Sub-Saharan women trafficked for sexual exploitation: A transdisciplinary approach from the paradigm of resilience

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 601-612
Author(s):  
María del Mar García Navarro ◽  
Carmen García Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Personal Growth ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Change Of Perspective ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Migratory Experience ◽  
Palermo Protocol

Introduction. Human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation is a growing social problem in today’s democratic societies, affecting mainly girls and women (Eurostat, 2018). It is also a crime (Palermo protocol [UN, 2000]), a violation of human rights, and a manifestation of gender-based violence (UN’s Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women [UN, 1993]), and a type of slavery (Correa, 2011) against the most impoverished women. Purpose. In this article, we focus on the sub-Saharan trafficked women who come to southern Europe via the human trafficking routes that cross northern Africa going through places such as Lagos, Tinzaouaten (Mali), Tamanrrasset (Argelia), the Sahara Desert, and different Moroccan cities, before reaching Europe over the Southern Spanish coastline. Ew show the resources used by these women when going through the said contexts of exploitation and forced prostitution. Methodology. Our research reviews the existing literature taking resilience as a pivotal point that is present in various areas of knowledge, including psychology and literature, among others. It allows us to show a change of perspective in this matter, by making these women visible in terms of their capacities. Results. We show examples, from different fields of knowledge and disciplines, of women who, having lived in these contexts, have carried out processes of fortitude, recovery, and personal growth. A new glimpse of this phenomenon and of these processes is studied, from a scarcely researched perspective to this day. Contribution. The originality of this analysis contributes a new understanding of the capacity of resilience of this population, despite the adverse conditions of their migratory experience

ECONOMIC VIOLENCE IN THE FAMILY: FORMS, CONSEQUENCES, PREVENTION

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
Tamara K. Rostovskaya ◽  
◽  
Natal’ya A. Bezverbnaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Economic Deprivation ◽  
Economic Violence ◽  
Employment Education ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Individual

Research on gender-based violence focuses on levels of physical, sexualized, and psychological impact. This article is devoted to one of the most latent forms of violence — economic, faced by members of a multi-generational family: spouses, children, parents, grandparents. Attention is drawn to the fact that it is women who are more susceptible to various forms of economic deprivation. The authors noted that economic violence is: a restriction in access to financial resources; control over access to health care, employment, education; exclusion or complete exclusion from the financial decision-making process; discrimination in the procedure of inheritance, obtaining property rights, restriction or prohibition of the use of movable and immovable property. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the consequences of economic violence for different sectors of the economy. It is revealed that the consequence of economic violence and economic deprivation can be: the aggravation of poverty, the inability to obtain education, difficulties in socialization and realization of the individual in the professional sphere. The article also suggests indicators of economic violence. Economic violence creates a risk of physical violence, promotes sexual exploitation, and trafficking.

Human Trafficking, Human Rights and Women, Peace and Security: The Sound of Silence

2020 ◽  
pp. 189-206
Author(s):  
Gema Fernández Rodríguez de Liévana ◽  
Christine Chinkin
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Human Rights Regime ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Human Rights Based Approach

The chapter discusses the tension that exists between three separate UN agendas, those relating to CEDAW and WPS; the fight against trafficking in human beings; and the Security Council’s broader agenda for the maintenance of international peace and security. It considers in particular how the securitisation of WPS and human trafficking by the Security Council has diluted and fragmented the discourse of women’s human rights. It argues that as a form of gender-based violence, human trafficking is subject to the human rights regime that has evolved to combat such violence and that human rights mechanisms should be engaged to hold States responsible for their failure to exercise due diligence to prevent, protect against and prosecute those responsible – in the widest sense – for human trafficking. The incidence of human trafficking (as a form of gender-based violence) in armed conflict means that it comes naturally under the auspices of the WPS agenda. The Security Council’s silence in this regard constitutes of itself a form of violence that weakens the potential of the WPS agenda to bring structural transformation in post-conflict contexts. In agreement with the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children and cognisant of some of the downsides, we argue that ‘in order to ensure more efficient anti-trafficking responses, a human rights-based approach … should be mainstreamed into all pillars of the women and peace and security agenda’. In turn this would provide a new direction for the WPS agenda.

