scholarly journals The evaluation of selected qualitative parameters of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) in dependence on its cultivar

10.5219/1036 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-137
Author(s):  
Miroslav Šlosár ◽  
Alžbeta Hegedűsová ◽  
Ondrej Hegedűs ◽  
Ivana Mezeyová ◽  
Ján Farkaš ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Potato Cultivars ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
Total Soluble Solids ◽  
Tuber Flesh

The sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is relatively known vegetable species, but it is grown only on small area in the Middle European region. Its cultivars are characterized by different colour of tuber flesh which can be white, beige, yellow, orange and purple. The aim of this study was to determine and compare selected qualitative parameters of tubers (total carotenoids, vitamin C and total soluble solids) among orange, white and purple sweet potato cultivars. The field experiments were established at Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra in 2016 and 2017. Sweet potatoes were grown by hillock system with using of black non-woven textile for soil mulching. The tuber harvest was realised on the 6th October 2016 and 13rd September 2017. The highest content of total carotenoids was found in orange sweet potato cultivars (78.47 - 122.89 mg.kg-1 fresh weight) and its values were multiple-fold higher in comparison with purple (4.22 mg.kg-1 f. w.) and white (10.71 mg.kg-1 f. w.) cultivars. Orange cultivars were also richer source of vitamin C (246.31 - 325.99 mg.kg-1 f. w.) compared to white (179.66 mg.kg-1 f. w.) and purple (187.75 mg.kg-1 f. w.) cultivars of sweet potatoes. The total soluble solids, expressing mainly sugar content, was higher in purple (10.13 °BRIX) cultivar of sweet potatoes, followed by cultivars with orange (8.52 - 9.72 °BRIX) and white (5.57 °BRIX) tuber flesh. Obtained results showed the significant effect of cultivar, characterized by different tuber flesh colour, on the composition and contribution of sweet potatoes for human health. 

scholarly journals Evaluation of the chemical, physical and nutritional composition and sensory acceptability of different sweet potato cultivars

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Flávia de Oliveira ◽  
Jaqueline Machado Soares ◽  
Érica Caroline da Silva ◽  
Paulo Sergio Loubet Filho ◽  
Camila Jordão Candido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Potato Cultivars ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Total Soluble Solids ◽  
Sensory Acceptability

The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical, physical and nutritional composition and sensory acceptability of different sweet potato cultivars to classify the best genotypes for human consumption. We evaluated ten genotypes extracted from the Germplasm bank of Midwest State University, Brazil. The cultivars were evaluated regarding their sensory acceptability and chemical (reducing sugar; nonreducing sugar; total sugar; pH; total soluble solids; titratable acidity; total soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio; and instrumental colour) and nutritional composition (moisture; ash; protein; lipid; carbohydrate; energy value; total carotenoid; and ascorbic acid). Greater scores (p < 0.05) for overall acceptance were obtained for the white pulp genotypes Amorano, Júlia, UGA 45, and UGA 49. There was a statistical difference (p < 0.05) in the chemical and nutritional composition of sweet potatoes, except for the pH values. Generally, tuber have a light colour (values of L* greater than 50) with a yellow shade (b*) and green subshade (negative a* values). The exception was noticed in the UGA 34 genotype, which presented a higher red shade (positive a* value) and a yellow subshade. The cultivars more indicated for human consumption were the UGA 34 (favorable nutritional profile), UGA 45 (better acceptability and favorable chemical and nutritional composition), and Amorano (better acceptability and favorable chemical composition). On the other hand, the UGA 29 genotype may be characterized as the less appropriated for consumption. That, due to its less acceptance from the consumers and an inferior chemical and nutritional characterization. We conclude that the Brazilian sweet potato cultivars more indicated for human consumption are the UGA 34, UGA 45 and Amorano, considering that present more favorable chemical, nutritional and sensory acceptability characteristics. The UGA 29 genotype may be characterized as less recommended for consumption.

scholarly journals Effect of extrusion-cooking in total carotenoids content in cream and orange flesh sweet potato cultivars

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos José de O Fonseca ◽  
Antonio G Soares ◽  
Murillo Freire Junior ◽  
Dejair L de Almeida ◽  
José Luiz R Ascheri
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Potato Cultivars ◽  
Extrusion Cooking ◽  
Potato Flour ◽  
Food Crop ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
Sweet Potato Flour

