scholarly journals Consumption of food in the EU by the degree of urbanization: data visualization and cluster analysis of the EU sample

10.5219/1282 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 343-350
Author(s):  
Lenka Maličká
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Data Visualization ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Delayed Effect ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Eu

This paper examines the consumption of one of the COICOP classes ”“ food and non-alcoholic beverages ”“ by the degree of urbanization on the sample of EU countries in three periods ”“ 2005, 2010, and 2015. The share of this class in total consumption of cities, towns, and suburbs and rural areas presents the second largest item of the total consumption of all structures in question. They examined the key variable creates an input to the analysis stated in the paper. First, the data visualization is realized by creating maps of scaled consumption of food and non-alcoholic beverages in cities, towns, and suburbs and rural areas in the three periods ”“ 2005, 2010, and 2015. The spatial distribution of data shows, that higher shares of consumption of food and non-alcoholic beverages are obtained in CEE and southern countries in all structures and all periods. Considering that consumption of food and non-alcoholic beverages is negatively correlated with GDP per capita or household expenditure per capita it is possible to conclude that countries with lower levels of GDP per capita spend more on goods of daily use. Second, based on k-means clustering, cluster analysis is stated. Similarities between EU countries in the consumption of food and non-alcoholic beverages by the degree of urbanization and with respect to socio-economic conditions are investigated. Clusters are made for all three monitored periods. In 2005 and 2010 five clusters were identified, in 2015 their number has been reduced to four. Similarities between EU countries in the consumption of food and non-alcoholic beverages by the degree of urbanization change through time. The delayed effect of the financial crisis may explain observed changes. The obvious relocation of countries is evident when comparing clusters in the period 2010 and 2015. Besides it, the most stabile cluster is the cluster, which contains core EU countries.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Dependence of GHG Emissions on the Support and Taxes in the EU Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7650
Author(s):  
Astrida Miceikienė ◽  
Kristina Gesevičienė ◽  
Daiva Rimkuvienė
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Environmental Support ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Support Measures ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Eu

The reduction of GHG emissions is one of the priorities of the EU countries. The majority of studies show that financial support and environmental taxes are one of the most effective measures for the mitigation of the negative consequences of climate change. The EU countries employ different environmental support measures and environmental taxes to reduce GHG emissions. There is a shortage of new studies on these measures. The aim of the present study is to compare the effectiveness of the environmental support measures of the EU countries with the effectiveness of environmental taxes in relation to the reduction of GHG emissions. This study is characterized by the broad scope of its data analysis and its systematic approach to the EU’s environmental policy measures. An empirical study was performed for the EU countries with the aim of addressing this research problem and substantiating theoretical insights. A total of 27 EU member states from 2009 to 2018 were selected as research samples. The research is based on a cause-and-effect relationship, where the factors affecting environmental pollution (environmental taxes and subsidies) are the cause, and GHG emissions are the effect. Statistical research methods were used in the empirical study: descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), simple regression and cluster analysis. The results show that the older member countries of the EU, which had directed the financial measures of environmental policy towards a reduction in energy consumption, managed to achieve a greater reduction in GHG emissions compared to the countries which had not applied those measures. The Central and Eastern European countries are characterized by lower environmental taxes and lower expenditure allocated to environmental protection. The countries with a higher GDP per capita have greater GHG emissions that the countries with lower GDP per capita. This is associated with greater consumption, waste, and energy consumption. The study conducted gives rise to a discussion regarding data sufficiency in the assessment and forecasting of GHG emissions and their environmental consequences.

scholarly journals Inequality in the Income of the Population as a Determinant of the Country's Economic Growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 987-994
Author(s):  
Tamara Kocurová ◽  
David Hampel
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Ratio Analysis ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Per Capita

In this article, there is explored the dependence of economic performance and economic growth on income inequality expressed by Gini coefficient and S80/S20 ratio. Analysis is based on data collected upon EU countries in years 2007, 2012 and 2017. Cluster analysis points out to heterogeneity of EU countries in observed characteristics and enables creation of three groups of countries: post-socialistic, southern and northern. Regression analysis, which takes into account groups of countries, was used to assess and illustrate the dependence. The results show that income inequality has a negative impact on the country's GDP per capita, and its impact on economic growth differs for particular groups of countries.

scholarly journals Effective Management Tools for Solving the Problem of Poverty in Relation to Food Waste in Context of Integrated Management of Energy

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4245
Author(s):  
Bohuslava Mihalčová ◽  
Antonín Korauš ◽  
Olha Prokopenko ◽  
Jozefína Hvastová ◽  
Magdaléna Freňáková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Population At Risk ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Eu