scholarly journals Gender Based Violence against Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cross-Sectional Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muluken Dessalegn Muluneh ◽  
Virginia Stulz ◽  
Lyn Francis ◽  
Kingsley Agho
Keyword(s):  
Partner Violence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Regional Analysis ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Gender Based

This study aimed to systematically review studies that examined the prevalence of gender based violence (GBV) that included intimate partner violence (IPV) and non-IPV among women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This evidence is an important aspect to work towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) target of eliminating all forms of violence in SSA. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Ovid Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane Central, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science were used to source articles with stringent eligibility criteria. Studies on GBV in SSA countries that were published in English from 2008 to 2019 were included. A random effect meta-analysis was used. Fifty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of IPV among women was 44%, the past year-pooled prevalence of IPV was 35.5% and non-IPV pooled prevalence was 14%. The highest prevalence rates of IPV that were reported included emotional (29.40%), physical (25.87%) and sexual (18.75%) violence. The sub-regional analysis found that women residing in Western (30%) and Eastern (25%) African regions experienced higher levels of emotional violence. Integrated mitigation measures to reduce GBV in SSA should focus mainly on IPV in order to achieve the SDG’s that will lead to sustainable changes in women’s health.

Disclosing Gender-Based Violence During Health Care Visits: A Patient-Centered Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (23-24) ◽  
pp. 5552-5573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica R. Williams ◽  
Rosa M. Gonzalez-Guarda ◽  
Valerie Halstead ◽  
Jacob Martinez ◽  
Laly Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Care System

The purpose of this study was to better understand victims’ perspectives regarding decisions to disclose gender-based violence, namely, intimate partner violence (IPV) and human trafficking, to health care providers and what outcomes matter to them when discussing these issues with their provider. Twenty-five participants from racially/ethnically diverse backgrounds were recruited from a family justice center located in the southeastern United States. Two fifths had experienced human trafficking, and the remaining had experienced IPV. Upon obtaining informed consent, semistructured, in-depth interviews were conducted. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Qualitative content analysis was used to examine interview data. Five primary themes emerged. Three themes focused on factors that may facilitate or impede disclosure: patient–provider connectedness, children, and social support. The fourth theme was related to ambiguity in the role of the health care system in addressing gender-based violence. The final theme focused on outcomes participants hope to achieve when discussing their experiences with health care providers. Similar themes emerged from both IPV and human trafficking victims; however, victims of human trafficking were more fearful of judgment and had a stronger desire to keep experiences private. Cultural factors also played an important role in decisions around disclosure and may interact with the general disparities racial/ethnic minority groups face within the health care system. Recognizing factors that influence patient engagement with the health care system as it relates to gender-based violence is critical. The health care system can respond to gender-based violence and its associated comorbidities in numerous ways and interventions must be driven by the patient’s goals and desired outcomes of disclosure. These interventions may be better served by taking patient-centered factors into account and viewing the effectiveness of intervention programs through a behavioral, patient-centered lens.

scholarly journals Kapitalisme, Patriarki dan Globalisasi: Menuju Langgengnya Kekerasan Berbasis Gender Online

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-64
Author(s):  
Ina Yosia Wijaya ◽  
Lidya Putri Loviona
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Gender Violence ◽  
False Consciousness ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Patriarchal Culture ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

