scholarly journals Riparian or phreatophile woodland and shrubland vegetation in the Central Chilean biogeographic region: phytosociological study

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-258
Author(s):  
Javier Amigo Vázquez ◽  
Lorena Flores-Toro ◽  
Verónica Caballero-Serrano
Keyword(s):  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Biogeographic Region ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
River Valleys ◽  
Alluvial Terraces ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Phytosociological Study

The Mediterranean territory in Chile is an extensive area whose natural vegetation has suffered the impact of man-made activities far more severely than anywhere else in the country. Its northernmost section (the Atacama and Coquimbo regions) is characterised by ombroclimates that range from ultra-hyperarid to arid, and by highly irregular river courses with limited spaces for phreatophilic vegetation that have been exploited by humans as fertile farmlands. However, in the river valleys of the Central Chilean biogeographic province, where the ombroclimate is at least semiarid, there may be permanent watercourses that drain from the Andean mountain range towards the Pacific Ocean that contain representations of riparian or phreatophilic vegetation linked to riverbanks or alluvial terraces, in spite of the inevitable human influence. We studied the most conspicuous plant communities with the most highly developed biomass in these riparian environments, namely willow stands dominated by Salix humboldtiana and accompanied by some autochthonous woody species, in order to clarify their floristic composition and their correct ordination within the syntaxonomy of Chilean vegetation. The data collected suggest the existence of a phytosociological association: Otholobio glandulosi-Salicetum humboldtianae ass. nova, as the majority association in the Central Chilean province.  Another possible association which replaces this (Baccharido salicifoliae-Myrceugenietum lanceolatae prov.) is also proposed in the transition to a humid ombroclimate and Temperate macrobioclimate. The floristic contents of these Chilean communities are compared with other associations dominated by Salix humboldtiana described for other territories bordering Chile: Argentina, Bolivia and Peru. However, given that they are all located in a Tropical macrobioclimate and their companion flora is therefore clearly different from the flora present in the Chilean communities, we propose the creation of a new phytosociological class to include these syntaxonomically: Mayteno boariae-Salicetea humboldtianae class. nova. This work also ascribes the association Tessario absinthioidis-Baccharidetum marginalis (representing a prior dynamic stage to Otholobio glandulosi-Salicetum humboldtianae) to the class Tessario integrifoliae-Baccharidetea salicifoliae.

Description of the female of Chelis ferghana Dubatolov, 1988, an endemic moth species of the Tien Shan Range in Central Asia (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4790 (1) ◽  
pp. 198-200
Author(s):  
VITALY M. SPITSYN ◽  
GRIGORY S. POTAPOV
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Apical Part ◽  
Tien Shan ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Moth Species ◽  
Morphological Differences

Seven Arctiine genera have recently been synonymized with the genus Chelis Rambur, 1866 using a comprehensive multi-locus phylogeny (Rönkä et al. 2016). The genus Chelis s. str. contains nine species, the ranges of which cover temperate and subtropical areas of Eurasia from the Iberian Peninsula to the Pacific Ocean coast (Dubatolov & de Vos 2010, Ortiz et al. 2016). Two species, i.e. Chelis ferghana Dubatolov, 1988 and C. strigulosa (Böttcher, 1905), are endemic to the Tien Shan Mountain Range. These taxa can be distinguished by morphological differences in the apical part of the valva. 

