scholarly journals Protective Effects Of Tecomella Undulata Stem Bark Extract On Isoniazid Induced Hepatotoxicity: Based On Liver Enzymes And Histopathology In Rat Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
Zubaida Umar Zehri ◽  
Shabih Zehra ◽  
Abdul Lateef Mahesar ◽  
M. Anwar ◽  
Syed Ijaz Hussain Zaidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Function Test ◽  
Group A ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

Objective: To evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of Tecomellaundulata stem bark extract on isoniazid induced hepatic damage based on liver enzymes and Liver function test in rat models. Study design and Setting: An experimental study conducted at Department of Pharmacology at Al-Tibri Medical College and Hospital, Isra University Karachi Campus and Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi. Methodology: Total twenty-four rats were studied. The albino rats that were male, healthy, and weighing 200-250grams were included in this study. Rats were divided into four groups, each group having six rats and treated once daily orally for 30 days. Group A was control group and treated with normal animal diet and water; Group B was Isoniazid treated group and induced by oral administration of Isoniazid (INH) 50mg/kg. Group C was treated with Isoniazid 50mg/kg and Tecomellaundulata bark extract with low dose of 200mg/kg . Group D was treated with Isoniazid 50mg/kg and Tecomellaundulata bark extract with high dose of 400mg/kg . All the animals were weighed before commencement of the study. Liver enzymes were noted after the end of experiment. P value of <0.05 was taken as significant. Results: While comparing the mean values of AST,ALT, ALP and GGT in all four groups group; the statistical significant difference (p<0.001) was found. The mean levels in of total Bilirubin in group A was 0.69 ±0.01, group B 1.04 ±0.04, in group C was 1.15 ±0.39, and in group D was 1.04 ±0.44 with the significant difference (p=0.004). Conclusion: Tecomellaundulata has a protective effect on isoniazid induced toxicity on liver as evidenced by liver function test on rat models.

scholarly journals Antimalarial and Reno-protective Potentials of Combined Stem Bark Extracts of Khaya grandifoliola and Enantia chlorantha in Plasmodium Infected Mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
Ismaila Olanrewaju Nurain ◽  
◽  
Clement Olatunbosun Bewaji ◽  
Abdulazeez Aderemi Abubakar ◽  
Abdulrazaq Mustapha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Urea Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Group B

Background: Malaria is a worldwide threat, which affects millions of people. Although several antimalarial has been reported, they are either not effective or toxic. This study evaluated the antimalarial efficacy and safety of stem bark aqueous extracts of Khaya grandifoliola (KG) and Enantia chlorantha (EC) in Plasmodium berghie (NK65S) infected Swiss mice. Methods: Forty-two animals were grouped into six groups. Group A (control) comprised uninfected animals given sterile placebo. Group B was infected but untreated. Groups C, D, E, and F were infected and treated with 50 mg/kg artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), 400 mg/kg body weight of KG, EC, and the combined extracts (200 mg/ml body weight each) respectively. Results: Alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, phenolics, flavonoids, tannin and saponins were all present in the two extracts. The percentage parasitemia in the treated groups C, D, E, and F was significantly (P˂0.05) reduced from 44%, 24%, 35%, and 31% to 17%, 8%, 9% and 8% respectively. The level of creatinine C (1.33±0.08 g/d), D (2.07±0.15 g/d), E (2.17±0.24 g/d) and F (1.20±0.0.12 g/d) increased significantly (P˂0.05) compared to group A (0.73±0.08 g/d). There was no significant difference in the urea level, potassium and sodium concentrations among all the groups. Conclusion: The efficacy and renal safety of oral administration of aqueous stem bark extract of KG and EC were confirmed. Therefore, the extracts could be used as alternatives to standard drugs in the management of malaria.

scholarly journals A postmortem study - age related change of ovarian volume in Bangladeshi female

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Rubina Qasim ◽  
Humaira Naushaba ◽  
Md Enayet Ullah ◽  
Hasna Hena ◽  
Hosna Ara Perven
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Left Ovary ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Ovarian Volume ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Ovarian Diseases ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

