sorption-Enhanced Reaction

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas P Harrison ◽  
Zhiyong Peng
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Proton Exchange Membrane ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Impurity Level ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Enhanced Production

Hydrogen is an increasingly important chemical raw material and a probable future primary energy carrier. In many current and anticipated applications the carbon monoxide impurity level must be reduced to low-ppmv levels to avoid poisoning catalysts in downstream processes. Methanation is currently used to remove carbon monoxide in petroleum refining operations while preferential oxidation (PROX) is being developed for carbon monoxide control in fuel cells. Both approaches add an additional step to the multi-step hydrogen production process, and both inevitably result in hydrogen loss. The sorption enhanced process for hydrogen production, in which steam-methane reforming, water-gas shift, and carbon dioxide removal reactions occur simultaneously in the presence of a nickel-based reforming catalyst and a calcium-based carbon dioxide sorbent, is capable of producing high purity hydrogen containing minimal carbon monoxide in a single processing step. The process also has the potential for producing pure CO2 that is suitable for subsequent use or sequestration during the sorbent regeneration step. The current research on sorption-enhanced production of low-carbon monoxide hydrogen is an extension of previous research in this laboratory that proved the feasibility of producing 95+% hydrogen (dry basis), but without concern for the carbon monoxide concentration. This paper describes sorption-enhanced reaction conditions – temperature, feed gas composition, and volumetric feed rate – required to produce 95+% hydrogen containing low carbon monoxide concentrations suitable for direct use in, for example, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell.

Deactivation of Red Mud by Primary Aluminum Production Wastes

2021 ◽  
Vol 1040 ◽  
pp. 109-116
Author(s):  
V.Yu. Piirainen ◽  
A.A. Barinkova ◽  
V.N. Starovoytov ◽  
V.M. Barinkov
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Primary Aluminum ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Aluminum Production ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Primary Aluminum Production ◽  
Knowledge Intensive

Current global environmental challenges and, above all, global warming associated with a change in the carbon balance in the atmosphere has led to the need for urgent and rapid search for ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, which primarily include carbon dioxide as a by-product of human activity and technological progress. One of these ways is the creation of industries with a complete cycle of turnover of carbon dioxide. Aluminum is the most sought-after nonferrous metal in the world, but its production is not environmentally safe, so it constantly requires the development of knowledge-intensive technologies to improve the technological process of cleaning and disposal of production waste, primarily harmful emissions into the atmosphere. Another environmental problem related to aluminum production is the formation and accumulation in mud lagoon of huge amounts of so-called highly alkaline "red mud," which is a waste product of natural bauxite raw material processing into alumina - the feedstock for aluminum production. Commonly known resources and technological methods of neutralizing red mud and working with it as ore materials for further extraction of useful components are still not used because of their low productivity and cost-effectiveness. This article describes the negative impact of waste in the form of "red" mud and carbon dioxide of primary aluminum production on the environment. The results showed that thanks to carbonization of red mud using carbon dioxide, it is possible to achieve rapid curing and its compact formation for safer transportation and storage until further use. Strength tests of concrete samples filled with deactivated red mud were also carried out, which showed the prospects of using concrete with magnesia binder.

scholarly journals Thermal Decomposition of Kraft Lignin under Gas Atmospheres of Argon, Hydrogen, and Carbon Dioxide

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiangu Yan ◽  
Jinghao Li ◽  
Jilei Zhang ◽  
Zhiyong Cai
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Kraft Lignin

scholarly journals The Hungarian Wood-Based Panel Industry and its Impact on the Environment

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-172
Author(s):  
Gábor Laborczy ◽  
András Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Forest Products Industry ◽  
Round Wood