Tulisan ini—dengan merujuk kepada tema besar “Kekerasan Gender Berbasis Online di Era Pandemi”—mencoba memaparkan bagaimana kontribusi sistem kapitalisme, budaya patriarki, dan globalisasi dalam mendukung lestarinya kekerasan gender secara daring yang sedang marak terjadi di tengah pandemi. Temuan pada tulisan menunjukkan bahwa sistem kapitalisme memegang peranan kunci dalam mendorong terciptanya budaya patriarki dan globalisasi, yang pada akhirnya mendorong langgengnya kekerasan berbasis gender. Berangkat dari perspektif marxist-feminism dengan premis utama bahwa sistem kapitalisme melakukan aksi eksploitasi atas kaum proletar dengan melegalkan segala cara termasuk membangun kesadaran palsu—false consciousness, temuan pada tulisan akan dielaborasikan lebih lanjut melalui tiga bahasan utama. Pertama, akan dipaparkan temuan bahwa opresi terhadap kaum wanita di tengah lingkungan yang patriarki merupakan salah satu upaya manifestasi elit kapitalis untuk melanggengkan sistem kapitalisme. Kedua, komodifikasi wanita—seperti isu human trafficking— dipercaya sebagai konsekuensi dari sistem kapitalis yang memberikan kebebasan komodifikasi atas segala sumber daya. Terakhir, akan dipaparkan fenomena globalisasi—sebagai salah satu produk liberalisme-kapital—yang dipercaya telah mendorong masifnya aksi human trafficking berbasis daring. Pada akhirnya, melalui temuan dan bahasan terkait kapitalisme sebagai sistem kunci yang telah melanggengkan kekerasan berbasis gender, diharapkan akan muncul kesadaran publik sehingga muncul aksi emansipasi dalam mendorong runtuhnya sisi eksploitatif sistem kapitalisme secara umum dan kekerasan berbasis gender secara khusus. ===== This paper—referring to the big theme of “Online-Based Gender Violence in the Pandemic Era”—tries to explain the contribution of the capitalist system, patriarchal culture, and globalization in supporting the sustainability of gender-based violence that is currently rife in the midst of a pandemic. The findings in this paper show that the capitalist system plays a key role in encouraging the creation of a patriarchal culture and globalization, which in turn encourages the perpetuation of gender-based violence. Departing from the perspective of marxist-feminism with the main premise that the capitalist system exploits the proletariat by legalizing all means, including building false consciousness, the findings in this paper will be further elaborated through three main topics. First, the findings will be presented that the oppression of women in a patriarchal environment is one of the manifestations of the capitalist elite to perpetuate the capitalist system. Second, the commodification of women—such as the issue of human trafficking—is believed to be a consequence of the capitalist system that provides freedom for the commodification of all resources. Finally, we will describe the phenomenon of globalization—as one of the products of capital-liberalism—which is believed to have encouraged the massive action of online-based human trafficking. In the end, through findings and discussions related to capitalism as a key system that has perpetuated gender-based violence, it is hoped that public awareness will emerge so that emancipation actions emerge in encouraging the collapse of the exploitative side of the capitalist system in general and gender-based violence in particular.

scholarly journals Predictors and facilitators of gender-based violence in sub-Saharan Africa: a rapid review

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ifeyinwa C Akamike ◽  
Chigozie J Uneke ◽  
Henry C Uro-Chukwu ◽  
Ijeoma N Okedo-Alex ◽  
Onyedikachi E Chukwu
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Rapid Review ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Gender Based

Prosecuting the Nexus between Terrorism, Conflict-related Sexual Violence and Trafficking in Human Beings before National Legal Mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 499-516
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie de Brouwer ◽  
Eefje de Volder ◽  
Christophe Paulussen
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Criminal Prosecution ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Strategic Objectives ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

Abstract United Nations (UN) Security Council Resolution 2331 (2016) recognizes that ‘acts of sexual and gender-based violence, including when associated to trafficking in persons, are known to be part of the strategic objectives and ideology of certain terrorist groups, used as a tactic of terrorism and an instrument to increase their finances and their power through recruitment and the destruction of communities’. In the same resolution, the Council noted that such trafficking, particularly of women and girls, ‘remains a critical component of the financial flows to certain terrorist groups’ and is ‘used by these groups as a driver for recruitment’. Boko Haram and Al-Shabaab are among the main terrorist groups that have used human trafficking (including for sexual exploitation) and conflict-related sexual violence as tactics of terrorism, or ‘sexual terrorism’. This article will: (i) explain the nexus between these three crimes; (ii) focus on its different manifestations in the context of these terrorist organizations; and (iii) reflect on the possibilities for national criminal prosecution. To assist in the fight against impunity and increase accountability, this article provides suggestions to facilitate the successful prosecution of sexual terrorism in a more survivor-centric way.

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