Background : Ovarian diseases and infertility are the very common health problems among the female population. Alteration in the volume of the ovary occurs throughout the reproductive life which may predispose to ovarian diseases such as cyst, polycystic ovary and ovarian carcinoma. Moreover, the reduction in ovarian volume leading to decrease the fertility of a women also. So the present study is designed to assess the volume of the ovary in Bangladeshi women in different age groups which will provide a complete and standarize the data in Bangladeshi population and also compare the data with other countries. It will provide resourcefull information which may further determine the ovarian reserve and reproductive age of female for improving the accurate diagnosis and management of ovarian diseases as well as infertility problems. Study design: Cross sectional and analytical type of study. Materials: The present study was performed on 65 cadaveric ovaries of both side in Bangladeshi female age ranging from 5 years to 65 years. Methods: The samples were divided into four different age groups. They were group A or prepubertal group (5-12years), group B or reproductive group (13-45 years), group C or perimenopausal group (46-51years) and group D or postmenopausal group (52-65years). Results: The mean (±SD) volumes were 2.84 + 0.22 milliliter and 2.83±0.24 milliliter in group A, 8.64 + 0.89 milliliter and 8.61± 0.89 milliliter in group B, 6.85 + 0.79 milliliter and 6.84±0.76 milliliter in group C and 2.62 + 0. 52 milliliter and 2.61± 0.50 milliliter in group D in the right & left ovaries respectively. The highest mean volume was observed in group B and lowest mean volume was in group D in both ovaries. Statistically highly significant difference (P<0.001) were found when group A was compared with group B & C, group B was compared with group C & D and group C was compared with group D. But when group A was compared with group D, it was not significant (P<0.50).The mean difference in volumes of right and left ovary between group A, group B, group C and group D were statistically not significant. Conclusion: In this study, volume of the ovary does not vary in between right and left ovary in any age group. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v2i2.15482 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2012; 2 (2): 08-12

scholarly journals Evaluation of crosshead speed influence on shear bond strength test

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Celina Wanderley de Abreu ◽  
Gilberto Duarte Filho ◽  
Alberto Noriyuki Kojima ◽  
Renato Morales Jóias ◽  
Alfredo Mikail Melo Mesquita
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Shear Bond Strength ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Universal Testing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

<p><span style="font-size: medium;">The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different speeds using the piston device in the shear bond strength. 48 cylinders of composed resin had been confectioned (Solidex),and were divided randomly in four groups (n=12).</span><span style="font-size: medium;">  </span><span style="font-size: medium;">The specimens were adapted to the device for the</span><span style="font-size: medium;">  </span><span style="font-size: medium;">shear bond strenth test and were taken to an universal testing machine with a load cell of 1000Kg. The test were carried through with four different speeds: group A: 0,5; group B: 1,0; group C: 1,5 and group D: 2,0mm/min. The mean and standard deviations, in Kgf, were: A - 66,31(10,24); B - 64,53 (20,40); C - 75,23 (11,84) and D - 66,62 (13,81). The data were submitted to ANOVA (p=0,13). The results indicated that it did not have statistical significant difference between the groups</span><span style="font-size: medium;">   </span><span style="font-size: medium;">A, B, C and D concluding that the speed in this type of test, with this device, can be varied without modify results.</span></p>

scholarly journals Anatomic Knot Suture Anchor Versus Knotless Suture Anchor Technique for Anterior Talofibular Ligament Repair: A Biomechanical Comparison

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 232596711989812
Author(s):  
Hong Li ◽  
Hanlin Xu ◽  
Yinghui Hua ◽  
Wenbo Chen ◽  
Hongyun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suture Anchor ◽  
Anterior Talofibular Ligament ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Load To Failure ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B ◽  
Biomechanical Comparison ◽  
Group D ◽  
Suture Anchor Repair

Background: To date, there are few biomechanical studies comparing the strength between knot repair and knotless repair procedures for anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) injury. Purpose: To perform a biomechanical comparison of the strength of the arthroscopic ATFL repair technique with knot or knotless suture anchors in a cadaveric model with partial or complete ATFL injuries. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 24 fresh-frozen cadaveric ankles were used. Arthroscopy was used to identify, section, and repair the ATFL on the fibular insertion site. The specimens were then randomly placed into 1 of 4 groups: group A received complete ATFL section and 1–suture anchor repair with knot, group B received complete ATFL section and 1-anchor knotless repair, group C received partial ATFL section and 1–suture anchor repair with knot, and group D received partial ATFL section and 1-anchor knotless repair. After repair, the ATFL tension was measured first with a digitalized tensiometer. Specimens were then mounted on a materials testing system to determine the ultimate load to failure and stiffness. Results: The mean ± SD ligament tension measured during the arthroscopic procedure was 8.6 ± 0.6 N for group A, 9.2 ± 0.5 N for group B, 9.4 ± 1.1 N for group C, and 9.6 ± 0.9 N for group D. No significant difference in tension was detected among groups. In load-to-failure testing, the mean ultimate failure load was 27.9 ± 4.1 N for group A, 26.2 ± 9.3 N for group B, 81.9 ± 26.5 N for group C, and 88.1 ± 41.6 N for group D. The mean ultimate failure loads of the partial repair groups were significantly higher than those of the complete repair groups (C vs A, P = .008; D vs B, P = .002), while there was no significant difference between groups A and B ( P > .05) or between groups C and D ( P > .05). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that there was no significant difference in biomechanical properties between knot repair and knotless repair techniques. Clinical Relevance: Biomechanically, the results showed that knot suture anchor and knotless suture repair provide similar biomechanical strength for ATFL injury. Unfortunately, these methods in the complete ATFL section models provided less than half the strength and stiffness in the partial ATFL section models at time zero after surgery. As a result, 1–suture anchor repair is not suitable for complete ATFL injury regardless of the repair method.