Abstract It is well known that worldwide deforestation has a negative impact on the global environment. Forests play an important role in producing oxygen as well as retaining gases that create the greenhouse effect. Forests primarily absorb carbon dioxide, the major air pollutant released by the industrial activities. Energy production is the major source of environmental contamination. In addition to reducing CO2 emissions, another issue this industrial sector must tackle is to decrease the use of fossil fuels by substituting them with renewable, environmentally friendly energy sources. One of the answers to these challenges is the utilization of biomass as energy sources. However, biomass-based fuels include short bolts, split round-wood, pulpwood, bark and by-products of sawmilling, which are the raw materials for the wood-based panel industry as well.Wood utilization of the forest products industry has a major impact on the delayed release of carbon dioxide stored in the wood. All over the world, just as in Hungary, the wood-based panel industry mainly uses low quality wood resources and turns them into value added products. The elongation of the life cycle of low quality wood materials decreases CO2 emissions, thus significantly contributing to environmental protection. Furthermore, it is assumed that raw material demand of the wood-based panel industry could be satisfied by focusing on sustainable forest management and well-planned reforestation. Additionally, special energy-plantations may provide extra wood resources, while waste and other non-usable parts of trees contribute to the effective and economic operation of biomass utilizing power-plants. This paper summarizes the current situation of the Hungarian wood-based panel industry and discusses the effects of the panel manufacturing processes on the environment. Also, it outlines the possible future of this important segment of the forest products industry.

scholarly journals PRODUCTION OF EXTRACTS FROM VEGETABLE RAW MATERIALS BY CARBON DIOXIDE

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Gafurov ◽  
B. Muhammadiev ◽  
Sh. Mirzaeva ◽  
F. Kuldosheva
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercritical Co2 ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Volumetric Flow Rate ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Laboratory Setup

The unique properties of supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent are widely used for extraction. In supercritical media, the dissolution of molecules of various chemical nature is possible. The purpose of this investigation was to study the extraction process and obtain extracts from valuable regional plant materials by applying CO2 extraction under pre- and supercritical conditions. The objects of research were: ground seeds of melon, pumpkin and licorice roots, as well as mint leaves, mulberry and jida flowers. For extraction, a laboratory setup was used that allows extraction when the CO2 is supplied by a high-pressure plunger pump in the sub- and supercritical state using a heat pump. The pressure range is 3-15 MPa, temperatures 295–330 K, and the volumetric flow rate above the critical CO2 is 800–900 g. Experiments with ground seeds of melon and pumpkin showed that as a result of 4 sequentially performed extraction cycles on a single load with supercritical CO2 parameters ( 315–330 K; 3–7.5 MPa) the decrease in the mass of melon seeds was 90 g (pumpkins 80 g). During the total extraction time (2.5 hours), 20 kg of CO2 were pumped through the reactor (25 l at 290 K and 6.8 MPa), while the average oil content in the extract was 4 g per 1 kg of CO2 (3.0 g per 1 l of SС-CO2) In experiments with jida flowers, the maximum amount of solid extractable substance (2% by weight of the raw material) was obtained at a temperature in the extractor of 308 K and a pressure of 7.5 MPa. Upon extraction under critical conditions in collection 2, the liquid phase was absent; only a yellow-green paste was released in it. According to the results of experiments with mint leaves, the maximum yield of a greenish liquid was observed at T = 315 K and P = 4 MPa., Mulberry - at T = 306 K and P = 6.0 MPa. The results of the extraction of oils and extracts from ground seeds of melon, pumpkin and licorice roots, as well as mint leaves, mulberries and jida flowers confirm that the maximum yield of the extracted substance is achieved with supercritical CO2 parameters in the extractor (310 K, 7.5 MPa). When liquid CO2 is extracted (300 K and 6-8 MPa), up to 2% of a yellow substance is extracted, which does not differ in appearance from a supercritical extract.

scholarly journals LABORATORY PRODUCTION OF HERB-MATE (ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS) FOR HOT MATE – A PARALLEL WITH THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PRODUCTS AVAILABLE ON THE MARKET

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (32) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Guilherme Rufatto SCHMIDT
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Ilex Paraguariensis ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Made In