A Preliminary Investigation of the Flood Plain of the Rio Grande de Térraba, Costa Rica

1943 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris Stone
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Short Distance ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Parallel Chain ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Cordillera De Talamanca ◽  
Coastal Range

The Cordillera de Talamanca, the principal mountain range in southeastern Costa Rica, is a rugged chain which overlies, in part at least, an earlier volcanic mass, and is directly connected with the Chiriqui range of western Panama. The Pacific Ocean is, as the crow flies, a comparatively short distance from the Talamancan peaks. From the Rio Savegre in the southwest to the Rio Chiriqui Viejo in Panama runs a smaller parallel chain, known as the Pacific coastal range.

scholarly journals Long-range transport of black carbon to the Pacific Ocean and its dependence on aging timescale

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 16945-16983 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zhang ◽  
J. Liu ◽  
S. Tao ◽  
G. A. Ban-Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Average Lifetime ◽  
Deposition Rates ◽  
Source Regions ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Improving the ability of global models to predict concentrations of black carbon (BC) over the Pacific Ocean is essential to evaluate the impact of BC on marine climate. In this study, we tag BC tracers from 13 source regions around the globe in a global chemical transport model MOZART-4. Numerous sensitivity simulations are carried out varying the aging timescale of BC emitted from each source region. The aging timescale for each source region is optimized by minimizing errors in vertical profiles of BC mass mixing ratios between simulations and HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO). For most HIPPO deployments, in the Northern Hemisphere, optimized aging timescales are less than half a day for BC emitted from tropical and mid-latitude source regions, and about 1 week for BC emitted from high latitude regions in all seasons except summer. We find that East Asian emissions contribute most to the BC loading over the North Pacific, while South American, African and Australian emissions dominate BC loadings over the South Pacific. Dominant source regions contributing to BC loadings in other parts of the globe are also assessed. The lifetime of BC originating from East Asia (i.e., the world's largest BC emitter) is found to be only 2.2 days, much shorter than the global average lifetime of 4.9 days, making East Asia's contribution to global burden only 36 % of BC from the second largest emitter, Africa. Thus, evaluating only relative emission rates without accounting for differences in aging timescales and deposition rates is not predictive of the contribution of a given source region to climate impacts. Our simulations indicate that lifetime of BC increases nearly linearly with aging timescale for all source regions. When aging rate is fast, the lifetime of BC is largely determined by factors that control local deposition rates (e.g. precipitation). The sensitivity of lifetime to aging timescale depends strongly on the initial hygroscopicity of freshly emitted BC. Our findings suggest that the aging timescale of BC varies significantly by region and season, and can strongly influence the contribution of source regions to BC burdens around the globe. Improving parameterizations of the aging process for BC is important for enhancing the predictive skill of air quality and climate models. Future observations that investigate the evolution of hygroscopicity of BC as it ages from different source regions to the remote atmosphere are urgently needed.

scholarly journals Impact of Data Assimilation on ECCO2 Equatorial Undercurrent and North Equatorial Countercurrent in the Pacific Ocean

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Halpern ◽  
Dimitris Menemenlis ◽  
Xiaochun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Data Assimilation ◽  
Velocity Measurements ◽  
Equatorial Undercurrent ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe impact of data assimilation on the transports of eastward-flowing Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) and North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) in the Pacific Ocean from 145°E to 95°W during 2004–05 and 2009–11 was assessed. Two Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean, Phase II (ECCO2), solutions were analyzed: one with data assimilation and one without. Assimilated data included satellite observations of sea surface temperature and ocean surface topography, in which the sampling patterns were approximately uniform over the 5 years, and in situ measurements of subsurface salinity and temperature profiles, in which the sampling patterns varied considerably in space and time throughout the 5 years. Velocity measurements were not assimilated. The impact of data assimilation was considered significant when the difference between the transports computed with and without data assimilation was greater than 5.5 × 106 m3 s−1 (or 5.5 Sv; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) for the EUC and greater than 5.0 Sv for the NECC. In addition, the difference of annual-mean transports computed from 3-day-averaged data was statistically significant at the 95% level. The impact of data assimilation ranged from no impact to very substantial impact when data assimilation increased the EUC transport and decreased the NECC transport. The study’s EUC results had some correspondence with other studies and no simple agreement or disagreement pattern emerged among all studies of the impact of data assimilation. No comparable study of the impact of data assimilation on the NECC has been made.

