scholarly journals Applying the chemical-reaction definition of mass action to infectious disease modelling

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-64
Author(s):  
Mo'tassem Al-arydah ◽  
Scott Greenhalgh ◽  
Justin Munganga ◽  
Robert Smith?
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Law Of Mass Action ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Definition Of

The law of mass action is used to govern interactions between susceptible and infected individuals in a variety of infectious disease models. However, the commonly used version is a simplification of the version originally used to describe chemical reactions. We reformulate a general disease model using the chemical-reaction definition of mass action incorporating both an altered transmission term and an altered recovery term in the form of positive exponents. We examine the long-term outcome as these exponents vary. For many scenarios, the reproduction number is either 0 or $\infty$, while it obtains finite values only for certain combinations. We found conditions under which endemic equilibria exist and are unique for a variety of possible exponents. We also determined circumstances under which backward bifurcations are possible or do not occur. The simplified form of mass action may be masking generalised behaviour that may result in practice if these exponents ``fluctuate'' around 1. This may lead to a loss of predictability in some models.

Adjustment Disorder and Its Clinical Management

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Giovanni Carta ◽  
Antonio Preti
Keyword(s):  
Adjustment Disorder ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Key Words Adaptation ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Adjustment disorder is a condition of subjective emotional distress triggered as a consequence of a meaningful change in life. The diagnosis of adjustment disorder is hindered by the difficult operational definition of stress and of its related concept of “vulnerability,” by the problem of disentangling symptoms of adjustment disorder from those attributable to comorbid anxiety and mood disorders, and by the poor boundaries of the disorder with other stress-related conditions on the one hand and with common adaptation to life events on the other. Despite the high frequency of its diagnosis in clinical settings, there has been relatively little research on the adjustment disorder and, consequently, very few hints about its treatments. Several psychotherapies have been developed to deal with patients diagnosed with adjustment disorder, with inconclusive evidence on their effectiveness. Antidepressants may abate the symptoms and help patients reacquire occupational and social functioning. The medium-term outcome of adjustment disorder is good, with 70 to 80% of those diagnosed with it showing no evidence of psychopathology when reassessed 5 years from the episode. However, when comorbid with a personality disorder or a substance use disorder, the short-term risk of suicide may be increased. The long-term outcome of adjustment disorder seems to be worse in children and adolescents than in adults. In particular, adolescents diagnosed with adjustment disorder were more likely than adults to have received a diagnosis of a severe mental disorder at the 5-year follow-up, including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder. This review contains 1 figure, 6 tables, and 52 references. Key words: adaptation, adjustment disorder, anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, treatment, vulnerability

scholarly journals The metabolic syndrome: setting the scene. The pros

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. S1-S3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sir George Alberti
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Outcome Studies ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Differences Of Opinion ◽  
Definition Of

Conclusion: The definition of metabolic syndrome needs further refinement and it requires long-term outcome studies to evaluate the various criteria definitively. In general, however, differences of opinion surrounding the syndrome are minor.

Primum Nocere (First to Harm) Countertransference and Poisonous Pedagogy: A Hypothesis to Explain Why Psychiatrists Promote Dangerous, Harmful, and Ineffectual Neuroleptic Drugs

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-99
Author(s):  
Joseph Tarantolo
Keyword(s):  
Endocrine System ◽  
Biological Psychiatry ◽  
First Line ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Psychiatric Power

This article will briefly review the case that multigenerations of neuroleptic (NL) drugs are dangerous: causing brain damage, shortening life span, disrupting the endocrine system, interfering with cognitive function, and are half as likely to have a positive long-term outcome as are nonmedical approaches. Given this dismal record, the writer will address the question of why then are they the first line of treatment for seriously disturbed patients? This article will explore how a corrupt and corrupting system of pharmaceutical science and psychiatric power feeds the insecurities of psychotherapists who treat these patients. The author posits the theory that countertransferential phenomena, as elaborated by (Searles, 1979; Winnicott, 1949; and Miller, 1980) (hate, fear, guilt, powerlessness, inability to comfort, capitulation to manipulation, and rationalizations that delusions are biological rather than psychological phenomena), prevent the therapist from properly doing his job. This article will offer a working definition of acute psychosis as unexplored eccentric thinking that will support nonpharmacological psychotherapeutic intervention and distinguish between enlightened and unenlightened biological psychiatry.

scholarly journals Proposal of a New Definition of “Very Early” Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma—A Retrospective Single-Center Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 4073
Author(s):  
Oliver Beetz ◽  
Angelica Timrott ◽  
Clara A. Weigle ◽  
Andreas Schroeter ◽  
Sebastian Cammann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Transplantation ◽  
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma ◽  
Tumor Size ◽  
Tumor Biology ◽  
Extrahepatic Disease ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Definition Of

