scholarly journals Hyperbolic markers in modeling hyperbole: a scenario-based account

2021 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 61-71
Author(s):  
Carla Ovejas Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Meaning Construction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Real Situation ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
The Real ◽  
Theoretical Context ◽  
Hypothetical Scenario

This article discusses hyperbolic markers in modeling hyperbole from the perspective of a scenario-based account of language use within the framework of Cognitive Linguistics. In this view, hyperbole is seen as a mapping across two conceptual domains (Peña y Ruiz de Mendoza, 2017), a source domain, here relabeled as the magnified scenario, which contains a hypothetical unrealistic situation based on exaggeration, and a target domain or observable scenario which depicts the real situation addressed by the hyperbolic expression. Since the hypothetical scenario is a magnified version of the observable scenario, the mapping contains source-target matches in varying degrees of resemblance. Within this theoretical context, the article explores resources available to speakers for the construction of magnified scenarios leading to hyperbolic interpretation. Among such resources, we find hyperbole markers and the setting up of domains of reference. Finally, the article also discusses hyperbole blockers, which cancel out the activity of the other hyperbolic meaning construction mechanisms.

scholarly journals Pictorial (multimodal) metaphor in printed advertising

2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Saulė Juzelėnienė ◽  
Skirmantė Šarkauskienė
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Interaction Theory ◽  
Visual Metaphor ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Source Domain

The theoretical basis of the article is the methodology of pictorial/visual metaphor research presented in Charles Forceville's work Pictorial Metaphor in Advertising (2006) and multimodal metaphor research proposed in his book Multimodal Metaphor (2009). Both verbal and non-verbal metaphors are investigated combining interaction theory proposed by Max Black and the principles of conceptual metaphor analysis formulated in cognitive linguistics. In a metaphor, the primary and the secondary subjects are considered equal to the target and the source domains distinguished by cognitive linguists and the result of their interaction (the properties of the secondary subject (source domain) are mapped onto the primary subject (target domain)) is a conceptual metaphor. The target domain in advertising is an item or service being promoted, while the source domain is an object whose properties are attributed to the item or the service being advertised.In the discourse of advertising metaphor is realised by verbal and non-verbal forms of communications: written language, spoken language, image, music, sound, gestures. If the target and source domains in a conceptual metaphor are expressed by means of one of the indicated forms, it is treated as a monomodal metaphor, whereas if they are expressed by more than one of them, it is regarded as a multimodal metaphor. Since in the case of pictorial metaphor one of the components is expressed verbally and the other – by means of an image, it is treated as one of the varieties of multimodal metaphor.In Lithuanian printed advertising, pictorial metaphor is used to express various concepts. In the article the following examples of conceptual metaphors are analysed: JUICE IS SUN, CAR IS ANIMAL, TILE ADHESIVE IS BINDWEED, VODKA IS A NATION/PERSON. The research has revealed that in a metaphor both the source and the target domain can be expressed using pictorial and verbal means and sometimes using both of them. As a result, both verbal and pictorial means are equally important in metaphor as their interaction makes an advertisement more persuasive and effective.

scholarly journals Image-to-Image Translation with Multi-Path Consistency Regularization

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianxin Lin ◽  
Yingce Xia ◽  
Yijun Wang ◽  
Tao Qin ◽  
Zhibo Chen
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Computer Vision ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Images ◽  
Original Image ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Image Translation ◽  
The Difference

Image translation across different domains has attracted much attention in both machine learning and computer vision communities. Taking the translation from a source domain to a target domain as an example, existing algorithms mainly rely on two kinds of loss for training: One is the discrimination loss, which is used to differentiate images generated by the models and natural images; the other is the reconstruction loss, which measures the difference between an original image and the reconstructed version. In this work, we introduce a new kind of loss, multi-path consistency loss, which evaluates the differences between direct translation from source domain to target domain and indirect translation from source domain to an auxiliary domain to target domain, to regularize training. For multi-domain translation (at least, three) which focuses on building translation models between any two domains, at each training iteration, we randomly select three domains, set them respectively as the source, auxiliary and target domains, build the multi-path consistency loss and optimize the network. For two-domain translation, we need to introduce an additional auxiliary domain and construct the multi-path consistency loss. We conduct various experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methods, including face-to-face translation, paint-to-photo translation, and de-raining/de-noising translation.

