scholarly journals Léon Walras and Augustin Cournot on the Regulation of Paper Money: Rules vs. Discretion at the End of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Andrés Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Applied Theory ◽  
Rule Following ◽  
Paper Money ◽  
Fiat Money ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Exchange Form ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Value Of Money

This paper compares Léon Walras’ and Augustin Cournot’s views on monetary regulation. It shows that whereas Cournot believed discretionary monetary regulation to be convenient and acceptable, Walras held that the only acceptable monetary system is based exclusively on the stability of the value of money under a monetary rule following a strict equivalence between metallic reserves and a pure medium of exchange form of money. The paper also advances Cournot understood more clearly than Walras the evolution of the monetary system of their days because Walras was trying to guarantee the coherence of his pure theory with his applied theory, which made him unable to accept the evolution toward a monetary system based on fiat money.

scholarly journals Socio-Political Aspects of Russian Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca in the XIX-Th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (Especial II) ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Anvar Ajratovich Gafarov ◽  
Mariam Arslanovna Galeeva
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Special Role ◽  
System A ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Holy Places ◽  
Expert Assessments ◽  
Confessional Identity ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The 19Th Century

Starting from the middle of the 16-th century, during the foreign policy expansion increase, the ethno-confessional diversity of the Russian state was steadily increasing. The imperial policy aimed at assimilating non-Russian peoples sharply raised the issue of their identity preservation. For domestic Muslims, an important factor in cultural and confessional identity provision was the preservation and development of their traditional ties with the Islamic world. Various political, economic, cultural, and other contacts maintained with the countries of the Muslim East have become the basis for the stability of the Muslim community in Russia under imperial pressure. In this system, a special role was originally played by the Hajj (Muslim pilgrimage to the holy places in the Hejaz), which the official administration had to reckon with. The aim of the proposed study is to identify socio-political aspects, socio-political conditions, and the specifics of the Hajj implementation in the 19th century. After the analysis of office documentation, travel notes of Muslim pilgrims, and expert assessments of orientalists, the authors concluded that, despite the increasing opposition from the authorities, the significance of the Hajj intensifies in the 19th century. Hajj became not only the factor of opposition to imperial acculturation, but also a channel for presentation the ideas of renewal.

Validation of Calciphilopteris wallichii and lectotype designation for closely related C. ludens (Cheilanthoideae, Pteridaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 303 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
ALEXEY P. SEREGIN
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Complete Set ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Plant Nomenclature

The Moscow University Herbarium holds a nearly complete set of Hugh Cuming’s specimens collected in 1836–1840 in the Philippines (Seregin 2011). Due to a large number of duplicates, Cuming’s specimens played a vital role in the stability of the Malesian plant nomenclature in the 19th century. Bobrov & Gubanov (1979) carefully separated all of the pteridophytes from the Cuming collections at MW and LE and revealed many fern types. Later, Seregin (2011) studied vast collections of flowering plants and cited 420 type specimens of 395 taxa.

scholarly journals The Oromo national memories

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-516
Author(s):  
A. Kumsa
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
National Memory ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Stability ◽  
City State ◽  
The 19Th Century

The author defines nation as a territorial community of nativity and attributes significance to the biological fact of birth into the historically evolving territorial structure of the cultural community of nation, which allows to consider nation as a form of kinship. Nation differs from other territorial communities such as tribe, city-state or various ‘ethnic groups’ not just by the greater extent of its territory, but also by a relatively uniform culture that provides stability over time [22. P. 7]. According to the historical-linguistic comparative studies, “in terms of the history of mankind it is incontrovertible that some of the earliest and greatest human achievements have been accomplished in civilizations founded and headed by Afro-Asiatic peoples” [28. P. 74]. The Oromo people is one of the oldest nations in the world with its own territory (Oromia) and language ( Afaan Oromoo ). The Oromo possess a common political culture ( Gadaa democracy) and pursue one national-political goal of independence to get rid of the Abyssinian colonialism. Oromo national memories consist of memories of independence and national heroism, memories of the long war against expansionist Abyssinian warlords and the Abyssinian invasion of the Oromo land in the 19th century with the new firearms received from the African co-colonizing Western European powers, and these weapons were used not only to conquer the Oromo land but to cut the Oromo population in half. The Oromo nation consider the colonization of their country, loss of their independence, and existence under the brutal colonial rule of Abyssinia to be the worst humiliation period in their national history. The article consists of two parts. In the first part, the author considers the theoretical background of such concepts as nation, national memory, conquest humiliation, and some colonial pejorative terms still used by colonial-minded writers (like tribe and ethnic groups). In the second part, the author describes the Oromo national political and social memories during their long history as an independent nation from the Middle-Ages to the last quarter of the 19th century; presents ‘the Oromo question’ through the prism of the global history of colonization, occupation of their territory, slavery, and the colonial humiliation of the Oromo nation by the most cruel and oppressive Abyssinian colonial system; presents the two last regimes of the Abyssinian system and the final phase of the Oromo National Movement for sovereignty, dignity, and peace, which contributed greatly to the stability in the Horn of Africa.

