The Swelling of Rubber

1929 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Stamberger ◽  
C. M. Blow
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Viscous Liquid ◽  
Carbon Disulfide ◽  
Surface Adsorption ◽  
Swelling Pressure ◽  
Mechanical Working ◽  
Relative Vapor Pressure ◽  
Different Origin

Abstract Some recent experiments on the diminution of the vapor pressure of solvents in rubber jellies, as well as measurements of swelling pressure, allow us to draw some conclusions as to the nature of the swelling phenomenon. It has been found that, at the same concentration of rubber, the vapor pressure of rubber jellies from rubber of different origin was the same, and the previous mechanical working (mastication) of rubber had also no effect on this value (cf. Stamberger, Rec. trav. chim., 47, 316 (1928)). After the mechanical working, however, it swells in an unlimited manner, and gives as a resulting product up to a concentration of 30 per cent a more or less viscous liquid. This behavior shows that the solvent is not bound by surface adsorption and that there is a great resemblance to the process of molecular disperse solution. The three solvents used for these determinations were carbon disulfide, chloroform, and benzene. The same relative vapor pressure diminution was found when the concentration has been calculated as grams of rubber in 1 gram-molecule of solvent.

Benzylamine Tartrate as an Organic Glass Substrate for Carbon Films by Evaporation

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 484-485
Author(s):  
A. C. Faberge
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Viscous Liquid ◽  
Glass Substrate ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Carbon Film ◽  
Carbon Films ◽  
Organic Glass ◽  
Spectroscopic Examination ◽  
Polymeric Substrates

Benzylamine tartrate (m.p. 63°C) seems to be a better and more convenient substrate for making carbon films than any of those previously proposed. Using it in the manner described, it is easy consistently to make batches of specimen grids as open as 200 mesh with no broken squares, and without individual handling of the grids. Benzylamine tartrate (hereafter called B.T.) is a viscous liquid when molten, which sets to a glass. Unlike polymeric substrates it does not swell before dissolving; such swelling of the substrate seems to be a principal cause of breakage of carbon film. Mass spectroscopic examination indicates a vapor pressure less than 10−9 Torr at room temperature.

Relative vapor pressure via FTIR

1990 ◽  
Vol 139 (2) ◽  
pp. 593-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.L Rhykerd ◽  
J.H Cushman ◽  
P.F Low
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Relative Vapor Pressure

Compressibilité des argiles gonflantes non saturées à partir des essais rhéologiques

1990 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. K. Karalis
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Swelling Pressure ◽  
Swelling Clay ◽  
Soil Compressibility ◽  
Rheological Experiments

The expression for the modulus of compressibility has been established on the basis of rheological experiments in an oedometer that measured the swelling pressure and the vapor pressure of the adsorbed liquid phase of a swelling clay hydrated by water injections under different applied loads. Key words: swelling rheology, soil compressibility, unsaturated swelling clay, oncodynamics, swelling pressure. [Journal translation]

The Solvation of High Molecular Substances, Especially Rubber

1930 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-417
Author(s):  
P. Stamberger ◽  
C. M. Blow
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Swelling Pressure ◽  
Viscosity Measurements ◽  
Molecular Substances ◽  
Dissolved Phase

Abstract 1. On the basis of new experimental data on rubber, the theories of the solvation of high molecular substances are discussed. 2. In this discussion the measurements of the swelling pressure of rubber in toluene are described. The values obtained, and also the measurements of the depression of the vapor pressure lead to the conclusion that rubber cannot be considered a mixture of homologous polymers. 3. The consistency or viscosity of gels is without effect on the decrease in the activity of the solvent (measured by the depression of the vapor pressure and the swelling pressure). 4. The conclusion is drawn that mastication cannot be considered a depolymerization. 5. On the basis of measurements of the viscosity of solutions of rubber-gas black compounds it follows that conclusions as to the molecular weight of the dissolved phase cannot be drawn from viscosity measurements without further ado. 6. The theories of the distribution of high molecular substances in solution are briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Low Pressure Hysteresis in Materials with Narrow Slit Pores

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Schiller ◽  
Mirco Wahab ◽  
Thomas Bier ◽  
Hans-Jörg Mögel
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Hysteresis Loops ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Macroscopic Model ◽  
Hardened Cement ◽  
Narrow Slit ◽  
Extended Model ◽  
Interaction Range ◽  
Relative Vapor Pressure ◽  
Slit Pores

Humidity-dependent closing and reopening slit pores can produce hysteresis loops in sorption diagrams even at low relative vapor pressure. Pore closing is supported by adhesion of the slit wall surfaces. In a macroscopic model for sorption hysteresis in narrow slits, the adhesion energy jumps by a finite value when touching slit walls are separated from each other. We consider a more realistic adhesion model by introducing a smoothly-varying adhesion force, which depends on the distance between the slit walls. The range of the attraction between the slit walls is found to have a pronounced influence on the shape of hysteresis loops at low vapor pressure. A large interaction range avoids an extraordinarily small relative vapor pressure necessary for pore closing, which is a precondition for low pressure hysteresis. Our extended model allows us to describe a discontinuity, which can appear in the desorption branch of swelling/shrinkage diagrams for hardened cement paste.

The Solvation of Rubber Sols

1933 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-272
Author(s):  
J. Lens
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Swelling Pressure ◽  
Special Theory ◽  
Rubber Particles ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to get some idea of the role played by solvation in organo sols. However, we wish to state first that we do not bind ourselves to a special theory. Accordingly we give these systems the name sols simply because we cannot speak of them without giving them a name. It may be that the name “solution” is a better one, but for our purpose it does not make the slightest difference whether the rubber is dispersed in the medium as molecules or as aggregates of molecules. Hence we do not want to discuss the molecular structure of the rubber particles in detail. There are many methods of measuring the degree of solvation, but they almost never give quantitatively the same results, which cannot be expected at any rate. Previous investigators have used the greatest part of these methods with more or less success. The best known are the investigations of Posnjak on the swelling-pressure of rubber in organic solvents. Furthermore, many investigators have measured the viscosity of rubber sols. But while it is likely that the law of Poiseuille does not hold, and that these sols are plastic, it will be very difficult to interpret the values so obtained in the right way. Recently Stamberger measured the vapor pressure of rubber sole and got a good agreement with Posnjak's values. However, Stamberger did not extend his measurements to concentrations between 67 per cent and 100 per cent rubber, probably because he was looking for this agreement only.

A Study of the Vapor-Pressure Diminution of Rubber Jellies

1930 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-241
Author(s):  
Paul Stamberger
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Swelling Pressure ◽  
Qualitative Behavior ◽  
Pressure Lowering ◽  
Solvent Layer

Abstract Methods and results of measurement of vapor-pressure lowering of rubber jellies are described. From the qualitative behavior of the jellies (consistency), from the shape of the curve given in Fig. 3, and from approximate calculations of the thickness of the solvent layer round the molecules, it is assumed that the solvent is bound by the molecules of the jelly in the form of a solvated layer. The existence of such a layer in the sphere of action of the molecules explains sufficiently a decrease of activity of solvents, which results in vapor-pressure lowering, swelling pressure, etc., and makes the process similar to that of solution.

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