scholarly journals Les modes de conceptualisation des unités d'hérédité au XIXe siècle : Spencer, Haeckel et Elsberg

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvie Vandaele ◽  
Marie-Claude Béland
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
Phenotypic Trait ◽  
Physical Entity ◽  
Central Focus ◽  
Fur Color ◽  
The 19Th Century

Ever since the end of the 19th century, the biological sciences have been preoccupied with the elucidation of the complex mechanisms underlying heredity. They were faced with a fundamental problem: how does a given phenotypic trait (e.g., skin or fur color) correspond to a physical entity, more often than not putative, responsible for its transmission from one generation to the next. The discovery and subsequent characterization of the unit of inheritance (unité d’hérédité) is thus the central focus of research on heredity in many fields, namely genetics, population genetics, molecular biology, and, more recently, genomics. What we now call gene since Johanssen coined the term, however, has a long and troubled past characterized by various successive conceptualizations. These have left sometimes confusing and even contradictory features in modern scientific discourse, of which we intend to understand the origins. The present article aims to examine the different embodiments of the concept unit of inheritance in the works of two key 19th century authors: Spencer and Haeckel. Elsberg, a rival of Haeckel, will also be considered. Using an analysis of indices of conceptualization in discourse, we show the various metaphorical conceptualization modes active in their respective theories and examine how they manifest themselves in English and in French.

Metallurgical characterization of brass sheet from the 19th-century Akko Tower Wreck (Israel)

2017 ◽  
Vol 131 ◽  
pp. 175-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Cvikel ◽  
M. Cohen ◽  
A. Inberg ◽  
S. Klein ◽  
N. Iddan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Brass Sheet ◽  
Metallurgical Characterization ◽  
The 19Th Century

Maps, Power, and the Pacification of La Araucanía-Chile, 1850–1900

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Azócar Fernández ◽  
Zenobio Saldivia Maldonado
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
Critical Cartography ◽  
History Of Cartography ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the history of cartography and in critical cartography, there is a link between the role of maps and power relations, especially during the conquest and domination of territories by national states. Such cartographic products have frequently been used—for both their scientific and persuasive content—in different places, such as in Chile in the Araucanía region during the so-called pacification process, led by the Chilean state during the second half of the 19th century. From a cartographic perspective, the “epistemological and unintentional silences on the maps” can be observed for maps produced during this process. It implied that the “scientific discourse” and the “social and political discourse” of the cartographic images generated during this process of conquest and domination were relevant for the expansionist objectives of the Republic of Chile.

Penology at source: Francis Lieber

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-95
Author(s):  
Karolina Całkowska
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Separate System ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
New Look

The first half of the 19th century was the time of the American penitentiary solutions rising. New look at the penalty of imprisonment caused that from the end of the 18th century, so right after the first modern American separate system prison was built in Wallnut (1790) travels of representatives of European countries visiting new US penitentiary establishments have been widely spreaded. Theoretical travels in search of the best prison solutions. Reports from the prison reformers were produced, and the discussions around them were accompanied by the development of a modern scientific discourse on prison and the penitentiary system that was being created at that time. The first wave of these trips took place at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, document it in particular, the reports of the French F. A. F. La Raochefoucauld-Liancourt (1796), Englishman J. Turnbull (1797), Pole J.U. Niemcewicz (1807) . The intensification of these journeys took place after 1830, when the second type of separate system (the Auburn system) developed in America. During this time, reports of visits to American prisons were published, among others, by leading reformers of the prison, particularly considered to be the creator of the German prison science N.H. Julius (1833), or W. Crawford from England .

scholarly journals Dwa oświeceniowe wykłady geometrii — dyskursywny obraz świata

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 65-82
Author(s):  
Jerzy Biniewicz
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Practical Geometry ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Dynamic Profiling

Two Enlightenment lectures on geometry: A discursive worldviewThis article focuses on the history of the Polish educational and scientific discourse. The paper examines Polish texts by Józef Czech — Euklidesa początków jeometryi xsiąg ośmioro, to iest sześć pierwszych, jedenasta i dwunasta z dodanemi przypisami i trygonometrią dla pozytku młodzi akademickiey Euclid’s six books on geometry, that is the first six books, the eleventh book and the twelfth book with notes and geometry for the benefit of university youth, 1807 and by Ignacy Zaborowski — Jeometria praktyczna Practical geometry, 1786.The science of the 19th century is an area for gaining empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge of the world. The paper discusses this problem in the context of methods which can be employed to analyze the image of the world. The author of the article presents the concept of discursive worldview, which is meant to enable the description of dynamic profiling of meanings in educational and scientific discourse.