Temporal-magnitudinal construal coding

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-151
Author(s):  
Mikołaj Deckert ◽  
Marek Molenda
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Meaning Construction ◽  
Major Objective ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Coding Variants ◽  
Linguistic Coding ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract This article looks into the interface of temporality and quantification. Drawing on the principles of Cognitive Linguistics, we use experimental as well as corpus methods to provide evidence on how the conceptual organisation and linguistic coding of content can play a role in meaning construction. With that broad agenda in mind, a major objective is to shed light on the construct of conventionalisation. For that purpose, construal coding variants are examined with a focus on nominal phrases that express time quantities. The examination involves two construal types (termed “cumulative” and “fractional”) that differ primarily in their prominence configurations, across three granularity levels of time conceptualisation. Our main finding – that the fractional and cumulative constructions are asymmetrically conventionalised – is contextualised through a qualitative analysis of naturally-occurring data to identify additional language use patterns and offer explanatory hypotheses.

“Pour water where it burns”

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Bakhtiar
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
General Phenomenon ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
The West ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Supreme Leader ◽  
High Level ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Selection Of

While dysphemism has been extensively studied as a general phenomenon, there are not too many studies on how it is used in political discourse by top officials. This paper aims to examine the ways in which a sample of two high-level Iranian politicians offensively conceptualize their alleged enemies, namely the U.S., Israel, and the West, through conceptual metaphors and metonymies. A cognitive linguistic analysis of the speeches of Iran’s supreme leader and ex-president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad indicate that the selection of the metaphorical dysphemistic source domain is primarily determined by religion, previous discourse (pre-existing conventional dysphemistic metaphors), aspects of the target domain, and anger or hatred toward the enemies. The analysis indicates that most of the pejorative connotations are attributed to Israel as the alleged number one enemy of Iran via Israel is an animal, Israel is a tumor, and Israel is a bastard. The other presumed enemies, that is, the U.S. and the West are characterized via the u.s. is a devil, and the u.s. and the west are criminals. Moreover, the two politicians, while resorting to taboo concepts, remain loyal to the established discursive norms of delegitimizing the actions and thoughts of the enemies of the Islamic Republic.

scholarly journals A Study on Chinese TALK Metaphor from Corpus-based Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 346
Author(s):  
Ruifeng Luo
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Knowledge Resources ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Basic Language ◽  
Language Knowledge ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
Concrete Entity

Metaphor is a vitally important concept in Cognitive Linguistics and refers to the mapping from source domain to the target domain. It is the mapping from the concrete entity to the abstract one, through which we can understand the process of men’s mental cognition to handle abstract things through specific ones and has been researching by many linguistic scholars by means of traditional methods such as introspection. The Corpus method is a newly utilized and empirical method to conduct linguistic research and contains the language materials of real and the actual use of language, and corpus is the carrier of basic language knowledge resources based on the computer. The real corpus must be processed (analysis and processing), in order to become useful resources. This paper takes advantage of CCL Corpus(Center for Chinese Linguistics Corpus) which is the biggest Chinese Corpus in China constructed by Beijing University to investigate TAKL metaphor and conduct the empirical research to make metaphor research more objective and convincing.

scholarly journals Between Russian and Belarussian: Dialects of Nevel district, Pskov Oblast

Slovene ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-320
Author(s):  
Anastasia I. Ryko
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Real Situation ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
The Real ◽  
Contemporary State ◽  
The North ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
North Eastern

The article describes the contemporary state of the dialects spoken in the Nevelsky district (Russia, Pskov Province), which is bordering Belarus, in comparison with the north-eastern Belarusian dialects located on the other side of the state border. When establishing the linguistic areas, it was assumed that on one side of this border the dialects would change following the Standard Russian language, while on the other side they would follow Belarusian. However, the real situation is much more complicated: on one hand, some dialectal features disappeared under the influence of the respective standard language; on the other hand, quite often features of both dialects do not correspond to either Standard Russian or Standard Belarusian, and there are existing “Belarusian” features on the territory of Russian dialects.