scholarly journals Effect of Methanolic Extract of African Ebony (Diospyros mespiliformis) Stem Bark on Liver and Kidney Function Biomarkers in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Albino Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
N. B. Muhammad ◽  
R. S. U. Wasagu ◽  
B. Sani
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Function ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

The effect of methanolic extract of African Ebony (Diospyros mespiliformis) on glucose level,   liver and kidney function biomarkers in alloxan induced diabetic rat was investigated. The rats were grouped into four of ten (10) rats each. The rats in Group B, C and D were induced with 0.4mL of alloxan. Group C was treated with 0.3 mL of methanol stem back of Diospyros mespiliformis, Group D was treated with 1.3 mL of metformin; Group A non-diabetic and Group B diabetic untreated. There was a significance increase (P<0.05) in serum glucose level (23.95±1.04mmol/L) of diabetic untreated rat when compared with the normal rat (5.59±0.22mmol/L) Group A. There was also a significant difference P<0.05 in glucose level of the Groups treated with extract (15.90±0.29mmol/L)  and Group treated with metformin (17.25±0.28mmol/L)  when compared with diabetic untreated rat (23.95±1.04mmol/L). The effect of extract on Liver marker enzymes AST shows a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the Group treated with extract (11.00±0.40U/L) and metformin (11.04±1.08U/L) when compared with untreated (12.88±0.53g/L). ALT showed significant (P<0.05) decrease in the Groups treated with extract (11.05±1.07U/L) and metformin (11.02±1.11U/L) when compared with untreated Group (14.58±0.76g/L). There was a significance P<0.05 increase of Total protein in untreated rats (66.00±2.26g/L) when compared with extract (11.25±1.15g/L) and treated with metformin (11.75±1.11g/L). There was a significance P<0.05 decrease in ALB in diabetic untreated (41.25±0.25g/L) when compared with that treated with extract (57.25±4.37g/L) and metformin (60.20±1.88g/L) and untreated rats. The values of renal function, Urea (6.74±1.76) mMol/l for Group A, (6.50±1.56) mMol/l for Group B, (8.87±1.10)mMol/l for Group C and (8.44±1.21) mMol/l for Group D. Creatinine values (0.44±0.01) mMol/l for Group A, (4.02±0.36) mMol/l for Group B, (3.16±0.10) mMol/l for Group C and (0.46±0.10) mMol/l. The stem bark extracts possesses hypoglycemic effect and also has a positive effect on liver and kidney function biomarker.

scholarly journals Influence of Crude Protein Intake on the Duration of Delivery and Litter Size in Sows

2008 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Tydlitát ◽  
A. Vinkler ◽  
L. Czanderlová
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pregnancy And Delivery ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of different intakes of crude protein during the period from 94 to 100 days of pregnancy to the parturition, lengths of pregnancy and delivery, number and birth weights of piglets and concentrations of progesterone, 17-β estradiol and cortisol on days 100, 110 and 114 of pregnancy in sows. Daily feed intake of the sow represented 2.5 kg of complete mixtures containing 13% (group A, n = 23), 15% (group B, n = 52), 18% (group C, n = 10) and 21% (group D, n = 10) of crude protein. Lengths of pregnancy in experimental groups were not significantly different. The mean durations of delivery synchronously increased with the intake of crude protein; significant difference was found between groups A (4.5 h) and D (8.6 h) (p < 0.05). Total numbers of piglets in experimental groups were not significantly different. Numbers of live piglets decreased and numbers of stillborn piglets increased from groups A to D. Significant difference was found between numbers of stillborn piglets in group A compared to groups C, D; and group B compared to groups D, C (p < 0.05). The average birth weights of piglets did not differ between experimental groups. No statistical differences in hormone concentrations were found between experimental groups. High intake of crude protein in sows before parturition prolonged delivery and increased the number of stillborn piglets.

