scholarly journals A Review on Crisis of Antibiotic Resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 32-35
Author(s):  
Fatima Ridha Safar ◽  
Abhishek Pradhan ◽  
A. R Shabaraya
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Evolutionary Response ◽  
New Policies ◽  
Keywords Antibiotics ◽  
Micro Organisms

The current challenges and crisis related to antibiotic use and its resistance are unique and differ from the past challenges, as there is a lot of novel pathogens involved in the emergence of antibiotics resistance. Antibiotic resistance has become a major concern and challenge, hindering the usage of antibiotics. Crisis of antibiotic resistance is the increasing global incidence of infectious diseases affecting human population making it untreatable with any known antibiotic or antimicrobial agent. Newer resistance mechanisms are emerging and spreading globally thereby, imposing a major threat to the treatment of common infectious diseases. This has consequently led to an increase in the morbidity and mortality rates and thereby the rise in cost of the treatment as well. The process of antibiotic resistance has become an evolutionary response due to factors like widespread, extensive, and unnecessary use of antibiotics and unavailability of newer drugs attributable to exigent regulatory requirements. The situation in developing countries is expected to worsen unless governments become more stable, major advances occur in standards of living, preventive measures and in providing adequate medical care. Comprehensive and coordinated efforts are required to minimize the pace of resistance by implement new policies, researches and pursue steps to manage crisis. Keywords: antibiotics, resistance, crisis micro-organisms.

scholarly journals Black Queen Evolution and Trophic Interactions Determine Plasmid Survival after the Disruption of the Conjugation Network

mSystems ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Cairns ◽  
Katariina Koskinen ◽  
Reetta Penttinen ◽  
Tommi Patinen ◽  
Anna Hartikainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Mobile Genetic Elements ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Genetic Elements

ABSTRACTMobile genetic elements such as conjugative plasmids are responsible for antibiotic resistance phenotypes in many bacterial pathogens. The ability to conjugate, the presence of antibiotics, and ecological interactions all have a notable role in the persistence of plasmids in bacterial populations. Here, we set out to investigate the contribution of these factors when the conjugation network was disturbed by a plasmid-dependent bacteriophage. Phage alone effectively caused the population to lose plasmids, thus rendering them susceptible to antibiotics. Leakiness of the antibiotic resistance mechanism allowing Black Queen evolution (i.e. a “race to the bottom”) was a more significant factor than the antibiotic concentration (lethal vs sublethal) in determining plasmid prevalence. Interestingly, plasmid loss was also prevented by protozoan predation. These results show that outcomes of attempts to resensitize bacterial communities by disrupting the conjugation network are highly dependent on ecological factors and resistance mechanisms.IMPORTANCEBacterial antibiotic resistance is often a part of mobile genetic elements that move from one bacterium to another. By interfering with the horizontal movement and the maintenance of these elements, it is possible to remove the resistance from the population. Here, we show that a so-called plasmid-dependent bacteriophage causes the initially resistant bacterial population to become susceptible to antibiotics. However, this effect is efficiently countered when the system also contains a predator that feeds on bacteria. Moreover, when the environment contains antibiotics, the survival of resistance is dependent on the resistance mechanism. When bacteria can help their contemporaries to degrade antibiotics, resistance is maintained by only a fraction of the community. On the other hand, when bacteria cannot help others, then all bacteria remain resistant. The concentration of the antibiotic played a less notable role than the antibiotic used. This report shows that the survival of antibiotic resistance in bacterial communities represents a complex process where many factors present in real-life systems define whether or not resistance is actually lost.

Fitness costs associated with the acquisition of antibiotic resistance

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Hernando-Amado ◽  
Fernando Sanz-García ◽  
Paula Blanco ◽  
José L. Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Bacterial Physiology ◽  
Therapeutic Procedures

Acquisition of antibiotic resistance is a relevant problem for human health. The selection and spread of antibiotic-resistant organisms not only compromise the treatment of infectious diseases, but also the implementation of different therapeutic procedures as organ transplantation, advanced surgery or chemotherapy, all of which require proficient methods for avoiding infections. It has been generally accepted that the acquisition of antibiotic resistance will produce a general metabolic burden: in the absence of selection, the resistant organisms would be outcompeted by the susceptible ones. If that was always true, discontinuation of antibiotic use would render the disappearance of resistant microorganisms. However, several studies have shown that, once resistance emerges, the recovery of a fully susceptible population even in the absence of antibiotics is not easy. In the present study, we review updated information on the effect of the acquisition of antibiotic resistance in bacterial physiology as well as on the mechanisms that allow the compensation of the fitness costs associated with the acquisition of resistance.