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a rare disease with poor outcome, despite advances in surgical and non-surgical treatment. Recently, studies have reported a favorable long-term outcome of “very early” ICC (based on tumor size and absence of extrahepatic disease) after hepatic resection and liver transplantation, respectively. However, the prognostic value of tumor size and a reliable definition of early disease remain a matter of debate. Patients undergoing resection of histologically confirmed ICC between February 1996 and January 2021 at our institution were reviewed for postoperative morbidity, mortality, and long-term outcome after being retrospectively assigned to two groups: “very early” (single tumor ≤ 3 cm) and “advanced” ICC (size > 3 cm, multifocality or extrahepatic disease). A total of 297 patients were included, with a median follow-up of 22.8 (0.1–301.7) months. Twenty-one (7.1%) patients underwent resection of “very early” ICC. Despite the small tumor size, major hepatectomies (defined as resection of ≥3 segments) were performed in 14 (66.7%) cases. Histopathological analyses revealed lymph node metastases in 5 (23.8%) patients. Patients displayed excellent postoperative outcome compared to patients with “advanced” disease: intrahospital mortality was not observed, and patients displayed superior long-term survival, with a 5-year survival rate of 58.2% (versus 24.3%) and a median postoperative survival of 62.1 months (versus 25.3 months; p = 0.013). In conclusion, although the concept of a “very early” ICC based solely on tumor size is vague as it does not necessarily reflect an aggressive tumor biology, our proposed definition could serve as a basis for further studies evaluating the efficiency of either surgical resection or liver transplantation for this malignant disease.

scholarly journals The clinical features and long-term prognosis of asymmetry childhood Guillain-Barré syndrome: a 5-year follow-up.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui-Di Sun ◽  
jun Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Guillain Barré Syndrome ◽  
Motor Nerves ◽  
Long Term Prognosis ◽  
Guillain Barré

Abstract Backgroud: The aim was to investigate clinical features and long-term prognosis of asymmetric childhood Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Methods: In a retrospective cohort study, standardized data from all children with GBS seen at the Wuhan Children’s Hospital were collected regarding clinical presentation, auxiliary examinations and long-term outcome. We compared asymmetry GBS with symmetry GBS. Asymmetry GBS was defined by Medical Research Council (MRC) grade and motor nerves conduction in bilateral limbs. Recovery was defined as a return to normal life with a DSS of 0. Results: GBS was diagnosed in 72 children. 12（16.67%）were asymmetry GBS compared to 60 symmetry GBS . In asymmetry GBS, six children were transient asymmetry weakness and six children were persistent asymmetry weakness. Compared to symmetry weakness GBS, asymmetry weakness GBS had more preschool children (75% vs 25%, P=0.005), longer days on hospital(26.5(15-37) days vs 11(9-15) days, p =0.000), more mechanical ventilation(MV) (50% vs 8.33%, p=0.000), higher Disease severity score(DSS)at nadir of disease(4(3-5) vs 3(1-4), p=0.010), more axonal subtypes(50% vs 15%, p=0.013) and more complications(58.33% vs 8.33%, p=0.000). Eight children had sequelae and sixty-four children had recovery. Compared to recovery group, sequelae group had more axonal subtypes(62.5% vs 15.63%, p=0.002) and more persistent asymmetry weakness(62.5% vs 4.69%, p=0.000). In six persistent asymmetry GBS, 5(83.33%) had abnormal EEG (electroencephalogram) results, 3(50%) children had mild to marked pleocytosis in CSF and 5(83.33%) had sequelae. Conclusions: In conclusion, asymmetry GBS had two types, namely transient and persistent asymmetry weakness. Asymmetry GBS indicated a more complex condition during disease. Most of persistent asymmetry GBS had clinical or subclinical infectious disease and poor prognosis. Inflammatory in anterior horn cells or nerve root by infectious disease may be the possible function in persistent asymmetry GBS.

Adjustment Disorder and Its Clinical Management

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Giovanni Carta ◽  
Antonio Preti
Keyword(s):  
Adjustment Disorder ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Key Words Adaptation ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Adjustment disorder is a condition of subjective emotional distress triggered as a consequence of a meaningful change in life. The diagnosis of adjustment disorder is hindered by the difficult operational definition of stress and of its related concept of “vulnerability,” by the problem of disentangling symptoms of adjustment disorder from those attributable to comorbid anxiety and mood disorders, and by the poor boundaries of the disorder with other stress-related conditions on the one hand and with common adaptation to life events on the other. Despite the high frequency of its diagnosis in clinical settings, there has been relatively little research on the adjustment disorder and, consequently, very few hints about its treatments. Several psychotherapies have been developed to deal with patients diagnosed with adjustment disorder, with inconclusive evidence on their effectiveness. Antidepressants may abate the symptoms and help patients reacquire occupational and social functioning. The medium-term outcome of adjustment disorder is good, with 70 to 80% of those diagnosed with it showing no evidence of psychopathology when reassessed 5 years from the episode. However, when comorbid with a personality disorder or a substance use disorder, the short-term risk of suicide may be increased. The long-term outcome of adjustment disorder seems to be worse in children and adolescents than in adults. In particular, adolescents diagnosed with adjustment disorder were more likely than adults to have received a diagnosis of a severe mental disorder at the 5-year follow-up, including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder. This review contains 1 figure, 6 tables, and 52 references. Key words: adaptation, adjustment disorder, anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, treatment, vulnerability

Significance of Suboptimal Response to Imatinib, as Defined by the European LeukemiaNet, in Long-Term Outcome for Patients (Pts) with Chronic Phase (CP) Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML).