scholarly journals The Role of Obesity in Predicting the Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19

Obesity Facts ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Serdar Sahin ◽  
Havva Sezer ◽  
Ebru Cicek ◽  
Yeliz Yagız Ozogul ◽  
Murat Yildirim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The aim of this was to describe the predictors of mortality related to COVID-19 infection and to evaluate the association between overweight, obesity, and clinical outcomes of COVID-19. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We included the patients &#x3e;18 years of age, with at least one positive SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Patients were grouped according to body mass index values as normal weight &#x3c;25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (Group A), overweight from 25 to &#x3c;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (Group B), Class I obesity 30 to &#x3c;35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (Group C), and ≥35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (Group D). Mortality, clinical outcomes, laboratory parameters, and comorbidities were compared among 4 groups. <b><i>Results:</i></b> There was no significant difference among study groups in terms of mortality. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation requirement was higher in group B and D than group A, while it was higher in Group D than Group C (Group B vs. Group A [<i>p</i> = 0.017], Group D vs. Group A [<i>p</i> = 0.001], and Group D vs. Group C [<i>p</i> = 0.016]). Lung involvement was less common in Group A, and presence of hypoxia was more common in Group D (Group B vs. Group A [<i>p</i> = 0.025], Group D vs. Group A [<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001], Group D vs. Group B [<i>p</i> = 0.006], and Group D vs. Group C [<i>p</i> = 0.014]). The hospitalization rate was lower in Group A than in the other groups; in addition, patients in Group D have the highest rate of hospitalization (Group B vs. Group A [<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001], Group C vs. Group A [<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001], Group D vs. Group A [<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001], Group D vs. Group B [<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001], and Group D vs. Group C [<i>p</i> = 0.010]). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> COVID-19 patients with overweight and obesity presented with more severe clinical findings. Health-care providers should take into account that people living with overweight and obesity are at higher risk for COVID-19 and its complications.

scholarly journals Prophylactic temporary abdominal aortic balloon occlusion for patients with pernicious placenta previa: a retrospective study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Huo ◽  
Hansheng Liang ◽  
Yi Feng
Keyword(s):  
Placenta Previa ◽  
Balloon Occlusion ◽  
Artery Embolism ◽  
Abdominal Aortic ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Clinical Records ◽  
Group D ◽  
Central Placenta Previa

Abstract Background Pernicious placenta previa (PPP) can increase the risk of perioperative complications. During caesarean section in patients with adherent placenta, intraoperative blood loss, hysterectomy rate and transfusion could be reduced by interventional methods. Our study aimed to investigate the influence of maternal hemodynamics control and neonatal outcomes of prophylactic temporary abdominal aortic balloon (PTAAB) occlusion for patients with pernicious placenta previa. Methods This was a retrospective study using data from the Peking University People’s Hospital from January 2014 through January 2020. Clinical records of pregnant women undergoing cesarean section were collected. Patients were divided into two groups: treatment with PTAAB placement (group A) and no balloon placement (group B). Group A was further broken down into two groups: prophylactic placement (Group C) and balloon occlusion (group D). Results Clinical records of 33 cases from 5205 pregnant women underwent cesarean section were collected. The number of groups A, B, C, and D were 17, 16, 5 and 12.We found that a significant difference in the post-operative uterine artery embolism rates between group A and group B (0% vs.31.3%, p = 0.018). There was a significant difference in the Apgar scores at first minute between group A and group B (8.94 ± 1.43 vs 9.81 ± 0.75,p = 0.037),and the same significant difference between two groups in the pre-operative central placenta previa (29.4% vs. 0%,p = 0.044), complete placenta previa (58.8% vs 18.8%, p = 0.032),placenta implantation (76.5% vs 31.3%, p = 0.015). We could also observe the significant difference in the amount of blood cell (2.80 ± 2.68vs.10.66 ± 11.97, p = 0.038) and blood plasma transfusion (280.00 ± 268.32 vs. 1033.33 ± 1098.20, p = 0.044) between group C and group D. The significant differences in the preoperative vaginal bleeding conditions (0% vs 75%, p = 0.009), the intraoperative application rates of vasopressors (0% vs. 58.3%, p = 0.044) and the postoperative ICU (intensive care unit) admission rates (0% vs. 58.3%, p = 0.044) were also kept. Conclusions PTAAB occlusion could be useful in reducing the rate of post-operative uterine artery embolism and the amount of transfusion, and be useful in coping with patients with preoperative vaginal bleeding conditions, so as to reduce the rate of intraoperative applications of vasopressors and the postoperative ICU (intensive care unit) admission. In PPP patients with placenta implantation, central placenta previa and complete placenta previa, we advocate the utilization of prophylactic temporary abdominal aortic balloon placement.

