scholarly journals Microbial community responses determine how soil-atmosphere exchange of carbonyl sulfide, carbon monoxide and nitric oxide respond to soil moisture

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Behrendt ◽  
Elisa C. P. Catão ◽  
Rüdiger Bunk ◽  
Zhigang Yi ◽  
Elena Schwer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Carbonyl Sulfide ◽  
Flux Ratio ◽  
Sulfur Cycle ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) plays an important role in the global sulfur cycle and is relevant for climate change due to its role as a greenhouse gas, in aerosol formation and atmospheric chemistry. The similarities of the carbon dioxide (CO2) and OCS molecules within chemical and plant metabolic pathways have led to the use of OCS as a proxy for global gross CO2 fixation by plants (GPP). However, unknowns such as the OCS exchange from soils, where simultaneous OCS production (POCS) and consumption (UOCS) occur, currently limits the use of OCS as a GPP proxy. We estimated POCS and UOCS by measuring net fluxes of OCS, carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) in a dynamic chamber system fumigated with air containing different [OCS]. Several different soils were rewetted and soil-air exchange monitored as soils dried out to investigate responses to changing moisture levels. A major control of OCS exchange is the total amount of available S in the soil. POCS production rates were highest for soils at WFPS > 60 % and rates were negatively related to thiosulfate concentrations. These soils flipped from being net sources to net sinks of OCS at moderate moisture levels (WFPS 15 to 37 %). By measuring CO and NO while fumigating soils at different levels of OCS, we could show that CO consumption and NO exchange are linked to UOCS under moderate soil moisture. Based on the OCS : CO flux ratio two different UOCS processes could be separated. For one of the investigated soils, we demonstrated changes in microbial activity and red-like cbbL and amoA genes that suggested shifts in the UOCS processes with moisture and OCS concentration. This supports the view that Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate-Carboxylase (RubisCO) plays an important role for UOCS and demonstrates a link to the nitrogen cycle.

scholarly journals Microbial community responses determine how soil–atmosphere exchange of carbonyl sulfide, carbon monoxide, and nitric oxide responds to soil moisture

SOIL ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Behrendt ◽  
Elisa C. P. Catão ◽  
Rüdiger Bunk ◽  
Zhigang Yi ◽  
Elena Schweer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Carbonyl Sulfide ◽  
Sulfur Cycle ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Mixing Ratios

Abstract. Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) plays an important role in the global sulfur cycle and is relevant for climate change due to its role as a greenhouse gas, in aerosol formation and atmospheric chemistry. The similarities of the carbon dioxide (CO2) and OCS molecules within chemical and plant metabolic pathways have led to the use of OCS as a proxy for global gross CO2 fixation by plants (gross primary production, GPP). However, unknowns such as the OCS exchange from soils, where simultaneous OCS production (POCS) and consumption (UOCS) occur, currently limits the use of OCS as a GPP proxy. We estimated POCS and UOCS by measuring net fluxes of OCS, carbon monoxide (CO), and nitric oxide (NO) in a dynamic chamber system fumigated with air containing different mixing ratios [OCS]. Nine soils with different land use were rewetted and soil–air exchange was monitored as soils dried out to assess responses to changing moisture. A major control of OCS exchange was the total amount of available sulfur in the soil. POCS production rates were highest for soils at WFPS (water-filled pore space) >60 % and rates were negatively related to thiosulfate concentrations. These moist soils switched from a net source to a net sink activity at moderate moisture levels (WFPS 15 % to 37 %). For three soils we measured NO and CO mixing ratios at different mixing ratios of OCS and revealed that NO and potentially CO exchange rates are linked to UOCS at moderate soil moisture. High nitrate concentrations correlated with maximum OCS release rates at high soil moisture. For one of the investigated soils, the moisture and OCS mixing ratio was correlated with different microbial activity (bacterial 16S rRNA, fungal ITS RNA relative abundance) and gene transcripts of red-like cbbL and amoA.