Globally, millions of people suffer from poverty. This paper discusses the problem of poverty especially in relation to food waste. The prevention of food waste can also contribute to global poverty reduction, and the reduction of food waste is a tool for sustainable growth and competitiveness. At present, the number of people at risk of poverty and the amount of food waste are increasing at unsustainable rates. An integrated and efficient tool for the management of food, energy, and water (FEW) resources to improve FEW security via an interdisciplinary approach could help address several of the most significant global challenges, such as climate change, and economic, environmental, and social security. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the existence of poverty and the treatment of food for sustainable growth. The analysis focused on the EU countries and the main data source was the Eurostat database. Households generally create the largest proportion of food waste. Pareto analysis shows that in households, food and non-alcoholic beverages are among the first group of expenses, and in the EU countries they represent approximately 12% of the total expenses. Food and non-alcoholic beverages are a stable, unavoidable, and non-negligible element of total expenses. Paradoxically, enormous amounts of food are wasted. A relatively weak inversely proportional relationship between the amount of food waste per capita and the proportion of the population at risk of poverty among the total population of EU countries was identified through correlational analysis. A very weak relationship between the share of the population at risk of poverty in the total population and the amount of food waste per capita, excluding the population at risk of poverty, was also found.

scholarly journals The Evaluation of Recession Magnitudes in EU Countries during the Great Recession 2008–2010

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Mazurek
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Economic Openness ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The aim of this article is to compare 2008-2010 recession magnitudes in individual EU countries. For the comparison the recession magnitude scale was used. The strongest recession during the examined period took place in Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Greece and Ireland, while the weakest recessions in the EU occurred in France, Malta and Cyprus. Poland and Slovakia were the only two EU countries that didn’t fall into a recession, that’s why they were not included in the study. The main findings of the paper are that EU19’s recession was much smaller than both the Great Depression of the 1930s and the recent Great Recession in the USA. Furthermore, with the use of a linear econometric model it was found that recession magnitudes in EU countries were directly proportional to the countries’ GDP per capita in 2008 and growth prior to recessions, while countries’ economic openness was indirectly proportional to recession magnitudes, all the relationships being statistically significant.

scholarly journals Environmental risks and sustainable development indicators: determinants of impact

2020 ◽  
Vol 185 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 4-14
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Sushchenko ◽  
◽  
Ievgen Volkovskyi ◽  
Viktor Fedosov ◽  
Nadiya Ryazanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Value Creation ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Sustainable Development Indicators ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Eu

The concept of sustainable development brought new constraints for the old-fashioned business models. At the same time, it created new opportunities for those who have a forward-looking strategy and strive to overcome «the limits to growth», in other words, to ensure a long-term blended value creation with economic and non-economic benefits. There are numerous sets of the sustainable development indicators and indices, but the weights of each particular component are different and need further clarification. Nowadays, the environmental risks in general and climate-related in particular are priced (e.g. environmental taxes) and have a strong impact on the social and economic relations by creating negative and positive externalities for our daily life. For this reason, economic agents are forced to become sustainable to the non-financial risks through switching to the new environmental and social business models. For this reason, better sustainable development indicators are crucial for an improved management of the non-financial risks and sustainable blended value creation. Hence, the aim of this paper is to examine the role of environmental risks in shaping sustainable development conditions on the macrolevel and to elaborate the ways for a better management of the non-financial risks (Environmental, Social and Governance - ESG). For this purpose, the impact of the most important environmental risks on the main economic and social indicators has been examined (e.g. Human Development Index and GDP per capita). Such an approach allowed us to identify the extent to which specific environmental factors influencing social and economic development can reshape the sustainable development conditions. In course of research, two sets of countries have been singled out to verify statistical significance of elaborated models. To achieve this goal, the authors have split an available dataset into two groups: EU and non-EU countries. The reason behind it is the fact that EU countries are among the leaders in the area of sustainable development and have already undertaken related environmental improvements in the last decades. Moreover, the above-mentioned countries are continuing such successful pathways today and with the new European Green Deal could go even far beyond this frontier. The results of current research suggest that existing indicators cannot fully encompass all the aspects of sustainable development and should be revised. Such findings relate both to the composition of the indicators and the weights attributed to each particular component. The application of regression analysis showed that such factors as water and air quality and biodiversity have the strongest explanatory power - 67% of the fluctuations in GDP per capita and 87% in case of HDI. The R -squared is ranging from 0.7 to 0.8 in both cases and confirms consistency of the elaborated models. To verify the results achieved, the similar models have been prepared only for the EU countries. As a result, all independent variables demonstrated the same significant impact on GDP per capita also for the EU countries. However, in this case the R -squared is only 0.27 due to the fact that ESG indicators within the EU area are rather homogenous. The impact of environmental factors on the level of HDI for the EU countries is much stronger comparing to GDP per capita. An overall explanatory power of the model for the EU countries exceeds 0.45 (R -squared). The most influential factor is the quality of water resources. Other important independent variables in the model for the EU member states are biodiversity and air quality. The authors argue that it is necessary to incorporate the above-mentioned environmental factors into the updated version of the Human Development Index as the most appropriate indicators of sustainable development. Consequently, the weights of the components should be recalculated to improve management of the non-financial risks on macrolevel, facilitating the blended value creation process.

