scholarly journals A Corpus-Based Analysis of Deontic Modality of Obligation and Prohibition in Arabic/English Constitutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 107-136
Author(s):  
Hanem El-Farahaty ◽  
Abdelhamid Elewa
Keyword(s):  
Legal Language ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Deontic Modals ◽  
Parallel Corpus ◽  
Detailed Classification ◽  
Deontic Modality

It is argued that legal language should be formal, precise and clear to avoid ambiguity and/or misunderstanding. As rights and duties are communicated through modals, clarity and precision in drafting and translating them is crucial. Otherwise, there is a possibility of conveying loose messages in the source text or different and/or inconsistent messages in the target text. However, the drafting of Arabic modal expressions does not follow clear guidelines, and their translation differs from one translator to another.  This paper investigates how deontic modality of obligation and prohibition is used in The Leeds Annotated Parallel Corpus of Arabic-English Constitutions in comparison to The Leeds Monolingual Corpus of English Constitutions. More specifically, the paper presents a classification of these modal expressions and investigates the different lexical variants expressed in a Corpus of Arabic Constitutions. The paper uses corpus-based tools to analyse the different lexical forms used for deontic modality of obligation and prohibition in Arabic and how they are rendered into English. Results of such analysis are compared to a non-translated Corpus of English Constitutions to find out whether the deontic meaning of the modals is comparable to the set of deontic modals used in the constitutions originally drafted in English. The corpus-based analysis gave a detailed classification of a variety of modal expressions used in the Arabic Corpus. It also showed that the translation of deontic modals of obligation and prohibition from Arabic into English is influenced by the source text lexical variations; however, the corpus techniques employed in the study managed to capture some comparable modals in both corpora.

scholarly journals Analysis and Classification of Mitigation Tools against Cyberattacks in COVID-19 Era

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
George Iakovakis ◽  
Constantinos-Giovanni Xarhoulacos ◽  
Konstantinos Giovas ◽  
Dimitris Gritzalis
Keyword(s):  
Computer Networks ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Security Risks ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
Detailed Classification ◽  
Threat Intelligence ◽  
One Step ◽  
Automated Tools ◽  
Cyber Threat Intelligence

The COVID-19 outbreak has forced businesses to shift to an unprecedented “work from home” company environment. While this provides advantages for employees and businesses, it also leads to a multitude of shortcomings, most prevalent of which is the emergence of additional security risks. Previous to the outbreak, company computer networks were mainly confined within its facilities. The pandemic has now caused this network to “spread thin,” as the majority of employees work remotely. This has opened up a variety of new vulnerabilities, as workers’ cyber protection is not the same at home as it is in office. Although the effects of the virus are now subsiding, working remotely has embedded itself as the new normal. Thus, it is imperative for company management to take the necessary steps to ensure business continuity and be prepared to deal with an increased number of cyber threats. In our research, we provide a detailed classification for a group of tools which will facilitate risk mitigation and prevention. We also provide a selection of automated tools such as vulnerability scanners, monitoring and logging tools, and antivirus software. We outline each tool using tables, to show useful information such as advantages, disadvantages, scalability, cost, and other characteristics. Additionally, we implement decision trees for each category of tools, in an attempt to assist in navigating the large amount of information presented in this paper. Our objective is to provide a multifaceted taxonomy and analysis of mitigation tools, which will support companies in their endeavor to protect their computer networks. Our contribution can also help companies to have some type of cyber threat intelligence so as to put themselves one step ahead of cyber criminals.

scholarly journals A STATE OF ART AND PROSPECTS OF USED PNEUMATIC TIRES MANAGEMENT (REVIEW)

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-83
Author(s):  
I.O. Mikulionok
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Processing ◽  
Detailed Classification ◽  
The World ◽  
Intended Use ◽  
State Of Art ◽  
Frag Ments ◽  
Pneumatic Tires

The basic data on the volume of production of pneumatic tires in the world and in Ukraine are presented. The need to improve the ways of handling pneumatic tires that have lost their con-sumer properties (worn out tires as a result of their intended use and tires rejected as a result of passing quality control during their manufacture) is shown as one of the most dangerous for the environment and promising in terms of using their properties. A detailed classification of methods for handling worn out and defective tires is proposed and a critical analysis of each of them is given. Particular attention is paid to the methods of utilization of tires, in particular, recycling, which makes it possible to efficiently use the secondary raw materials obtained from tires directly for their intended purpose. The features of physical, physicochemical and chemical processing methods, in particular combustion, gasification, pyrolysis of tires and their frag-ments, as well as the prospects for their decomposition under the influence of environmental factors, in particular microorganisms, are also considered. The main ways of solving the prob-lem of tires that have lost their consumer properties in Ukraine are proposed. Bibl. 88, Fig. 2.

scholarly journals Pattern Recognition by Hierarchical Feature Extraction

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-285
Author(s):  
Daigo Misaki ◽  
◽  
Shigeru Aomura ◽  
Noriyuki Aoyama
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Local Features ◽  
Detailed Classification

We discuss effective pattern recognition for contour images by hierarchical feature extraction. When pattern recognition is done for an unlimited object, it is effective to see the object in a perspective manner at the beginning and next to see in detail. General features are used for rough classification and local features are used for a more detailed classification. D-P matching is applied for classification of a typical contour image of individual class, which contains selected points called ""landmark""s, and rough classification is done. Features between these landmarks are analyzed and used as input data of neural networks for more detailed classification. We apply this to an illustrated referenced book of insects in which much information is classified hierarchically to verify the proposed method. By introducing landmarks, a neural network can be used effectively for pattern recognition of contour images.

