The Effect of Temperature on the Stress-Strain Properties of Vulcanized Rubber

1929 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
A. A. Somerville ◽  
W. H. Cope
Keyword(s):  
Testing Machine ◽  
The State ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Lower Strength ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Strain Relationship ◽  
Commercial Testing

Abstract A method has been devised for testing rubber at various temperatures by putting a simple attachment onto a commercial testing machine. Wide variations have been found in the stress-strain curves on the same stock at different temperatures. The stress-strain properties at different temperatures vary for different rubbers. The state of cure causes a wide variation in tests at various temperatures. The amount of sulphur used is a factor in the stress-strain relationship at different temperatures. Successive stresses on the same piece of rubber show large decreases after the first or second stress. Stripping tests on frictions show much lower strength at 100° C. than at 0° C. Overcures are indicated prominently when stocks are tested at 100° C. Artificially aged rubber tested under these conditions shows a very marked deterioration which may be offset by anti-oxidants.

Effect Analysis of Temperature on the Rubber Material Stress-Strain Relationship

2014 ◽  
Vol 977 ◽  
pp. 116-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Liang Yang ◽  
Liang Qiao ◽  
Cong Wang ◽  
Fei Lu ◽  
Xiao Hui Kang
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Rubber Material ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Universal Testing ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Strain Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of

For the effect of environmental temperature on the rubber material stress-strain relationships, rubber tensile specimens, compression specimens and shear specimens were made. Through the electronic universal testing machine Instron 5500R, the stress-strain curves of three kinds of specimens at different temperatures were obtained. The test results showed that the stress-strain relationship of rubber material was typically nonlinear. As the temperature increased, the elastic modulus of rubber material decreased.

Study on Cylindrical Heatsink Forging Process Considering Friction Condition

2019 ◽  
Vol 823 ◽  
pp. 141-144
Author(s):  
Tung Sheng Yang ◽  
Yong Nan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Friction Factor ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Metal Flow ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Forging Process ◽  
Different Temperatures

The feasibility of forging of AL-1050 alloy of cylindrical heatsink under warm conditions is demonstrated in the present work. The stress-strain curves and friction factor play an important role in the cylindrical heatsink forging. The purpose of forging lubrication is to reduce friction between blank and die, and to decrease resistance of metal flow to die. The stress-strain curves at different temperatures are obtained by compressing tests. The friction factor between 1050 aluminum alloy and die material are determined at different temperatures by ring compression tests with graphite lubricants. The compressing and ring compressing tests are carried out by using the computerized screw universal testing machine. The finite element method is used to investigate the forming characters of the forging process. To verify the prediction of FEM simulation in the cylindrical heatsink forging process, the experimental parameters such as stress-strain curves and fiction factor, are as the input data during analysis. Maximum forging load and effective stress distribution are determined of the heatsink forging, using the finite element analysis. Finally, the cylindrical heatsink parts are formed by the forging machine under the conditions using finite element analysis.

scholarly journals Study on Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Constitutive Model Construction of TC18 Titanium Alloy

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changming Zhang ◽  
Anle Mu ◽  
Yun Wang ◽  
Hui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Flow Stress ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Constitutive Model ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Different Temperatures

In order to investigate the static and dynamic mechanical properties of TC18 titanium alloy, the quasi-static stress–strain curve of TC18 titanium alloy under room temperature was obtained by DNS 100 electronic universal testing machine (Changchun Institute of Mechanical Science Co., Ltd., Changchun, China). Meanwhile, the flow stress–strain curves under different temperatures and strain rates are analyzed by split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) device with synchronous assembly system. On the basis of the two experimental data, the JC constitutive model under the combined action of high temperature and impact load is established using the linear least squares method. The results show the following: the yield strength and flow stress of TC18 titanium alloy increase slowly with the increase of the strain rate, and the strain value corresponding to the yield strength is reduced. With the increase of strain, the flow stress increases at first and then decreases at different temperatures. The strain value corresponding to the transition point rises with the temperature increase, and the corresponding stress value remains basically unchanged. With the increase of experimental temperature, the flow stress shows a downward trend, and the JC constitutive model can predict the plastic flow stress well.