scholarly journals Antibiotic use in animal husbandry: A mixed-methods study among general community in Boyolali, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-127
Author(s):  
Hidayah Karuniawati ◽  
Mohamed Azmi Ahmad Hassali ◽  
Wan Ismahanisa Ismail ◽  
Taufik Taufik ◽  
Sri Suryawati
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Community Education ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
General Community

Background and Aim: Antibiotic resistance is one of the most serious problems worldwide. One predictive factor of increasing antibiotics resistance is the use of antibiotics in animals. This study aimed to explore the use of antibiotics for animal husbandry in a general community in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A concurrent mixed-methods study was conducted. Data were collected from 407 respondents using a questionnaire, followed by an in-depth interview in 12 respondents. Data were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Results: Forty-two (10.32%) of 407 respondents used antibiotics for animal husbandry. Of these 42, >60% occasionally bought antibiotics from the pharmacy without prescription and 50% used their leftover antibiotics. Respondents also bought antibiotics from food stalls and animal feed shops. Tetracycline and amoxicillin were the most common antibiotics used for animal husbandry. The majority of respondents used antibiotics for therapeutic purposes and received information about using antibiotics for animal husbandry from friends and neighbors. Most of the respondents used antibiotics for animal husbandry incorrectly and had never heard of antibiotics resistance. Conclusion: Inappropriate antibiotic use in animal husbandry was common in the community. Education on the prudent use of antibiotics for animal husbandry is needed.

scholarly journals Predictive comparative antibiotic resistance (AMR) profiles of rhizobacteria genes using CARD: a bioinformatics approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeoti Olatunde Micheal ◽  
Oni Abosede Catherine ◽  
Adeoye Kafilat Adenike ◽  
Adeoti Oluwole Adeola ◽  
Adeoye Basirat Adedamola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Paenibacillus Polymyxa ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Bioinformatics Tool ◽  
Pathogenic Genes

Members of the Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been severally implicated as excellent growth enhancers, yield promoters as well as bio-fertilizers. A study on antibiotics surveillance of PGPR is urgently needed as caution towards its continued usage in Bio-science and Agro-allied. Antimicrobial resistance has become a great concern in agriculture and public health. The detection and characterization of antimicrobial resistance move from targeted culture and enzyme-based reaction to high-throughput metagenomics; acceptable resources for the analysis of large-scale information area unit as an expected rescue. The excellent bioinformatics tool newly curated for Antibiotic Resistance information (CARD; https://card.mcmaster.ca) could be a curated hub and resource-providing-referenced server for deoxyribonucleic acid and protein sequences as well as detection models on the molecular radar for antimicrobial resistance. This study employed CARD as pathogenomics repertoires for high-quality reference information on retrieving antibiotics resistance information on twenty-two carefully-selected members of Rhizobacter from NCBI. NCBI and CARD on-line platform were employed in polishing of antiobitics resistance info of selected PGPR genera such as Leguminosarum, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Erwinia, Mesorhizobium, Flavobacterium Paenibacillus Polymyxa, Bacilli mycoides, B. subtilis, and Burkholderia pseudomallei among others. The data generated showed evidence that these rhizobacteria could be resistant to certain drug classes under a different Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Gene families using different phyto-pathogenic genes (ARO terms) using different resistance mechanisms. This distinctive platform provides bioinformatics tool that bridges antibiotic resistance considerations, which could be a fallback for policies in healthcare, agriculture and the environment.