scholarly journals Social Waves and Stability of Legislation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey Vedernikov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Generational Change ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article reveals the objective prerequisites for the change of legislation. These are not clarifications and amendments, but reforms that are reflected in significant changes in civil, labor, family, inheritance, and procedural legislation. This is usually associated with the cancellation of the old and the adoption of a new codified Act, but in modern Russia, it is associated with the modification and cancellation of a large number of statutory acts. The article illustrates the stability of industry legislation in Australia, Austria, Germany and the USA. The theory of generations, generally accepted in developed countries, is analyzed from the point of view of the need to change legislation. Historical analysis shows that in the observable past, the problem of generational change, regardless of demographic wave, predetermined the need for reforms in Russia in the middle of the 19th century. This is extensively reflected in the Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century. The article shows the differences between demographic waves, generations and waves that determine the need for a change in legislation. It is postulated that the wave that determines the change of legislation should be considered as a social wave. The need for a significant change in legislation is closely connected with social waves. The author criticizes the state of constant legislation updating without the need caused by such a social wave. The author concludes about the negative consequences of unreasonably frequent changes in legislation.

scholarly journals PENGARUH STABILITAS UANG KERTAS TERHADAP INFLASI DITINJAU MENURUT FIQH MUAMALAH

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohaya Rohaya ◽  
Nazaruddin A Wahid
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Paper Money ◽  
Fiat Money ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Excess Amount ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Conceptual Study

Nowadays, paper money is no longer backed by gold and silver and thus has become a fiat money, whereas standard money in Islamic economics is gold and silver. Consequently, this influences its purchasing power which then causes the increasing of a price of goods. This paper aims to examine the stability of paper money and its influence on inflation from an Islamic economics perspective. Data for this study was collected through library research. The data is then analyzed using descriptive analysis method which is a conceptual study that provides an overview of the influence of paper money toward inflation extensively. The research concludes that paper money does not have a stable value. When an excess amount of money is circulating within the community, the prices of goods is also increasing. The increasing quantity of money causes the increasing of people’s purchasing power while at the same time a number of goods are stable. This condition triggers instability in the economy that creates inflation. In Islamic economy, money is not limited only to the dinar and dirham, but also covering the whole of its kind as long as it can reflect its functions. From its nominal, paper money is included as a valuable asset, but not from its intrinsic value. Moreover, Islam allows the use of paper money as long as the money is able to reflect its function in the economy and able to act as a fair medium of exchange to create equilibrium in every aspect of life. =========================================== Penggunaan uang kertas saat ini tidak lagi dibacking oleh emas dan perak, padahal standard uang dalam ekonomi Islam adalah emas dan perak, hal ini menyebabkan tidak stabilnya nilai mata uang kertas sehingga berpengaruh terhadap daya beli uang tersebut yang akhirnya juga berpengaruh terhadap kenaikan harga barang. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh stabilitas uang kertas terhadap inflasi dari perspektif fiqh muamalah. Data untuk penelitian dikumpulkan melalui library research, yaitu pengumpulan data melalui bahan-bahan bacaan yang berhubungan dengan karya ilmiah ini. Data yang terkumpul kemudian dianalisis dengan metode deskriptif analisis, yaitu suatu kajian konseptual yang memberikan gambaran tentang pengaruh uang kertas terhadap inflasi secara luas dan detil. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa uang kertas tidak memiliki nilai yang stabil sehingga jika terjadi kelebihan jumlah uang beredar di masyarakat maka akan mengakibatkan kenaikan harga, karena ketika kuantitas uang yang beredar di masyarakat mengalami kenaikan maka daya beli masyarakat terhadap barang juga naik, sementara jumlah barang yang tersedia tetap, maka barang-barang tersebut akan mengalami kenaikan harga yang disebut dengan inflasi. Dalam ekonomi Islam, uang tidak terbatas pada dinar dan dirham saja tetapi mencakup seluruh jenisnya asalkan uang tersebut dapat merefleksikan fungsinya.Uang kertas jika dilihat dari nominalnya merupakan harta yang bernilai akan tetapi jika dilihat dari nilai intrinsiknya maka uang kertas tidak termasuk harta karena tidak mempunyai nilai. Islam memperbolehkan penggunaan uang kertas asalkan uang kertas tersebut bisa merefleksikan fungsinya dalam bidang perekonomian, dapat bertindak sebagai alat tukar yang adil demi terwujudnya keadilan dalam setiap sendi kehidupan.