scholarly journals A note on the measurement of the relationship between happiness and GDP

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 127-129
Author(s):  
Wim Heijman ◽  
Johan Van Ophem ◽  
Job Van Logtestijn
Keyword(s):  
Research Note ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Weighted Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

This research note compares the results of the measurement of the relationship between happiness and GDP in the EU based upon unweighted data with the results based upon weighted data. The data are weighted in order to correct for the different sizes of the populations in the EU countries concerned. The result of the weighing is an even stronger relationship between happiness and GDP per capita than in the case with unweighted data.

scholarly journals On the use of panel stationarity tests in convergence analysis: empirical evidence for the EU countries

Equilibrium ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Próchniak ◽  
Bartosz Witkowski
Keyword(s):  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Stochastic Convergence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Panel Stationarity ◽  
The Eu

The study examines the concept of stochastic convergence in the EU28 countries over the 1994–2013 period. The convergence of individual countries’ GDP per capita towards the EU28 average per capita income level and the pair-wise convergence between the GDP of individual countries are both analyzed. Additionally, we introduce our own concept of conditional stochastic convergence which is based on adjusted GDP per capita series in order to account for the impact of other growth factors on GDP. The analysis is based on time series techniques. To assess stationarity, ADF tests are used. The study shows that the process of stochastic convergence in the EU countries is not as widespread as the cross-sectional studies on b or s convergence indicate. Even if we extend the analysis to examine conditional stochastic convergence, the number of converging economies or pairs of countries rises, but not as much as it could be expected from the cross-sectional studies.

scholarly journals Relationship between socio-demographic and economic determinants of cause-specific mortality in the EU countries in the period 2011 – 2014

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana HÜBELOVÁ ◽  
Alice KOZUMPLÍKOVÁ ◽  
Petra KOSOVÁ ◽  
Veronika WALICOVÁ
Keyword(s):  
Data Matrix ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Mortality Index ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
South Eastern Europe ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Eu

The article focuses on determinants of mortality and evaluates selected socio-demographic and economic sets of indicators. Our data matrix includes 112 observations for the EU28 countries in the period 2011 – 2014 (5 indicators of socio-demographic and economic determinants of health and 5 indicators of standardized cause-specific mortal-ity). The data is calculated using canonical correlation analysis, composite indicator and multiple regressions. Computed cause-specific mortality index shows most favourable mortality structures in Finland and France and unfavourable in Hungary. The correla-tions between socio-demographic, economic determinants and cause-specific mortality in the EU countries exist on the following levels. In the countries with very high GDP per capita generally people less often die of circulation disorders (e.g., Finland, France, Ger-many) and with lower GDP per capita it shows higher mortality rates relate to circulation system disorders and diabetes (e.g., Estonia, Lithuania, Hungary). In the countries with lower levels of educational attainment, people generally most often die of circulation dis-orders (e.g., Czech Republic, Slovakia, Italy) and people with higher educational attain-ment more often die of disease of nervous system (e.g., Finland, Belgium, Denmark). The levels of socio-demographic and economic determinants and the mortality structures correlate in the EU countries, but show different quality. The regional disparities in cause-specific mortality still persist between the countries of the northern, the western and the southern Europe. An unfavourable rate mortality was further affirmed in eastern and south-eastern Europe.

scholarly journals Non-Price Criteria for the Evaluation of the Tender Offers in Public Procurement of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Alexander Baranovsky ◽  
Nataliia Tkachenko ◽  
Vladimer Glonti ◽  
Valentyna Levchenko ◽  
Kateryna Bogatyrova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Procurement ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Tender Offers ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Eu

Traditionally, public procurement has been associated with the measurement of achieving savings. However, recent research shows that the economic impact of public procurement is not limited only to savings, but by measuring the impact of four capitals—natural, human, social, and economic—on sustainable well-being over time. Ukraine is a country with a very low gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, which exacerbates the problem of the impact of public procurement results on the population’s welfare. Ukrainian public procurement legislation allows customers to apply non-price criteria (the share of non-price criteria cannot be more than 70%), which, together, are taken into account in the formula of the quoted price. The studies show that the effect of the use of non-price criteria depends on the relevance of the method of the evaluation of non-price criteria. The most important non-price criteria for Ukrainian customers by product categories and the methods of their evaluation are analyzed according to the Bi.prozorro.org analytics module. Therefore, it is concluded that the quoted price method, which is used in Ukrainian practice, is not relevant in comparison with the method used in the EU. A survey of the government buyers on the practice of applying non-price criteria was conducted, and the areas of their use were identified.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document