scholarly journals Effects of adhesive systems at different temperatures on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
Serdar Akarsu ◽  
Suleyman Kutalmış Buyuk ◽  
Ahmet Serkan Kucukekenci
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Bond Strength ◽  
Shear Bond Strength ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
The Body ◽  
Orthodontic Brackets ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Adhesive Systems ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Temperatures

Background. The temperature might affect the physical and mechanical properties of adhesive materials by reducing the polymerization rate. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of temperature on the shear bond strength of metallic orthodontic brackets using various adhesive resin systems. Methods. Extracted human premolar teeth were randomly assigned to 8 groups (n=10) for bonding with the two available orthodontics adhesive systems (Transbond XT and NeoBond) at different temperatures: refrigeration temperature (4°C), room temperature (20°C), human body temperature (36°C) and high temperature (55°C). The shear bond strength (SBS) test was performed using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was assigned to the fractured orthodontic brackets. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey tests and independent t-test. Results. Transbond XT exhibited higher SBS values compared to Neobond at all the tested temperatures; however, a statistically significant difference was not observed (P>0.05). The SBS results were minimum at 4°C and maximum at 36°C in both the adhesive groups (P<0.05). Conclusion. Pre-heating orthodontic adhesives up to the body temperature prior to bonding the brackets in orthodontic treatment increased the bond strength of orthodontic brackets.

Mechanical Response of T300/BMP350 Composites under Tensile Loading at Room and Elevated Temperatures

2014 ◽  
Vol 1035 ◽  
pp. 138-143
Author(s):  
Ping Zhou ◽  
Pu Rong Jia ◽  
Wen Ge Pan
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Damage And Failure ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Static Tensile

In this paper, the effect of elevated temperature on the behavior of carbon fiber-reinforced T300/BMP350 unidirectional laminates was studied by loading static tensile on 0°, 90°and ±45° lay-up. The stress-strain relationships of the laminates under different temperatures were obtained. The effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of materials was systematically studied. The damage and failure mechanisms of the material were studied by analyzing the material stress-strain curves and the failure modes. Results show that the T300/BMP350 polyimide matrix composites have a strong resistance to high temperature. For 0° and 90° lay-up, the retentions of tensile strength and modulus are more than 80% and 50%, respectively. High temperature has little effect on the material failure modes. Finally, based on the test results, an empirical formula which relates strength and temperature of the material was fitted.

Crystallization of Unvulcanized Rubber at Different Temperatures

1946 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 1145-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence A. Wood ◽  
Norman Bekkedahl
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
General Study ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Abstract Crystals may be formed in natural rubber under varied experimental conditions. Different combinations of stretching and cooling have been used to induce crystallization in unvulcanized and in vulcanized rubber. The appearance and disappearance of crystals have been studied by observations of the volume, heat capacity, light absorption, birefringence, x-ray diffraction, hardness, and other mechanical properties. There has, however, been no comprehensive study of the effect of temperature on the crystallization. The present investigation was undertaken to explore this field. In the work reported here it has been the aim to study crystallization at different temperatures under the simplest possible conditions. The main features of the crystallization of vulcanized rubber have been shown to be similar to those of the crystallization of unvulcanized rubber, vulcanization decreasing the rate of crystallization. Consequently unvulcanized rubber was selected for study. Stretching obviously complicates the experimental conditions, and so was not employed. Of the different methods of measuring crystallization, it seems that change of volume is the simplest and best adapted to yielding quantitative data on the course of the crystallization or fusion. The present work is, therefore, concerned with a general study of the volume changes in unvulcanized rubber at different temperatures.

scholarly journals Mechanical Behaviour and Phase Transition Mechanisms of a Shape Memory Alloy by Means of a Novel Analytical Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Carpinteri ◽  
Vittorio Di Cocco ◽  
Giovanni Fortese ◽  
Francesco Iacoviello ◽  
Stefano Natali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Shape Memory Alloy ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Martensite Phase ◽  
Niti Shape Memory Alloy ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Dog Bone ◽  
Strain Relationship