scholarly journals Comparison Between With Kirschner-wires Only And Combined Screw Fixation in Proximal Reverse Chevron osteotomy(PCMO) For Hallux Valgus Deformity

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011417S0002
Author(s):  
Hwa Jun Kang ◽  
Hong-Geun Jung ◽  
Jong-Soo Lee ◽  
Sungwook Kim ◽  
Mao Yuan Sun
Keyword(s):  
Hallux Valgus ◽  
Screw Fixation ◽  
Fixation Method ◽  
Kirschner Wires ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B ◽  
Severe Hallux Valgus

Category: Bunion Introduction/Purpose: Kirschner-wires fixation, sometimes we have encountered pin irritation or pull-out. This is the reason why we consider additional fixation. Moreover, there are few reports according to comparison of fixation method, and Most of them focused on comparison K-wires or screw fixation only. Purpose of study is to compare clinical and radiographic outcome between Kirschner-wires only and combined screw fixation. Methods: The study included two different groups according to fixation methods. One with Kirschner-wires fixation (KW group) included 117 feet(of 98 patients), the other with combined screw fixation (KWS group) 56 feet (of 40 patients) with moderate to severe hallux valgus. Clinically, the preoperative and final follow-up visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores, the preoperative and final follow-up American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) hallux metatarsophalangeal (MTP)-interphalangeal (IP) scores, and patient satisfaction after the surgery were evaluated. Radiographically, the hallux valgus angle (HVA), intermetatarsal angle (IMA), medial sesamoid position (MSP), and first to fifth metatarsal width (1-5MTW) were analyzed before and after surgery. Results: The mean AOFAS score improved preoperative 65.5 to 95.3 at final follow up in group A, while preoperative 56.5 to 88.6 at final follow up. Pain VAS decreased from 5.7 to 0.5 in group A, whereas from 6.2 to 1.6 in group B. The mean HVA all improved from preoperative 38.5 to 9.3 at final follow up in group A and 34.7 to 9.1 in group B. The mean IMA and MSP also improved significantly at final follow up. In comparative analysis, the IMA did not show significant difference between postoperative and final state in group A, while showed significant increase in group B. Conclusion: We achieved favorable clinical and radiographic outcomes with minimal complications in patient with moderate to severe hallux valgus in both groups. However, this study shows no statistically significant difference in IMA during follow-up period and lower recurrence rate. Therefore we need to consider combined fixation method to provide better stability and can expect lower recurrence rate.

scholarly journals Effect of Delayed Light-Curing Through a Zirconia Disc on Microhardness and Fracture Toughness of Two Types of Dual-Cure Cement

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pouran Samimi ◽  
Sara Kaveh ◽  
Maryam Khoroushi
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Delay Group ◽  
Fracture Toughness Test ◽  
Irradiation Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Light Curing ◽  
Group B ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Group D

Objectives: Photopolymerization immediately sets dual-cure cements and prevents the continuation of chemical polymerization. Delayed light-curing allows the chemical process to continue up to the point before starting irradiation; however, there is a controversy in this respect. The present study evaluates the effect of delayed light-curing through a zirconia disc on the microhardness and fracture toughness (KIC) of two types of dual-cure cement. Materials and Methods: Samples measuring 25×5×3 mm3 were prepared for fracture toughness test, and discs measuring 5 mm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness were prepared for microhardness test using Bifix and BisCem cements. Light-curing protocols were as follows: immediate light-curing (group A), a 2-minute delay (group B), a 5-minute delay (group C), direct irradiation (group D), and no irradiation (group E). In groups A to C, light-curing was carried out through a zirconia disc. Data were analyzed by two-way and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), post-hoc Tukey's test, and Kruskal-Wallis test at 95% confidence interval. Results: There was a significant difference in the microhardness of the cements (P=0.00). Delayed light-curing had no effect on microhardness (P=0.080). The microhardness of BisCem in group E was significantly lower than that in group D (P=0.015). The fracture toughness of Bifix in groups B and C was significantly different than that in group E and BisCem groups. Conclusions: Under the limitations of our study, delayed light-curing had different effects on microhardness and fracture toughness. Differences in light-curing protocols resulted in different effects based on the cement type. Light-curing is recommended to achieve optimal mechanical properties.

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