Herb-mate is a raw material of great importance to Southern Brazil, considering its annual production of approximately 650,000 tons of leaves. The hot mate, known as chimarrão, is the most appreciated beverage and its consumption is linked to the traditions and cultural habits predominantly in the south of the country. Considering its huge importance, the objective of the work was to evaluate the production of laboratory herbmate for chimarrão in order to establish a comparison with the products available on the market. Therefore, it was considered the current legislation and the analysis of its organoleptic and granulometric properties, humidity level and concentration of some toxic metals quantified by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The manufacturing of the final product was made in three steps: first of all, the leaves were submitted to direct fire, then they were dried at a temperature of 40 Cº for 24 hours and, finally, they were ground in a knife mill for 10 minutes. The obtained results showed, in most of the analyzed characteristics, a great similarity between the laboratorial and commercial herb, obtaining approval from 90% of chimarrão consumers who participated in the organoleptic tests. However, the coloration was considered darker and can be explained by logistic problems between the plantation and the laboratory. There was also a divergence in the metals analysis, which showed a higher lead and cadmium concentration when compared to the herbs found on the supermarket shelves. Alarming numbers for consumers were found, since the commercial herbs pointed levels above the recommended for all analyzed metals, which indicate the urgent need for better inspection, as well as improved manufacturing practices of the final product and a better raw material cultivation.

scholarly journals THE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE IN THE ISSUE OF GREEN ECONOMY OF THE REGIONS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Opara ◽  
Natalia Azarova
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
State Of The Environment

Currently, an urgent issue is the preservation of the environment, the cyclical use of waste for the production of new products, the preservation and multiplication of the planet’s natural resources. After all, the quality of life of each person directly depends on the state of the environment and the factors that affect its preservation. These factors are an integral part of the development of a green economy. This article discusses the possibility of producing alternative energy sources, such as biofuels of three generations.The first generation is solid, liquid, and gaseous biofuels. Second-generation fuel is obtained from the biomass of plant and animal material residues, or grown crops. As an example, such a type of fuel as biogas, which consists of carbon dioxide and methane, and with its further processing, namely the separation of carbon dioxide, you can get biomethane. In the same way, such fuels as biodiesel and bioethanol can be obtained from the biological mass. And the most unusual raw material for the production of third-generation fuel is biofuel from algae. Unfortunately, the development of the green economy in Russia is taking slow steps, but at present this issue is being paid more attention. The development of technologies for obtaining alternative energy sources will allow us to produce not only new types of energy, but also to preserve the environment of our priceless planet, through the use of raw materials and waste that are not in demand in everyday human life.

scholarly journals Diatoms - nature materials with great potential for bioapplications

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djordje Medarevic ◽  
Dusan Losic ◽  
Svetlana Ibric
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Gas Sensing ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Nanoporous Structure ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Diatom Frustule ◽  
Wide Availability ◽  
Made In

Diatoms are widespread unicellular photosynthetic algae that produce unique highly ordered siliceous cell wall, called frustule. Micro- to nanoporous structure with high surface area that can be easily modified, high mechanical resistance, unique optical features (light focusing and luminescence) and biocompatibility make diatom frustule as a suitable raw material for the development of devices such as bio- and gas sensors, microfluidic particle sorting devices, supercapacitors, batteries, solar cells, electroluminescent devices and drug delivery systems. Their wide availability in the form of fossil remains (diatomite or diatomaceous earth) as well as easy cultivation in the artificial conditions further supports use of diatoms in many different fields of application. This review focused on the recent achievements in the diatom bioapplications such as drug delivery, biomolecules immobilization, bio- and gas sensing, since great progress was made in this field over the last several years.

scholarly journals Carbon dioxide removal from compressed air by pressure swing adsorption.

1987 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaomi Tomomura ◽  
Syunsuke Nogita ◽  
Kazuo Someya
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Pressure Swing Adsorption ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Removal ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Pressure Swing
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