scholarly journals Comparative Genomics Reveals a Well-Conserved Intrinsic Resistome in the Emerging Multidrug-Resistant Pathogen Cupriavidus gilardii

mSphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Ruiz ◽  
Ashley McCarley ◽  
Manuel Luis Espejo ◽  
Kerry K. Cooper ◽  
Dana E. Harmon
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Intrinsic Resistance ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT The Gram-negative bacterium Cupriavidus gilardii is an emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen found in many environments. However, little is known about this species or its antibiotic resistance mechanisms. We used biochemical tests, antibiotic susceptibility experiments, and whole-genome sequencing to characterize an environmental C. gilardii isolate. Like clinical isolates, this isolate was resistant to meropenem, gentamicin, and other antibiotics. Resistance to these antibiotics appeared to be related to the large number of intrinsic antibiotic resistance genes found in this isolate. As determined by comparative genomics, this resistome was also well conserved in the only two other C. gilardii strains sequenced to date. The intrinsic resistome of C. gilardii did not include the colistin resistance gene mcr-5, which was in a transposon present only in one strain. The intrinsic resistome of C. gilardii was comprised of (i) many multidrug efflux pumps, such as a homolog of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa MexAB-OprM pump that may be involved in resistance to meropenem, other β-lactams, and aminoglycosides; (ii) a novel β-lactamase (OXA-837) that decreases susceptibility to ampicillin but not to other β-lactams tested; (iii) a new aminoglycoside 3-N-acetyltransferase [AAC(3)-IVb, AacC10] that decreases susceptibility to gentamicin and tobramycin; and (iv) a novel partially conserved aminoglycoside 3ʺ-adenylyltransferase [ANT(3ʺ)-Ib, AadA32] that decreases susceptibility to spectinomycin and streptomycin. These findings provide the first mechanistic insight into the intrinsic resistance of C. gilardii to multiple antibiotics and its ability to become resistant to an increasing number of drugs during therapy. IMPORTANCE Cupriavidus gilardii is a bacterium that is gaining increasing attention both as an infectious agent and because of its potential use in the detoxification of toxic compounds and other biotechnological applications. In recent years, however, there has been an increasing number of reported infections, some of them fatal, caused by C. gilardii. These infections are hard to treat because this bacterium is naturally resistant to many antibiotics, including last-resort antibiotics, such as carbapenems. Moreover, this bacterium often becomes resistant to additional antibiotics during therapy. However, little is known about C. gilardii and its antibiotic resistance mechanisms. The significance of our research is in providing, for the first time, whole-genome information about the natural antibiotic resistance genes found in this bacterium and their conservation among different C. gilardii strains. This information may provide new insights into the appropriate use of antibiotics in combating infections caused by this emerging pathogen.

scholarly journals Comparison of Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms in Antibiotic-Producing and Pathogenic Bacteria

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (19) ◽  
pp. 3430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Ogawara
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene Clusters ◽  
Points Of View

Antibiotic resistance poses a tremendous threat to human health. To overcome this problem, it is essential to know the mechanism of antibiotic resistance in antibiotic-producing and pathogenic bacteria. This paper deals with this problem from four points of view. First, the antibiotic resistance genes in producers are discussed related to their biosynthesis. Most resistance genes are present within the biosynthetic gene clusters, but some genes such as paromomycin acetyltransferases are located far outside the gene cluster. Second, when the antibiotic resistance genes in pathogens are compared with those in the producers, resistance mechanisms have dependency on antibiotic classes, and, in addition, new types of resistance mechanisms such as Eis aminoglycoside acetyltransferase and self-sacrifice proteins in enediyne antibiotics emerge in pathogens. Third, the relationships of the resistance genes between producers and pathogens are reevaluated at their amino acid sequence as well as nucleotide sequence levels. Pathogenic bacteria possess other resistance mechanisms than those in antibiotic producers. In addition, resistance mechanisms are little different between early stage of antibiotic use and the present time, e.g., β-lactam resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Lastly, guanine + cytosine (GC) barrier in gene transfer to pathogenic bacteria is considered. Now, the resistance genes constitute resistome composed of complicated mixture from divergent environments.