Abstract The aim of the present paper is to examine both the fatigue behaviour and the phase transition mechanisms of an equiatomic pseudo-elastic NiTi Shape Memory Alloy through cyclic tests (up to 100 loading cycles). More precisely, miniaturised dog-bone specimens are tested by using a customised testing machine and the contents of both austenite and martensite phase are experimentally measured by means of X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. On the basis of such experimental results in terms of martensite content, an analytical model is here formulated to correlate the stress-strain relationship to the phase transition mechanisms. Finally, a validation of the present model by means of experimental data pertaining the stress-strain relationship is performed.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties and Constitutive Model Applied to the High-Speed Impact of Aluminum Foam That Considers Its Meso-Structural Parameters

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6206
Author(s):  
Qian Guo ◽  
Wenbin Li ◽  
Wenjin Yao ◽  
Xiaoming Wang ◽  
Changqiang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Constitutive Model ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Aluminum Foam ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Strain Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of

In this work, quasistatic mechanical compression experiments were used to study the stress–strain relationship of aluminum foam, and the mechanism of the compressive deformation of aluminum foam under quasistatic compression conditions is discussed based on the experimental observations. Since the interactions among cells of the aluminum foam and differences in compressive strength among cells substantially impacted the mechanical properties of the material, the cellular structural parameters, namely the cell size and cell wall thickness, were defined. Along with the mechanism of deformation of a single cell, the influence of structural parameters on the micro failure mechanism and the stress–strain relationship of the aluminum foam material was analyzed. In combination with the factors influencing the mechanical properties of the aluminum foam, a mechanical constitutive model of aluminum foam suitable for multi-density and multi-impact environments that considers cellular structure density was established to predict the complete stress–strain relationship of aluminum foam under a high strain rate. The coupling function of strain rate and temperature in the original model was verified and the parameters were determined by the compression experiments under different strain rates and different temperatures.

scholarly journals Dynamic Tensile Behavior of Steel HRB500E Reinforcing Bar at Low, Medium, and High Strain Rates

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Zeng ◽  
Jingsi Huo ◽  
Haitao Wang ◽  
Zhan Wang ◽  
Mohamed Elchalakani
Keyword(s):  
Strain Rate ◽  
Yield Stress ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Dynamic Loads ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Rc Structures ◽  
Dynamic Increase Factor ◽  
Strain Relationship

The strain rate effect of engineering materials should be considered in the assessment of the performance of reinforced concrete (RC) structures under extreme dynamic loads such as blast and impact. However, the strain rate behavior of 500 MPa-grade anti-earthquake hot-rolled high-strength ribbed bar (HRB500E), used in critical RC members to improve the anti-earthquake performance, has not been investigated and reported in the open literature. That restricts its application in RC structures subjected to extreme dynamic loads. In this paper, dynamic tensile tests of HRB500E steel were conducted using an electromechanical universal testing machine and a servo-hydraulic high-speed testing machine. The stress–strain curves at strain rates ranging from 0.00025 to 550 s−1 were obtained where HRB500E steel was found significantly sensitive to strain rate. Existing formulations to evaluate the dynamic increase factor for yield stress (DIFy) are found to be not suitable for HRB500E steel, thus the widely used Cowper–Symonds and Malvar models for predicting the DIFy were modified based on the test results. Furthermore, the parameter of the Mander material model for describing engineering stress–strain relationship was also calibrated. Finally, the Johnson-Cook and proposed constitutive models for the true stress–strain relationship were examined. The proposed constitutive model can provide better prediction accuracy for yield stress than the Johnson-Cook model.

Temperature Influence on Stress-Strain Relationship of Al-Cu-Fe Crystal-Quasicrystal Composites

2010 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 282-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Krawczyk ◽  
Wojciech Gurdziel ◽  
Włodzimierz Bogdanowicz ◽  
Krzysztof Flisiński
Keyword(s):  
Icosahedral Quasicrystal ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Monoclinic Crystal ◽  
Β Phase ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Strain Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of

The columnar composites obtained “in situ” through solidification of Al61Cu27Fe12 alloy by the Bridgman method were studied. It has been verified that the matrix consisted of cubic single crystal β phase and the reinforcement of icosahedral quasicrystal ψ phase and monoclinic crystal λ phase, which have the form of rods. This kind of composites will be named the Al-Cu-Fe crystal-quasicrystal (CQ) composites. The effect of heating from a temperature of about 100°C to about 650°C on the stress-strain relationships σ(ε) of parallel samples was studied. Additionally, the σ(ε) relationship was defined in cyclic load-unload tests at different temperatures. The composites were examined by powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope.

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