The Narh Prices of Various Comestibles in the First Half of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 201-216
Author(s):  
Ramazan Arslan
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Price Stability ◽  
Topical Issue ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Given

Since the food prices are the essential needs of people, they have usually been a topical issue in every period. Therefore, this issue mobilized the administrators of aforementioned period, and necessitated to take measures on this issue. Perhaps one of the most significant measures were the narh (price fixing) system. In this study, narh prices of various comestibles have been approached according to dated 1241-1826 and numbered 09264 in the book of senior accountant (Başmuhasebe Kalemi Defteri). The purpose of study is to prove the given importance of the stability of food prices by Ottoman administration comparatively and to contribute to the studies that have been conducted or will be conducted. The documents in the Ottoman Archives of Turkish Presidency (COA in Turkish) have been used as a study method and other works have been used as well in terms of integrity of the topic. As a result of the study, it is found that Ottoman Empire prioritized the price stability in the comestibles, especially to the benefit of her people.

The Power and International Politics of Money

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Travis Selmier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Monetary System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Structural Power ◽  
Paper Money ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Bretton Woods Institutions

War, trade, and money synergistically developed over three millennia, each proving important to the emergence of nation-states. By the 19th century, fiduciary money—forms of money based on trust, such as paper money—catalyzed the development of national monetary and banking systems. As nexus of international finance and metropole of the world’s largest empire, the United Kingdom garnered political and economic power. But over the course of two world wars, power shifted to the United States. Small successes and great failures of the interwar period influenced creation of Bretton Woods institutions, completing a transformation from an international monetary system into an international financial system [IFS], which included not only monetary flows but also a formal, institutionalized system of governance. The dollar’s flows became the IFS’ lifeblood, engendering structural power for the United States, which has been held in place through reserve currency status, institutional stickiness through banking and currency trading, and ideational influence. Introduction of the Euro and attempts in Asia to dismantle the “Asian Bloc” have shaken, but not removed, American structural power. Money’s foundations have always rested on trust, trading, and risk taking; emergence of extensive credit and virtual money, and related security concerns, bring forth new topics resting on these old foundations.

scholarly journals THE LATVIAN LANGUAGE IN THE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF DAUGAVPILS (THE MIDDLE OF THE 19TH CENTURY - TODAY)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solvita Pošeiko
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Linguistic Landscape ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
The Public ◽  
Republican Period ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper will focus on the LL of Daugavpils from a diachronic point of view in order to describe the usage of the Latvian language in the public space since the middle of the 19th century until today, as well as the socio-economic and political factors which influence the language situation. Research sources are old photos which depict legible signboards, and photos obtained during LL research 2013. The role of the Latvian language in public information increased during the first period of independence, when ideas of nationalism become widespread and the first normative documents about language usage were approved. However, the stability of Latvian as the main language of the public was only established during the first Latvian Republican period at the end of the 20th century, when the State Language Law was passed and implemented in linguistic practice. Currently, the linguistic landscape reflects the political, socio-pragmatic, and social identity motivations of the owners of public texts, but within the confines of the restrictions imposed by language laws.

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