International Intervention in Russia’s Civil War: Policies, Experiences, and Justifications

2021 ◽  
pp. 273-299
Author(s):  
Charlotte Alston
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
International Intervention

Civil War and international intervention in the Russian North: a critical review of the book by an Israeli historian

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-4) ◽  
pp. 265-272
Author(s):  
Vladislav Goldin ◽  
Flera Sokolova ◽  
Alexander Shaparov
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
International Intervention ◽  
Russian North

CIVIL WAR AND INTERNATIONAL INTERVENTION IN THE RUSSIAN NORTH: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE BOOK BY AN ISRAELI HISTORIAN

26. Conflict and Chaos in the Middle East

2020 ◽  
pp. 643-669
Author(s):  
John W. Young ◽  
John Kent
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Arab Spring ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
International Intervention ◽  
The Arab Spring

This chapter examines the unrest across the Middle East in the 2010s. The first section focuses on the civil war in Syria and the role of so-called Islamic State., examining the causes of the Syrian uprising and the development of protests against President Assad into civil war. It describes the growth of Jihadism, formation of Ahrar al-Sham, and emergence of ISIS, and the subsequent declaration of a Caliphate. The escalation and destructive impact of the conflict is examined in the context of increasing international intervention and the involvement of foreign powers in both exacerbation of the conflict and efforts to restore peace. The second section describes the growing regional importance of Iran alongside the 2015 nuclear deal and tensions with Saudi Arabia. The chapter concludes with the Arab Spring in Tunisia and Egypt, conflict in Yemen, and the downfall of Gaddafi in Libya.

International Intervention and the Rule of Law after Civil War: Evidence from Liberia

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (02) ◽  
pp. 365-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Blair
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Short Term ◽  
State Laws ◽  
International Intervention ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Legal Limits ◽  
List Experiment ◽  
Original Survey

AbstractWhat are the effects of international intervention on the rule of law after civil war? Rule of law requires not only that state authorities abide by legal limits on their power, but also that citizens rely on state laws and institutions to adjudicate disputes. Using an original survey and list experiment in Liberia, I show that exposure to the UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) increased citizens’ reliance on state over nonstate authorities to resolve the most serious incidents of crime and violence, and increased nonstate authorities’ reliance on legal over illegal mechanisms of dispute resolution. I use multiple identification strategies to support a causal interpretation of these results, including an instrumental variables strategy that leverages plausibly exogenous variation in the distribution of UNMIL personnel induced by the killing of seven peacekeepers in neighboring Côte d'Ivoire. My results are still detectable two years later, even in communities that report no further exposure to peacekeepers. I also find that exposure to UNMIL did not mitigate and may in fact have exacerbated citizens’ perceptions of state corruption and bias in the short term, but that these apparently adverse effects dissipated over time. I conclude by discussing implications of these complex but overall beneficial effects.

After Gaddafi

2019 ◽  
pp. 665-681
Author(s):  
Frederic Wehrey
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Armed Force ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Irregular Migration ◽  
International Intervention ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Oil Wealth

The course of the 2011 Libyan revolution, international intervention, and the regime’s application of armed force created new forms of sub-state affiliation and mobilization. International and regional intervention has exacerbated Libya’s chaos and deepened its fault lines. The civil war in 2014 was the culmination of these fissures and international pressures but conflicts since then by the myriad armed groups have become increasingly predatory—a scramble for the country’s oil wealth and the capture of state institutions. Libya’s conflicts are directly tied to the pathologies of the rentier oil state under Gaddafi and the failure of post-2011 distributive policies, along with endemic corruption and cronyism. Meanwhile, Western engagement is focused on parochial aims such as counterterrorism and stemming irregular migration. For the foreseeable future, Libya is likely to suffer from truncated sovereignty, a fractured national identity, regional meddling, simmering armed conflict, and hyper-localized politics.

Ethiopia teeters on the brink of civil war

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Desert Locust ◽  
Loss Of Control ◽  
Security Risks ◽  
Content Type ◽  
International Intervention ◽  
The Military

Significance These developments threaten to ignite a multi-dimensional civil war pitting Tigrayan against federal and Amhara regional forces. Impacts The conflict will test the cohesion of the military, which was once dominated by Tigrayans but has been undergoing reforms under Abiy. Abiy is likely to view international intervention as a sign of loss of control and may reject mediation offers. Amhara forces may try to reclaim ‘historic’ Amhara areas that Tigray allegedly arrogated, potentially displacing many Tigrayans. Alongside desert locust swarms in parts of the country, including Tigray, the conflict may worsen food security risks. Elections tentatively rescheduled for May or June 2021 may be postponed again.

British-Russian Relations under Cameron-Clegg Government

2014 ◽  
pp. 20-33
Author(s):  
T. Andreeva
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil War ◽  
The Other ◽  
International Intervention ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Bilateral Relationship ◽  
Oil Corporations ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Human Rights Violation ◽  
Relationship Improvement

The article is devoted to the problem of relationship improvement between UK and Russia under David Cameron’s – Nick Clegg's coalitional government, before the Crimea crisis of 2014. The author scrutinizes history and peculiarities of bilateral political and economic relations, which include the Britain's accusations of human rights violation against Russia, on one side, and the contracts between BP and Russian oil corporations, on the other side. Also the positions of the two states on such issues as the beginning of international intervention in Libya, the adjustment of matters with the civil war in Syria, and the settlement of situation in Afghanistan are highlighted in the paper. The article answers two main questions: what contributed to improvement of bilateral relationship, and what could help to make it better again in the nearest future?

How Civil Wars End: The International System, Norms, and the Role of External Actors

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lise Morjé Howard ◽  
Alexandra Stark
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
International System ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
War Termination ◽  
International Intervention ◽  
Negotiated Settlement ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
External Actors

Historically, civil wars ended in one-sided victory. With the end of the Cold War, however, the very nature of how civil wars end shifted: wars became two times more likely to terminate in negotiated settlement than in victory. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the proportion of victories has increased, especially for civil wars that include a terrorist group; wars are also ending less frequently. Why would civil war termination vary by time period? The literature on civil wars looks to three basic types of causes: domesticstructural factors, bargaining dynamics, and types of international intervention. Current explanations cannot account for why civil wars would end differently in different time periods because, as Kenneth Waltz might say, they are “reductionist” in nature. Material and ideational factors constitute the international political environment, which varies in different time periods. This environment drives outside actors' normative strategies of viewing victory, negotiation, or stabilization as the appropriate solution to civil war. These norms, in turn, directly affect how civil wars end. A novel, three-part methodological approach using quantitative analysis, case studies, and original content analysis demonstrates that civil wars tend to end the way external actors think they ought to end.

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