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a food crop that supplies energy, minerals and vitamins C and B. Some cultivars are very rich in carotenoids (pro-vitamin A). In this study were evaluated and compared the total carotenoids content of two cultivars and the losses on the dehydrated extruded sweet potato flour. Samples from organic and conventional crops were analyzed, in the form of fresh and dehydrated extruded samples. Total carotenoids content of the fresh product, expressed on wet basis, was of 437 µg 100 g-1 for the cream cultivar and 10,12 µg 100 g-1 for the orange cultivar. After dehydration, losses of total carotenoids were of 41% and 38%, respectively. The fresh orange cultivar presented high total carotenoids content in comparison to the cream cultivar. The extruded orange sweet potato flour showed the lowest losses in total carotenoids. Therefore, the processed flour of orange sweet potato could be used to obtain pre-gelatinized extruded flour with high total carotenoids content.

scholarly journals Study of the efficiency of sweet potato growing in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine by different methods of soil mulching

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Kuts ◽  
Svetlana Shevchenko ◽  
Ivan Semenenko ◽  
Evgen Dukhin ◽  
Artem Yakovchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Polyethylene Film ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Total Length

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is a new crop for soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine, the active implementation of which is hindered by the lack of recommendations on technological aspects of cultivation. One of the important technological measures for growing sweet potatoes is the use of soil mulching, which improves the water regime and regulates the thermal regime of the soil; prevention of weed growth and growth of sweet potato shoots to the soil. Thus, the aim of the research is to determine the efficiency of growing sweet potatoes in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine by different methods of soil mulching. Field research was carried out on typical low-humus light loamy chernozem on loess loam. It was noted, that when growing sweet potatoes on ridges, the introduction of mulching the soil with black polyethylene film provides more active growth of the vegetative mass throughout the growing season (5.33 shoots/plant with a total length of 252.1 cm), while growing without ridges has a positive effect on plants growth due to the general absence of mulch (2.53 shoots/plant with a total length of 107.8 cm). The use of ridges and mulching the soil with black polyethylene film causes the yield of sweet potato tubers at 34.8 t/ha, while the mulching of the soil with straw, the yield was 18.3–21.9 t/ha, without mulching – 13.0–17, 1 t/ha. Mulching with black polyethylene film ensures the accumulation of vitamin C and starch in sweet potato tubers. When growing the culture on ridges by this method of mulching, the maximum level of vitamin C according to the experiment (4.78 mg/100 g) and starch (11.73 %) was noted. The introduction of mulching and ridge formation involves additional material and labor costs, but helps to reduce weed control and tuber digging costs. When growing sweet potatoes on ridges with mulching with black polyethylene film, the minimum additional labor costs for the formation of a unit of yield (1.95 man-minutes/kg of tubers) were noted, while without mulching and without ridges this figure was 6.76 man-minute/kg

scholarly journals Physicochemical and antioxidant capacity analysis of colored sweet potato genotypes: in natura and thermally processed

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcia Vizzotto ◽  
◽  
Elisa dos Santos Pereira ◽  
Juliana Rocha Vinholes ◽  
Priscila Cardoso Munhoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Trolox Equivalent

ABSTRACT: Sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) is one of the most popular and ancient roots of Brazil and it can be consumed at different forms such as boiled, roasted or as sweets. Its cooking can lead to physicochemical transformations altering the nutritional properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics, bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of twelve sweet potato genotypes of varying pulp color in natura and roasted. Soluble solids, acidity, sugars, carotenoids, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity were analyzed in the following sweet potatoes genotypes: cream pulp (Rubissol, Cuia, ILS03, ILS10, ILS12, ILS24 and ILS44); orange pulp (Amelia and Beauregard); and purple pulp (ILS56, ILS16 and ILS71). According to the results, it was observed a wide variation among the sweet potato genotypes for all analyzed parameters, in both preparation forms. The antioxidant capacity was a parameter with wide variation among genotypes, 210.29 to 7870.57µg trolox equivalent/g in in natura form and 673.26 to 17306.22µg trolox equivalent/g in roasted form. Soluble solids, acidity, sugars and bioactive compounds, with the exception of carotenoids, tended to be concentrated, also increases the total antioxidant capacity, in roasted sweet potatoes. In conclusion, genotype and the color of sweet potatoes were parameters that had an influence on its chemical composition. Cultivars such as Amelia and Beauregard stood out by the amounts of total soluble solids and carotenoids, respectively. The selections ILS 16 and ILS 56 are recommended as sources of anthocyanins. Thermal process influenced the concentration of antioxidant compounds and changed some physicochemical characteristics.