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 1932-1932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yesid Alvarado ◽  
Hagop Kantarjian ◽  
Stefan Faderl ◽  
Jan Burger ◽  
Gautam Borthakur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Cytogenetic Response ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Complete Hematologic Response ◽  
Starting Dose ◽  
Prognostic Implications ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract The European LeukemiaNet recently published recommendations for evaluating response to imatinib among pts with CML. Criteria for failure and suboptimal responses were proposed. The significance of failure is accepted and constitutes grounds for change in treatment. The prognostic implications of having a suboptimal response are less clear making treatment decisions less clear in this setting. We analyzed the outcome of 281 pts treated with imatinib as frontline therapy for CML in CP: 73 at initial dose of 400mg daily and 208 at 800mg daily. Their median age was 48 yrs (range, 15 to 84 yrs) and their median follow-up 48 months (mo) (2–79 mo). After 3 mo of therapy none of the 273 evaluable pts met definition of suboptimal response according to the European LeukemiaNet, while 3 of 273 (1%) met definition for failure. At 6 mo 10/259 (4%) evaluable had suboptimal response and 9 (3%) failure. At 12 mo 19/246 (8%) had suboptimal and 14 (6%) failure, and at 18 mo 91/224 (41%) had suboptimal and 21 (9%) had failure. The probability of having a suboptimal response at 6 and 12 mo was significantly higher for pts treated with a starting dose of 400mg than those treated at 800mg: at 6 mo [12% suboptimal at 400mg vs 1% at 800mg (p=0.002)] and at 12 mo [17% and 4%, respectively (p<0.001)]. The outcome at 24 months* by the response at specific times was as follows: Time Response % CCyR % MMR % Transf % Event CCyR=Complete cytogenetic remission, MMR=Major molecular remission, Transf=Transformation to accelerated or blast phase, Event=loss of complete hematologic response, loss of major cytogenetic response, transformation, or death 6 mo Optimal 91 60 2 6 Suboptimal 0 0 30 50 Failure 0 0 22 67 P .001 .001 .001 .001 12 mo Optimal 94 63 2 4 Suboptimal 56 25 0 16 Failure 0 0 21 57 P .001 .001 .001 .001 18 mo Optimal 98 85 0 1 Suboptimal 93 39 2 5 Failure 15 0 19 43 P .001 .001 .001 .001

scholarly journals Fixed Point Analysis of Kermack Mckendrick SIR Model

10.29007/pl65 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fenny Narsingani ◽  
Mahendra B Prajapati ◽  
Pravin Himmatlal Bhathawala
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Fixed Point ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Sir Model ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Point Analysis ◽  
Transmission Of Disease

Public health is constantly under risk due to growing microorganisms. Infectious disease spread rapidly among the population in contact and so people take the different steps to reduce the transmission of disease. Compartmental model such as SIR model developed by W. Kermack and G Mckendrick are modeled for the progress of epidemic. Fixed point analysis has been applied to mathematical models of compartmental infectious disease models for understanding the long term outcome of disease. We have applied the analysis to the spread of infectious disease and obtained the threshold value and this threshold value helps us to predict when epidemic peaks.

Adjustment Disorder and Its Clinical Management

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Giovanni Carta ◽  
Antonio Preti
Keyword(s):  
Adjustment Disorder ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Key Words Adaptation ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Adjustment disorder is a condition of subjective emotional distress triggered as a consequence of a meaningful change in life. The diagnosis of adjustment disorder is hindered by the difficult operational definition of stress and of its related concept of “vulnerability,” by the problem of disentangling symptoms of adjustment disorder from those attributable to comorbid anxiety and mood disorders, and by the poor boundaries of the disorder with other stress-related conditions on the one hand and with common adaptation to life events on the other. Despite the high frequency of its diagnosis in clinical settings, there has been relatively little research on the adjustment disorder and, consequently, very few hints about its treatments. Several psychotherapies have been developed to deal with patients diagnosed with adjustment disorder, with inconclusive evidence on their effectiveness. Antidepressants may abate the symptoms and help patients reacquire occupational and social functioning. The medium-term outcome of adjustment disorder is good, with 70 to 80% of those diagnosed with it showing no evidence of psychopathology when reassessed 5 years from the episode. However, when comorbid with a personality disorder or a substance use disorder, the short-term risk of suicide may be increased. The long-term outcome of adjustment disorder seems to be worse in children and adolescents than in adults. In particular, adolescents diagnosed with adjustment disorder were more likely than adults to have received a diagnosis of a severe mental disorder at the 5-year follow-up, including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder. This review contains 1 figure, 6 tables, and 52 references. Key words: adaptation, adjustment disorder, anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, treatment, vulnerability

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