scholarly journals The Feminization of Mental Disorders: A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière

2021 ◽  
pp. 104-123
Author(s):  
D.O. Martynova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Visual Culture ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Visual Appearance ◽  
Male Power ◽  
Relevant Topic ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article analyzes the formation of visualization of hysterical insanity in art on the example of the canvas by Pierre-Andre Brouillet A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière. Considering the long practice of feminization of insanity, we can conclude that Brouillet captured the phenomenon of the “Charcot regime”, exposing its discussion fields. By fixing the female pathological body in a certain place, he demonstrated two discursive tricks: how patriarchal institutions defined a woman as a being devoid of her own opinion, and how a woman “evaporated”, became an object under male power influence, demonstrating the significance of the term “phallocula- centrism” and scopophilia of the second half of the 19th century introduced by L. Irigaray. As a result, it reflected the characteristics of hysteria that allowed this disease to feminize insanity and introduce it into the visual culture of the time: mimetism, simulation, representa- tion, mimicry, cataloging, and registration. The female body became a pent-up “alphabet”, embodying the idea of Sigmund Freud’s mirror and Jacques Lacan’s reasoning about the nature of the hysterical personality type. The disease, which has “thousands of guises” and exists solely due to visual appearance, revealed not only the problems of Patriarchy of most social and power institutions, but also relationships. As a result, the acute and controversial colloquial characterization of “hysterical”, which was included due to the popularity of the visual image of a mentally ill woman created at the Salpêtrière, is still becoming a relevant topic for research in modern visual practices.

scholarly journals OS CONTRABANDISTAS DO PENSAMENTO - IMPASSES DA CRÍTICA LITERÁRIA BRASILEIRA NO FINAL DO SÉCULO XIX

2001 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lúcia Outeiro Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
National Literature ◽  
Machado De Assis ◽  
Brazilian Literature ◽  
The 19Th Century

O esforço para criar uma crítica literária brasileira, bem como uma literatura autônoma e original, gerou uma dupla necessidade para os autores do século XIX: determinar os objetivos da crítica e estabelecer a definição e a caracterização da literatura brasileira. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar como os principais críticos da fase realista-naturalista – Machado de Assis, Sílvio Romero, José Veríssimo e Araripe Júnior – posicionam-se em relação a esse duplo projeto, comparando as suas contribuições para a construção de uma epistemologia crítica, sobretudo para a definição e a caracterização da literatura brasileira e, conseqüentemente, para a fixação de um cânone que desse suporte a esses construtos. Entre as questões teóricas que direcionam a discussão do assunto proposto, destacam-se: o caráter histórico dos conceitos de literatura, periodização e literatura nacional; as complexas relações entre história, contexto cultural e discurso; e os compromissos ideológicos dos autores. Abstract The endeavour to create a Brazilian literary criticism, and also an autonomous literature, brought before the 19th century critics a double requirement: clarify the objectives aimed by criticism as well as define and characterize Brazilian literature. This work aims at examining how the realistic and naturalistic critics – Machado de Assis, Sílvio Romero, José Veríssimo e Araripe Júnior – stand with regard to that double project, by comparing their contributions for the construction of a critical epistemology, above all for the definition and characterization of Brazilian literature and, as a result, for fixing a canon that could support those constructs. Among the theoretical questions that steer the discussion about the proposed subject, the article emphasizes: the historical character of the concepts like literature, periodicity and national literature; the intricate connections between history, cultural context and discourse; and the ideological engagement of the authors.

scholarly journals Women's issue in the prose of the 19th century in the context of the educational process

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (33) ◽  
pp. e16402
Author(s):  
Inna Lipnytska ◽  
Iryna Savchenko ◽  
Inna Halak ◽  
Iryna Hryhorenko ◽  
Tetiana Bykova
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Literary Criticism ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Status Of Women