scholarly journals CULTIVO CONSORCIADO DE BATATA-DOCE E MILHO PIPOCA: CRESCIMENTO E PRODUÇÃO DAS CULTURAS

Nativa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-293
Author(s):  
Marciel Redin ◽  
Scheila Andrieli Silveira Bones ◽  
Jackson Eduardo Schmitt Stein ◽  
Eduardo Canepelle ◽  
Andersson Daniel Steffler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Potato Cultivars ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Number Of Leaves

O objetivo foi avaliar o crescimento das plantas, produção de raízes de batata-doce (Ipomoea batatas) e grãos de milho pipoca (Zea mays) em sistema de cultivo solteiro e consorciado. Foram avaliadas quatro cultivares de batata-doce e uma de pipoca em blocos casualizados com três repetições em condições de campo. No cultivo solteiro, a pipoca e batata-doce foram espaçadas 75 cm entre linhas. No consorciado, o plantio da batata-doce foi no centro das entre linhas da pipoca. A adubação foi realizada com cama de frango. Aos 30, 60 e 90 dias foi avaliado o número de folhas, altura das plantas, diâmetro do colmo/baraços e comprimento de baraços. No florescimento foi determinada a matéria seca das plantas, na maturação fisiológica a produção de grãos da pipoca e aos 180, as raízes da batata-doce. Observou-se que a pipoca apresentou a maior produção de matéria seca, número de folhas, diâmetro de colmos e altura de plantas quando solteiro, as cultivares de batata-doce quando consorciadas menor produção de matéria seca e raízes, a produção de grãos de pipoca não apresentou diferença entres os sistemas de produção. O sistema consorciado de pipoca e batata-doce promove maior produção de matéria seca e produção de alimentos por área. Palavras-chave: policultivos; sustentabilidade; agricultura familiar; Ipomoea batatas; Zea mays.   Intercropped cultivation of sweet potatoes and popcorn: growth and production of crops   ABSTRACT: The objective was to evaluate plant growth, sweet potato productivity (Ipomoea batatas) and grains of popcorn (Zea mays) in single and intercropped systems. Four sweet potato cultivars and one popcorn in randomized blocks were evaluated with three replications in field conditions. In single cultivation, popcorn and sweet potatoes were spaced 75 cm between rows. In the intercropped, the sweet potato was in the center of between the lines of popcorn. Fertilization was carried out with chicken manure. At 30, 60 and 90 days, the number of leaves, plant height, stem/tiller diameter and tether length were evaluated. At flowering, the dry matter of the plants was determined, at physiological maturity the grain yield of the popcorn and at 180, the roots of the sweet potato. It was observed that the popcorn showed the highest production of dry matter, number of leaves, stem diameter and plant height when single, sweet potato cultivars when intercropped, lower production of dry matter and roots, the productivity of popcorn grains there was no difference between the production systems. The intercroped system of popcorn and sweet potatoes promotes greater production of dry matter and food productivity per area. Keywords: polyculture; sustainability; family farming; Ipomoea batatas; Zea mays.

Analisis Nutrisi Umbi Ubi Jalar (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) untuk Konsumsi Bayo dan Anak-anak Suku Dani di Distrik Kurulu Kabupaten Jayawijaya

Agrotek ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew B. Pattikawa ◽  
Antonius Suparno ◽  
Saraswati Prabawardani
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Food Crop ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Development Center