Congenital and Pediatric Glaucomas, by Robert N. Shaffer, M.D., F.A.C.S. and Daniel I. Weiss, M.D. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby Company, 1970, 221 pp., $20.50

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1103-1104
Author(s):  
David S. Walton
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Operative Techniques ◽  
Concise Review ◽  
Detailed Classification ◽  
Methods Of Treatment

The authors begin their presentation–in this, the first textbook I know of devoted entirely to pediatric glaucomas–with a detailed classification of glaucomas in childhood. This is followed by a discussion of diagnostic techniques and the important clinical signs encountered in the pediatric glaucomas. A description of the conditions assoiated with childhood glaucomas follows, including a concise review of their distinguishing ocular features, with additional comments on treatment. The final section deals with methods of treatment; appropriate emphasis is given to the operative techniques used in performing a goniotomy.

A Classification of Homogeneous Surfaces

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 1097-1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Huckleberry ◽  
E. L. Livorni
Keyword(s):  
Automorphism Group ◽  
Homogeneous Space ◽  
Lie Group ◽  
Compact Complex Manifold ◽  
Coset Space ◽  
Left Coset ◽  
Detailed Classification ◽  
Dimensional Ball ◽  
Lie Subgroup

Throughout this paper a surface is a 2-dimensional (not necessarily compact) complex manifold. A surface X is homogeneous if a complex Lie group G of holomorphic transformations acts holomorphically and transitively on it. Concisely, X is homogeneous if it can be identified with the left coset space G/H, where if is a closed complex Lie subgroup of G. We emphasize that the assumption that G is a complex Lie group is an essential part of the definition. For example, the 2-dimensional ball B2 is certainly “homogeneous” in the sense that its automorphism group acts transitively. But it is impossible to realize B2 as a homogeneous space in the above sense. The purpose of this paper is to give a detailed classification of the homogeneous surfaces. We give explicit descriptions of all possibilities.

Product Diversification and Profitability in German Manufacturing Firms

2011 ◽  
Vol 231 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Braakmann ◽  
Joachim Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Product Diversification ◽  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
Single Product ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Manufacturing Enterprises ◽  
Detailed Classification ◽  
Rich Data

SummaryWe use unique rich data for German manufacturing enterprises to investigate the product diversification - firm performance relationship.We find that an increase in the degree of product diversification has a negative impact on profitability when observed and unobserved firm characteristics are controlled for. The effects are statistically significant and large from an economic point of view. This helps to understand the fact that nearly 40 percent of all enterprises with at least 20 employees are single-product firms according to a detailed classification of products, and that multi-product enterprises with a large number of goods are a rare species.

scholarly journals The editor’s invisibility

Target ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Bisiada
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Translation Product ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Parallel Corpus

Abstract Most corpus-based studies of translation use published texts as the basis for their corpus. This overlooks interventions by other agents involved in translation such as editors, who may have significant influence on the translated text. In order to study editors’ influence on the translation product, this paper presents a comparative analysis of manuscript and published translations, which allows a differentiation of actual translated language and edited translated language. Based on a tripartite parallel corpus of English business articles and their translations into German, I analyse translators’ and editors’ influence on grammatical metaphoricity of the text, specifically on the use of nominalisations. One finding is that a significant amount of nominalisation is re-verbalised by editors. The results show that translated language may often be the result of significant editorial intervention. Thus, by just considering source text and published translation, our picture of what translators actually do may be significantly distorted.

The employment of interpolation in statistics

1896 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 276-286
Author(s):  
Harald Westergaard
Keyword(s):  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Registrar General ◽  
Detailed Classification ◽  
The Subject

[After some interesting preliminary remarks on the subject of statistics generally, and the utility of interpolation in their preparation, Professor Westergaard points out that in vital statistics the enumeration of the population at each year of age is seldom wanted, and, in fact, owing to the well known exaggeration in census returns of the numbers living at decennial ages, an adjustment is generally needed. He then proceeds:] The decennial reports by the English Registrar-General of births, deaths and marriages, contain full materials for the study of the mortality of professional men. The report published in 1875 gives a very detailed classification of ages, but it is not so with the next decennial report, which divides the ages into five periods only—15–20, 20–25, 25–45, 45–65, 65 and upwards.

scholarly journals A Bibliography of Radiocarbon Dating

Radiocarbon ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 199-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Detailed Classification ◽  
Subject Headings

The scope of the problems which are involved in the determination of radiocarbon dates renders complete, or detailed, classification of the published results of the research most complicated. In assembling this bibliography several such classifications were discarded before the present simplified one emerged. It was found, for example, that in a detailed classification of subject titles a large number of papers would have to be listed under several, sometimes as many as four, different headings. This complicated and lengthened the listing and also materially increased the chance of inaccurately locating a title. In such an event it would be “lost” to all but the most meticulous searcher. The reduction in the number of subject headings is open to criticism. We suspect, however, that these are answered by the simplicity of the present outline.

Isidore of Seville's Taxonomy of Magicians and Diviners

Traditio ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 59-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Klingshirn
Keyword(s):  
Diverse Group ◽  
Detailed Classification ◽  
Wide Range

In Etymologies 8.9, Isidore presents a detailed classification of the diverse group of ritual experts he calls magi. Well organized, erudite, flexible enough to include a wide range of specialists, and, as its record of influence demonstrates, enormously useful as a template for later medieval classifications, the “De Magis” offers what can rightly be called the first definitive western Christian taxonomy of unauthorized practitioners. Although Isidore relied heavily on a wide range of pagan and Christian sources for the contents of the chapter, their selection, revision, and arrangement—the elements of his taxonomy—were all his own.

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