scholarly journals Observations of the uptake of carbonyl sulfide (COS) by trees under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2935-2945 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Sandoval-Soto ◽  
M. Kesselmeier ◽  
V. Schmitt ◽  
A. Wild ◽  
J. Kesselmeier
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbonyl Sulfide ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Aerosol Layer ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Analytical Instruments ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. Global change forces ecosystems to adapt to elevated atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2). We understand that carbonyl sulfide (COS), a trace gas which is involved in building up the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer, is taken up by vegetation with the same triad of the enzymes which are metabolizing CO2, i.e. ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEP-Co) and carbonic anhydrase (CA). Therefore, we discuss a physiological/biochemical acclimation of these enzymes affecting the sink strength of vegetation for COS. We investigated the acclimation of two European tree species, Fagus sylvatica and Quercus ilex, grown inside chambers under elevated CO2, and determined the exchange characteristics and the content of CA after a 1–2 yr period of acclimation from 350 ppm to 800 ppm CO2. We demonstrate that a compensation point, by definition, does not exist. Instead, we propose to discuss a point of uptake affinity (PUA). The results indicate that such a PUA, the CA activity and the deposition velocities may change and may cause a decrease of the COS uptake by plant ecosystems, at least as long as the enzyme acclimation to CO2 is not surpassed by an increase of atmospheric COS. As a consequence, the atmospheric COS level may rise causing an increase of the radiative forcing in the troposphere. However, this increase is counterbalanced by the stronger input of this trace gas into the stratosphere causing a stronger energy reflection by the stratospheric sulfur aerosol into space (Brühl et al., 2012). These data are very preliminary but may trigger a discussion on COS uptake acclimation to foster measurements with modern analytical instruments.

scholarly journals Observations of the uptake of carbonyl sulfide (COS) by trees under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 2123-2152
Author(s):  
L. Sandoval-Soto ◽  
M. Kesselmeier ◽  
V. Schmitt ◽  
A. Wild ◽  
J. Kesselmeier
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbonyl Sulfide ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Aerosol Layer ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Biochemical Adaptation ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. Global change affects ecosystems to adapt to elevated atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2). We understand that carbonyl sulfide (COS), a trace gas which is involved in building up the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer, is taken up by vegetation with the same triad of the enzmyes which are metabolizing the CO2, i.e. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase-Oxygenase (Rubisco), Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase (PEP-Co) and carbonic anhydrase (CA). Therefore, we discuss a physiological/biochemical adaptation of these enzymes to affect the sink strength of vegetation for COS. We investigated the adaption of two European tree species, Fagus sylvatica and Quercus ilex, grown inside chambers under elevated CO2 and determined the exchange characteristics and the content of CA after a 1–2 yr period of adaption from 350 ppm to 800 ppm CO2. We could demonstrate that the COS compensation point, the CA activity and the deposition velocities may change and cause a decrease of the COS uptake by plant ecosystems. As a consequence, the atmospheric COS level may rise leading to higher input of this trace gas into the stratosphere and causing a higher energy reflection by the stratospheric sulfur aerosol into space, thus counteracting the direct radiative forcing by the tropospheric COS.

Ultra-Low Amounts of Palladium (0.005-0.05 Wt% Pd) Supported on Titania: Remarkable Low-Temperature Activity for NO Reduction with CO and Structure-Function Property Relationships in Methane Oxidation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin Khivantsev ◽  
Libor Kovarik ◽  
Nicholas R. Jaegers ◽  
János Szanyi ◽  
Yong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Methane Oxidation ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Methane Steam Reforming ◽  
Oxide Reduction ◽  
Water Steam ◽  
Methane Steam ◽  
Anatase Titania ◽  
Nitric Oxide Reduction