scholarly journals Comparative phytosociology of tree sinusiae between contiguous forests in different stages of succession

2000 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. DE M. B. CAVALCANTE ◽  
J. J. SOARES ◽  
M. A. FIGUEIREDO
Keyword(s):  
Random Distribution ◽  
Community Organization ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Floristic Similarity ◽  
Scientific Support ◽  
Near Future ◽  
A Current ◽  
Shed Light

The Baturité Mountain Range, located in the State of Ceará (BRA), displays on its highest levels a vegetation viewed as a disjunction from the Atlantic Forest in the East of Brazil. Among the various attributes associated with this vegetation, the abundance of water resources and a high biodiversity have a more outstanding relevance. However, in view of the current accelerated deforestation process, those attributes may be threatened in a near future. Therefore, the present work is a comparative study with its focus on vegetal community organization (tree sinusiae) and the floristic similarity and the phytodiversity of two areas in different successive stages, preserved and deforested 24 years ago. The aim of that intent was to obtain information that could essentially shed light on the deforestation effects on tree vegetation and which could suggest scientific support regarding urgent projects of habitat reconstruction. The methodology used folowed the model utilized for rain forest, i.e. consisting of a random distribution of 10 × 20 m plots surveying the living woody species with DBH > or = 5 cm. The results obtained suggest that a possible new physiognomy type is emerging on the Baturite Mountain Range because of deforestation. The Myrtaceae and Mimosaceae families were the ones that contributed most significantly to species richness, being the most outstanding for Areas 1 and 2, respectively. The deforestation which occurred in Area 2 eliminated 28 species and gave birth to a current densely distinct floristic composition.

scholarly journals Exploring the Potential Distribution of Relic Trochodendron aralioides: An Approach Using Open-Access Resources and Free Software

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1749
Author(s):  
Ching-An Chiu ◽  
Tetsuya Matsui ◽  
Nobuyuki Tanaka ◽  
Cheng-Tao Lin
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Potential Distribution ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Good Discrimination ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Access Data

Trochodendron aralioides Siebold & Zucc. is a relic tree that is discontinuously scattered across the mountainous areas of Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea, but the origin of T. aralioides in South Korea is still unclear and debated. To confirm its distribution and explore its origins, we constructed a streamlined framework to examine potential species distribution using multiple open access data and free and open-source software, as well as employing maximum entropy principles to predict the potential distribution of T. aralioides. The results showed reasonably good discrimination and were used to examine and discuss the explicit distribution of T. aralioides. The potential distribution of T. aralioides in Japan extended from Iriomote Island to approximately 37° N in Honshu on the Pacific Ocean side. In Taiwan, the potential distribution of T. aralioides was more common than in Japan. It occurred at 1500–3000 m a.s.l. across the Central Mountain Range and decreased toward the northern and southern tips, correlating to the descending pattern of the cloud belt. Thermal and moisture conditions were important factors to determine the distribution of T. aralioides. The potential distribution indicated that Jeju island had high potential as a habitat for T. aralioides, and that may indirectly imply its existence and origins in South Korea, as some researchers have noted.

scholarly journals “An Eden that is practically uninhabited by humans”: Manipulating Wilderness in Managing Vancouver’s Drinking Water, 1880–1930

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-35
Author(s):  
Mark Kuhlberg
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
Precious Resource ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
The City