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance mechanisms of Vibrio cholerae

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Kitaoka ◽  
Sarah T. Miyata ◽  
Daniel Unterweger ◽  
Stefan Pukatzki
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Initial Identification ◽  
Resistant Strains

As the causative agent of cholera, the bacterium Vibrio cholerae represents an enormous public health burden, especially in developing countries around the world. Cholera is a self-limiting illness; however, antibiotics are commonly administered as part of the treatment regimen. Here we review the initial identification and subsequent evolution of antibiotic-resistant strains of V. cholerae. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms, including efflux pumps, spontaneous chromosomal mutation, conjugative plasmids, SXT elements and integrons, are also discussed. Numerous multidrug-resistant strains of V. cholerae have been isolated from both clinical and environmental settings, indicating that antibiotic use has to be restricted and alternative methods for treating cholera have to be implemented.

scholarly journals Raw Milk in Noakhlai, Bangladesh: Quality Assessment and Antibiotic Resistance of Identified Microorganisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1104-1112
Author(s):  
Tahmina Akter ◽  
Mansura Mokbul ◽  
Susmita Ghosh ◽  
Moumita Dey
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Isolation ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
High Treatment

Milk is an ideal food for all age groups. The current study was carried out to identify the microorganisms to assess the raw milk quality and the antibiotic resistance of those identified micro-organisms. Five raw milk samples along with two high treatment (UHT) milk samples from different locations of Noakhali district of Bangladesh were analysed. Bacterial isolation was performed by Nutrient Agar (NA) and MacConkey (MCA), Eiosin Methylene Blue (EMB) and Genital menital salt agar (GMSA). The isolates were then identified by Kliger’s Iron Agar (KIA) test, Motility Indole Urease (MIU) test, Catalase and Oxidase tests. Antibiotics resistance tests were done for 13 different antibiotics. Among all these samples, Maijdee Bazar (S4) contained the highest load as 1.87×106 and the UHT samples contained no bacterial contamination. E. coli covered 47.05% whereas Listeria, Bacillus and Yersinia were in the same percentage as 5.88% among all isolates. Salmonella and Staphylococcus were 23.53% and 11.76%, respectively. Listeria and Salmonella were resistant to five different antibiotics by 46.15% and 38.46% of multiple antibiotic resistance index (MRI), correspondingly. However, E. coli and Yersinia were resistant to three antibiotics namely, Rifampcin (RIF), Cefotaxime (CTX), Amoxycillin (AMX) by about 23% as MRI percentage. Bacillus and Staphylococcus both were resistant to Cefepime (CPM) by 7.69% of MRI. Hence, it can be concluded that Rifampcin and Cefepime were most common antibiotics which were resisted by most of the isolates. Therefore, hygiene aspect of these milk sources needs to be taken into consideration with high priority. Also, the antibiotics which are resisted by different organisms will be detrimental for public health aspects.

scholarly journals Awareness of antibiotic usage and antimicrobial resistance among interns in a tertiary care hospital

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 2159
Author(s):  
Suchitra D. Akalu ◽  
Niveditha G. Belavadi
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Antibiotic Usage ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Strongly Agree

Background: Antibiotic resistance is a global threat and new resistance mechanisms are emerging and spreading globally, threatening our ability to treat common infectious diseases. Reducing the incidence of drug resistant infections is crucial and is a top priority at global and national levels. A study was conducted among interns to assess the awareness related to antibiotic usage and resistance.Methods: The questionnaire was administered to a batch of 75 medical interns whereby their awareness regarding antibiotic use and resistance was assessed by a five point Likert scale, whose responses ranged from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree”, and always to never. Some questions were of true and false type. The data was analysed by using simple descriptive statistics.Results: Out of the 78 interns, 75 participated in the study and completed the questionnaires. All the 75 (100%) interns believed that indiscriminate antibiotic use leads to antimicrobial resistance and 78.6% (n=59) believed that if antimicrobials are taken too often, they are less likely to work in the future. Majority (90.6%) of the interns knew of the fact that common cold and influenza are due to viral aetiology and not bacterial. Regarding the antibiotic practices of the interns, questionnaire addressed questions related to their practices related to use of antimicrobials, 66.6% (n=50) of the interns disagreed on the question that antibiotics are safe drugs, hence can be commonly used while 62.6% (n=47) do not believe that skipping one or two doses of the drug does not lead to antibiotic resistance.Conclusions: The antibiotic resistance crisis has been attributed to the overuse and misuse of these medications. Judicious use of antibiotics is the only solution for which awareness is required at the level of both health care providers and patients. Our study provides an important insight regarding the regarding awareness of antibiotic usage and antibiotic resistance among interns.

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