<em>Sweet potato is an important staple food crop especially for the local people of Central Highlands Jayawijaya. There are many accessions that have always been maintained its existence to enrich their various uses. Traditionally, sweet potato accessions were grouped based on the utilization, such as for animal feed, cultural ceremonies, consumption for adults, as well as for infants and children. This study was aimed to analyze the nutritional value of sweet potatoes consumed by infants and children of the Dani tribe. Chemical analyses were conducted at the Laboratory of Post-Harvest Research and Development Center, Cimanggu, Bogor. The results showed that each of 4 (four) sweet potato accessions which were consumed by infants and children had good nutrient levels. Accession Sabe showed the highest water content (72.56%), vitamin C (72.71 mg/100 g), Fe (11.85 mg/100 g), and K levels (130.41 mg / 100 grams). The highest levels of protein (1.44%), fat (1.00%), energy (154.43 kkal/100 gram), carbohydrate (35.47%), starch (30.26%), reducing sugar (3.44%), riboflavin (0.18 mg/100 g), and vitamin A (574.40 grams IU/100 were produced by accession Manis. On the other hand, accession Saborok produced the highest value for ash content (1.32%), vitamin E (28.30 mg/100 g), and ?-carotene (64.69 ppm). The highest level of crude fiber (1.81 %) and thiamin (0.36 mg/100 g) was produced by accession Yuaiken.</em>

scholarly journals Yield and soil insect resistance in sweet potato clones

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiane da Silva Nóbrega ◽  
José Ricardo Peixoto ◽  
Michelle Souza Vilela ◽  
Anne Kelly da Silva Nóbrega ◽  
Elaine Caetano Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Root Yield ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Soil Insects

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a rustic horticultural crop with high production potential. However, the crop is susceptible to many pests and diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate 10 genotypes of sweet potato regarding their yield and resistance to soil insects, under Brazilian cerrado soil conditions. Genotypes were selected from the Sweet Potato Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Hortaliças. The experiment was conducted at Água Limpa Farm, belonging to University of Brasilia (UnB), and consisted of a randomized block design, with 10 treatments (genotypes), 10 plants per plot, and four replications. The following traits were analyzed: number of perforations per root, incidence of roots injured by insects, plant resistance degree, root shape, total and marketable root yields, root peel color, root pulp color, pulp total soluble solids, pulp titratable acidity, pulp TSS/TA ratio, pulp moisture, and pulp starch yield. Genotype CNPH 53 (26.78 t ha-1) presented total root yield greater than the commercial variety Brazlândia Rosada (17.54 t ha-1). Genotype Santa Sofia (11.77 t ha-1) and Brazlândia (13.5 t ha-1) had similar marketable root yields. CNPH 53 showed the best agronomic performance, exhibiting moderate susceptibility to soil insects and root shape meeting the market standards. It also had low pulp TA (2.53%); high pulp TSS (12.25 °Brix) and pulp TSS/AT ratio (4.24); pulp moisture content close to 70%; and the highest pulp starch content (11.98%). The traits number of perforations per root, root shape, and pulp TA presented heritability values close to 70%. Marketable root yield, pulp moisture, and pulp starch content demonstrated heritability values greater than 90% and CVG/CVE greater than 1.

scholarly journals Quality characterization, phenolic and carotenoid content of new orange, cream and yellow-fleshed sweetpotato genotypes

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-304
Author(s):  
Lucimeire Pilon ◽  
Jaqueline S Guedes ◽  
Bruna S Bitencourt ◽  
Raphael Augusto de C Melo ◽  
Larissa PC Vendrame ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
Β Carotene