Vancouver is known internationally as one of the world’s most livable and beautiful cities, and its “natural” attributes are seen as being integral to what makes it so special. Nestled on a small plateau between the alluring beaches and dramatic shoreline of the Pacific Ocean and the Coast Mountain Range, the city has trumpeted its aesthetically stunning environment for over one century. Central to this message has been the fact that Vancouver’s drinking water supply is so clean that it has historically required no chemical or other treatment—besides a basic filtering—before it is fit for human consumption. Those who were initially responsible for administering the city’s water supply demonstrated most curious behaviour in carrying out their duties. To be sure, they exalted their water for its purity and broadcast this message to the world, believing as they did that such a precious resource could originate only in pristine wilderness that was as pleasing to the eye as it was free from human intrusions. As a result, they went to enormous lengths to guard the basins from which this water came from anthropogenic activity. Paradoxically, they were completely comfortable with undertaking a series of measures to re-engineer and manage the watersheds upon which they depended, an approach that included dumping tons of a deadly toxin on the local trees. All these steps were simply part of their efforts to enhance the bounty with which Providence had gifted them, and to them it remained pure and unsullied as a result. The early history of managing Vancouver’s drinking water thus represents an extraordinary instance in which civic boosters viewed their actions through a prism that blurred the line between the human and non-human worlds, and their story highlights how often our attempts to manage “nature” is prone to creating issues that are potentially more dangerous than the ones we are trying to solve.

scholarly journals 411 PB 054 ORIGIN OF HORTICULTURE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THE DISPERSAL OF DOMESTICATED PLANTS TO THE PACIFIC ISLANDS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 489g-490
Author(s):  
Robert F. Bevacqua
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
Root Tuber ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
The Impact

Navigators from Southeast Asia began voyages of discovery into the Pacific Ocean four thousand years ago that resulted in the dispersal of an assemblage of domesticated plants that has come to dominate horticulture in the world's tropical regions. Archaeological, botanical, and linguistic evidence indicates the assemblage included coconut, banana, taro, yam, sugar cane, and other important food and fiber crops. An emerging view among scholars is that an origin of horticulture is associated with early Chinese civilization and that Southeast Asia was a center for the domestication of vegetatively propagated root, tuber, and fruit crops. This paper describes (1) an origin for horticulture in Southeast Asia, (2) the eastward dispersal of horticultural plants by voyagers, and (3) the impact of the introduction of horticulture on the natural enviroment of the Pacific Islands.

scholarly journals Cloud impacts on photochemistry: building a climatology of photolysis rates from the Atmospheric Tomography mission

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 16809-16828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel R. Hall ◽  
Kirk Ullmann ◽  
Michael J. Prather ◽  
Clare M. Flynn ◽  
Lee T. Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropospheric Chemistry ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Photolysis Rates ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Chemistry Modeling ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Cloud Modeling ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Measurements from actinic flux spectroradiometers on board the NASA DC-8 during the Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) mission provide an extensive set of statistics on how clouds alter photolysis rates (J values) throughout the remote Pacific and Atlantic Ocean basins. J values control tropospheric ozone and methane abundances, and thus clouds have been included for more than three decades in tropospheric chemistry modeling. ATom made four profiling circumnavigations of the troposphere capturing each of the seasons during 2016–2018. This work examines J values from the Pacific Ocean flights of the first deployment, but publishes the complete Atom-1 data set (29 July to 23 August 2016). We compare the observed J values (every 3 s along flight track) with those calculated by nine global chemistry–climate/transport models (globally gridded, hourly, for a mid-August day). To compare these disparate data sets, we build a commensurate statistical picture of the impact of clouds on J values using the ratio of J-cloudy (standard, sometimes cloudy conditions) to J-clear (artificially cleared of clouds). The range of modeled cloud effects is inconsistently large but they fall into two distinct classes: (1) models with large cloud effects showing mostly enhanced J values aloft and or diminished at the surface and (2) models with small effects having nearly clear-sky J values much of the time. The ATom-1 measurements generally favor large cloud effects but are not precise or robust enough to point out the best cloud-modeling approach. The models here have resolutions of 50–200 km and thus reduce the occurrence of clear sky when averaging over grid cells. In situ measurements also average scattered sunlight over a mixed cloud field, but only out to scales of tens of kilometers. A primary uncertainty remains in the role of clouds in chemistry, in particular, how models average over cloud fields, and how such averages can simulate measurements.

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