The Importance of the Knowledge of the Communicative Situation for the Accuracy of Interpretation

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
Дубинский ◽  
Vladimir Dubinskiy
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Real Situation ◽  
The Real ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

An interpreter should be aware of the communicative situation in order to give an adequate interpretation. On the one hand, an interpreter is not responsible for the content of the information to be translated. But on the other hand, he / she is responsible for the accuracy of interpretation. In such a mediative role the knowledge of the communicative situation is of great importance.The article considers the communicative situation as an object of the real intercourse on the basis of the interpretation of reports, speeches, discussions and other conversations, in which the participants of communication are the receivers of information.The knowledge of the situation helps the interpreter understand the speech intentions of the interlocutor and forsee possible utterances. The communicative situation predetermines the real situation which makes it possible for an interpreter to give an adequate translation.

scholarly journals Transfer Learning-Based Fault Diagnosis under Data Deficiency

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 7768
Author(s):  
Seong Hee Cho ◽  
Seokgoo Kim ◽  
Joo-Ho Choi
Keyword(s):  
Fault Diagnosis ◽  
Transfer Learning ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Linear Motion ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Linear Motion Guide ◽  
Real Target

In the fault diagnosis study, data deficiency, meaning that the fault data for the training are scarce, is often encountered, and it may deteriorate the performance of the fault diagnosis greatly. To solve this issue, the transfer learning (TL) approach is employed to exploit the neural network (NN) trained in another (source) domain where enough fault data are available in order to improve the NN performance of the real (target) domain. While there have been similar attempts of TL in the literature to solve the imbalance issue, they were about the sample imbalance between the source and target domain, whereas the present study considers the imbalance between the normal and fault data. To illustrate this, normal and fault datasets are acquired from the linear motion guide, in which the data at high and low speeds represent the real operation (target) and maintenance inspection (source), respectively. The effect of data deficiency is studied by reducing the number of fault data in the target domain, and comparing the performance of TL, which exploits the knowledge of the source domain and the ordinary machine learning (ML) approach without it. By examining the accuracy of the fault diagnosis as a function of imbalance ratio, it is found that the lower bound and interquartile range (IQR) of the accuracy are improved greatly by employing the TL approach. Therefore, it can be concluded that TL is truly more effective than the ordinary ML when there is a large imbalance between the fault and normal data, such as smaller than 0.1.

scholarly journals Statistical HR Diagrams for One Hundred and Fifteen Thousand Proper-Motion Stars

1978 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 63-64
Author(s):  
Willem J. Luyten
Keyword(s):  
Proper Motion ◽  
Tangential Velocity ◽  
Complete Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Proper Motions ◽  
Real Situation ◽  
The Real ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The One ◽  
Hr Diagram

Since regular HR diagrams require apparent magnitudes, colors or spectra, and parallaxes, and such complete data are available for relatively few stars, there may be some advantage in making up diagrams which utilize proper motions instead of parallaxes, and are thus statistically similar to an HR diagram. The reduced proper motion, first used by Hertzsprung, is defined as H = m + 5 + 5log μ, but may also be written as H = M + 5log T, where T is the tangential velocity, and is expressed in astronomical units per year. A diagram plotting H against color will thus contain the considerable dispersion in tangential velocity which is a serious disadvantage. However, this is outweighed by two practical advantages. First the one and the same person who does the proper motion survey can, and does also determine the other two quantities needed. Second, when using data obtained from such a proper motion survey one deals, statistically, with all the stars within a given distance and the results, therefore, are much more representative of the real situation in space than many HR diagrams which often contain an unrealistic preponderance of giants.

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF AGENT SYNCHRONIZATION IN ASYNCHRONOUS SEARCH ALGORITHMS

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (05) ◽  
pp. 619-636
Author(s):  
IONEL MUSCALAGIU ◽  
JOSE M. VIDAL ◽  
VLADIMIR CRETU ◽  
HORIA EMIL POPA ◽  
MANUELA PANOIU
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Analysis ◽  
Search Algorithms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Real Situation ◽  
Message Queue ◽  
The Real

The asynchronous searching techniques are characterized by the fact that each agent instantiates its variables in a concurrent way. Then, it sends the values of its variables to other agents directly connected to it by using messages. These asynchronous techniques have different behaviors in the case of delays in sending messages. This article presents the opportunity for synchronizing the execution of agents in the case of asynchronous techniques. It investigates and compares the behaviors of several asynchronous techniques in two cases: agents process the received messages asynchronously (the real situation) and the synchronous case, when a synchronization of the execution of agents is done, i.e. the agents perform a computing cycle in which they process a message from a message queue. After that, the synchronization is done by waiting for the other agents to finalize the processing of their messages. The experiments show that the synchronization of the agents execution leads to lower costs in searching for solutions. A solution for synchronizing the agents execution is suggested for the analyzed asynchronous techniques.

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