ABSTRACT Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) is a root crop grown in many countries. This tuberous root is a source of energy, nutrients, and phytochemicals. In this study, bioactive compounds and physical and physicochemical qualities of sweetpotato genotypes were evaluated. Eight new genotypes of sweetpotato produced by Embrapa Hortaliças (orange-fleshed: MD09026-OF and MD09024-OF; cream-fleshed: MD09011-CF, MD09004-CF, MD10039-CF, and MD10004-CF; yellow-fleshed: MD09017-YF and MD12002-YF) and two cultivars used as controls (Beauregard and Brazlândia Roxa) were evaluated for color, soluble solids, dry matter, phenolic compounds, total carotenoids and β-carotene. Hue angles differed even between those sweetpotatoes with the same flesh color. The orange-fleshed genotypes MD09024-OF, MD09026-OF, and Beauregard, had the lowest L*, showing to be darker than the others. These sweetpotatoes also had the brightest flesh colors with higher C*. The orange-fleshed genotypes MD09026-OF and MD09024-OF were sweeter (10.55oBrix and 9.23oBrix) than Beauregard (5.12oBrix). Brazlândia Roxa had the highest dry matter content (38.05%), followed by the genotypes MD10004-CF, MD09017-YF, MD09026-OF MD10039-CF, and MD09011-CF, which showed similarity, ranging from 32.33% to 29.12%. The highest contents of total carotenoids were found for the orange-fleshed genotypes MD09026-OF (80.06 mg g-1) and MD09024-OF (70.56 mg g-1) and Beauregard (73.12 mg g-1). These same genotypes showed the highest total phenolic compounds (0.815 mg g-1 and 0.686 mg g-1, respectively). MD09026-OF showed the highest content of β-carotene (46.47 mg g-1). MD09026-OF was the most prominent genotype among those evaluated, as it showed the highest total carotenoid, β-carotene, phenolic compounds, and soluble solids content, in addition to a high dry matter content.

scholarly journals Effects of Roasting Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam.): Quality, Volatile Compound Composition and Sensory Evaluation

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2602
Author(s):  
Yu-Jung Tsai ◽  
Li-Yun Lin ◽  
Kai-Min Yang ◽  
Yi-Chan Chiang ◽  
Min-Hung Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Sensory Evaluation ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Acceptance Test ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Golden Yellow ◽  
Commercial Market ◽  
Acceptance Score

Roasting can increase the Maillard reaction and caramelization of sweet potatoes to create an attractive appearance, color, aroma, and taste, and is rapidly increasing in the commercial market. This study mainly analyzed the influence of roasting sweet potatoes, with and without the peel, on sweet potato quality and flavor characteristics combined with sensory qualities. The results showed that the a* value (1.65–8.10), browning degree (58.30–108.91), total acidity (0.14–0.21 g/100 g, DW), and maltose content (0.00–46.16 g/100 g, DW) of roasted sweet potatoes increased with roasting time. A total of 46 volatile compounds were detected and 2-furanmethanol, furfural, and maltol were identified as the main sources of the aroma of roasted sweet potatoes. A sensory evaluation based on a comprehensive nine-point acceptance test and descriptive analysis showed that roasting for 1 to 2 h resulted in the highest acceptance score (6.20–6.65), including a golden-yellow color, sweet taste, and fibrous texture. The sweet potatoes became brown after roasting for 2.5 to 3 h and gained a burnt and sour taste, which reduced the acceptance score (4.65–5.75). These results can provide a reference for increased quality in the food industry production of roasted sweet potatoes.

Production and Characterization of Exopolysaccharides from Loss Cooked Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) by Lactobacillus Plantarum

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 01-11
Author(s):  
Robert Germain Beka ◽  
Emmanuel Akdowa Panyoo ◽  
Germaine Yadang ◽  
Pamela Homsi ◽  
Laurette Blandine Mezajoug Kenfack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Titrable Acidity ◽  
Lactic Acid Content

The aim of the work was to produce and characterize the exopolysaccharides from loss cooked sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) using fermentation with Lactobacillus. The cooked sweet potato was fermented according to the factorial design with the following factors: the time (21.51h-38.48h) and the amount of Lactobacillus (1.58*106-5*106UFC). Responses were represented by production yield, pH, and titrable acidity. Characterization of the exopolysaccharides was then done by determination of total sugars, solubility index and viscosity. The results show that the pH of unfermented cooked potatoes was between 6.23 to 6.63. The pH of fermented potatoes varies from 3.96 to 4.06. The lactic acid content was found from 7.75 to 9.9% for the fermented samples. The production yields are 1.90% for the samples fermented for 21.5 hours with 3.5*106UFC of bacteria and 5.62% for those fermented for 30 hours with the same volume of inoculum. The average viscosity of the products was 4mPas regardless of the fermentation time. Chemical characterization indicates glucose contents of 68.21 and 94.01% in fermented potato for 24h and 21h respectively. The solubility index gives values of 70.3 ± 0.16 and 88.11 ± 0.23 for fermentation times of 21h and 24h respectively. Results of this work indicated that cooked sweet potatoes ferment for 21h was a promising substrate for production of exopolysaccharides.

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