<p>Atomically dispersed Pd +2 cations with ultra-dilute loading of palladium (0.005-0.05 wt%) were anchored on anatase titania and characterized with FTIR, microscopy and catalytic tests. CO infrared adsorption produces a sharp, narrow mono-carbonyl Pd(II)-CO band at ~2,130 cm<sup>-1</sup> indicating formation of highly uniform and stable Pd+2 ions on anatase titania. The 0.05 wt% Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> sample was evaluated for methane combustion under dry and wet (industrially relevant) conditions in the presence and absence of carbon monoxide. Notably, we find the isolated palladium atoms respond dynamically upon oxygen concentration modulation (switching-on and switching off). When oxygen is removed from the wet methane stream, palladium ions are reduced to metallic state by methane and catalyze methane steam reforming instead of complete methane oxidation. Re-admission of oxygen restores Pd<sup>+2</sup> cations and switches off methane steam reforming activity. Moreover, 0.05 wt% Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> is a competent CO oxidation catalyst in the presence of water steam with 90% CO conversion and TOF ~ 4,000 hr<sup>-1</sup> at 260 ⁰C. </p><p>More importantly, we find that diluting 0.05 wt% Pd/titania sample with titania to ultra-low 0.005 wt% palladium loading produces a remarkably active material for nitric oxide reduction with carbon monoxide under industrially relevant conditions with >90% conversion of nitric oxide at 180 ⁰C (~460 ppm NO and 150 L/g*hr flow rate in the presence of >2% water steam) and TOF ~6,000 hr<sup>-1</sup>. Pd thus outperforms state-of-the-art rhodium containing catalysts with (15-20 times higher rhodium loading; rhodium is ~ 3 times more expensive than palladium). Furthermore, palladium catalysts are more selective towards nitrogen and produce significantly less ammonia relative to the more traditional rhodium catalysts due to lower Pd amount nd lower water-gas-shift activity. Our study is the first example of utilizing ultra-low (0.05 wt% and less) noble metal (Pd) amounts to produce heterogeneous catalysts with extraordinary activity for nitric oxide reduction. This opens up a pathway to study other Pd, Pt and Rh containing materials with ultra-low loadings of expensive noble metals dispersed on titania or titania-coated oxides for industrially relevant nitric oxide abatement.</p>

scholarly journals Cloned, expressed rat cerebellar nitric oxide synthase contains stoichiometric amounts of heme, which binds carbon monoxide.

1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (23) ◽  
pp. 11141-11145 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. McMillan ◽  
D. S. Bredt ◽  
D. J. Hirsch ◽  
S. H. Snyder ◽  
J. E. Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽  
Oxide Synthase

scholarly journals Oceanic phytoplankton are a potentially important source of benzenoids to the remote marine atmosphere

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manon Rocco ◽  
Erin Dunne ◽  
Maija Peltola ◽  
Neill Barr ◽  
Jonathan Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfide ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Marine Phytoplankton ◽  
Marine Atmosphere ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Incubation Experiments ◽  
Phytoplankton Communities ◽  
Anthropogenic Air Pollutants ◽  
Benzene Toluene

AbstractBenzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes can contribute to hydroxyl reactivity and secondary aerosol formation in the atmosphere. These aromatic hydrocarbons are typically classified as anthropogenic air pollutants, but there is growing evidence of biogenic sources, such as emissions from plants and phytoplankton. Here we use a series of shipborne measurements of the remote marine atmosphere, seawater mesocosm incubation experiments and phytoplankton laboratory cultures to investigate potential marine biogenic sources of these compounds in the oceanic atmosphere. Laboratory culture experiments confirmed marine phytoplankton are a source of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes and in mesocosm experiments their sea-air fluxes varied between seawater samples containing differing phytoplankton communities. These fluxes were of a similar magnitude or greater than the fluxes of dimethyl sulfide, which is considered to be the key reactive organic species in the marine atmosphere. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes fluxes were observed to increase under elevated headspace ozone concentration in the mesocosm incubation experiments, indicating that phytoplankton produce these compounds in response to oxidative stress. Our findings suggest that biogenic sources of these gases may be sufficiently strong to influence atmospheric chemistry in some remote ocean regions.

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