The purpose of the article is to study the sources and pedagogical interpretation of the "women's question". The subject of the research is the “women's question” and its artistic realization in the novels of Marko Vovchok. The analysis of the problem was carried out by integrating the traditional methods of Russian comparative historical literary criticism with new approaches to world literary criticism - gender, sociocultural, postcolonial, and feminist. As a result of the study, we came to the conclusion that the pedagogical views on the "women's issue" in the writer were formed and developed under the influence of communication with the Ukrainian and European intelligentsia of the 19th century. The progressive part of the intelligentsia of the second half of the XIX - early XX century advocated a change in the social status of women. Representatives of public and pedagogical opinion believed that a woman can not only be a mother, wife, housewife, she is capable of self-realization in other areas of society, for which she needs a decent education. The journalistic work on this problem of women with a possible comparative characterization of the regions of some European countries, which in the period under study were part of the Austro-Hungarian empires, deserves further study

scholarly journals Survey of research on Livonian prosody

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 261-292
Author(s):  
Tuuli Tuisk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

The aim of the article is to give an overview of previous studies concerning Livonian prosody. In separate subsections a characterization of earlier treatments of the Livonian quantity and tone system will be provided. The Livonian prosodic system became the object of international discussion for the first time in the 19th century. The special status of Livonian tones was first noticed by the Estonian linguist Ferdinand Johann Wiedemann and later by the Danish linguist Wilhelm Thomsen. The first experimental studies of Livonian pronunciation were initiated in the 1920’s, mainly due to interest in the broken tone. Previous descriptions appear to reveal a certain degree of agreement among researchers who have studied Livonian. Yet the traditional two-way quantity opposition view is being challenged by a ternary quantity distinction at the level of metric feet.Kokkuvõte. Tuuli Tuisk: Ülevaade liivi prosoodia uurimustest. Käesolevas artiklis antakse ülevaade uurimustest, mis käsitlevad liivi keele prosoodilist süsteemi. Liivi keele prosoodia äratas esmakordselt rahvusvahelist tähelepanu 19. sajandil. Eesti keeleteadlane Ferdinand Johann Wiedemann ja taani keeleteadlane Wilhelm Thomsen olid esimesed, kes märkasid liivi toonide iseärasusi. Huvist liivi katketooni vastu hakati 1920. aastatel tegema ka esimesi eksperimentaal-foneetilisi uurimusi. Ehkki varasemad uurimused peegeldavad teadlaste üsna üksmeelseid seisukohti, on liivi binaarse kvantiteedivastanduse kõrval aina enam arutelu tekitanud ternaarne kvantiteedivastandus.Märksõnad: liivi keel, prosoodia, fonoloogia, eksperimentaalfoneetika, kvantiteet, toon, stødKubbõvõttõks. Tuuli Tuisk: Iļļõvaņtļimi iļ līvõ prosodij tuņšlõkst. Se kēra um iļļõvaņtļimi iļ tuņšlõkst līvõ kīel prosōdij sistēmõst. Līvõ kīel prosōdij sai ežmõks tǟdõlpanmizt 19. āigastsadā āigal. Ēsti kēļnikā Ferdinand Johann Wiedemann ja dēņõ kēļnikā Wilhelm Thomsen vȯļtõ ežmizt, kis kāipizt ku līvõ kīelsõ at īžkizt tūoņõd. Ežmizt fonētilizt kōļimizt teitõ 1920. āigastis, sīepierāst ku interesīerizt iļ līvõ katkāndõks agā murdtõd tūoņ. Jedlõmizt tuņšlõkst nägţõbõd, ku tieudmīed vȯļțõ dižānist īdmēļizt, agā līvõ kōdvīți pitkit vastõmtõks kūorõks um emīņ nõvtõd iļ kuolmvīţiz pitkit vastõmtõks.

scholarly journals Relativizers as markers of grammatical complexity: A diachronic, cross-register study of English and German

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-120
Author(s):  
Marie-Pauline Krielke
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
Register Study ◽  
Clear Tendency ◽  
Grammatical Complexity ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, we investigate grammatical complexity as a register feature of scientific English and German. Specifically, we carry out a diachronic comparison between general and scientific discourse in the two languages from the 17th to the 19th century, using relativizers as proxies for grammatical complexity. We ground our study in register theory (Halliday and Hasan, 1985), assuming that language use reflects contextual factors, which contribute to the formation of registers (Quirk et al., 1985; Biber et al., 1999; Teich et al., 2016). Our findings show a clear tendency towards grammatical simplification in scientific discourse in both languages with English spearheading the trend early on and German following later.

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