scholarly journals Evaluation of Peaks-Over-Threshold Method

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soheil Saeed Far ◽  
Ahmad Khairi Abd. Wahab
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Method ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Generalized Pareto Distribution ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Peaks Over Threshold ◽  
Threshold Method ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
True Threshold ◽  
Analysis Models

Abstract. Two extreme wave analysis models, namely Peaks-Over-Threshold (POT) and Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD), were developed in order to improve the POT model and highlight merits and limitations of the two models. Studies have shown that the POT model was not equipped with a suitable approach to determine a true threshold value. This paper proposed an approach to specify the most suitable threshold value for the POT model, which is called Hybrid method. In addition, until now the MIR (minimum ratio of residual correlation coefficient) criterion has been used as a goodness-of-fit method in the POT model. However, the examinations on the method represented that MIR is not always a stable approach in determining true distribution function. This paper proposed an alternative approach instead of the MIR criterion method, it is called Norm of Residuals, and its credibility was examined by the Chi-Square test. The results drawn from this study also demonstrated that the Hybrid method completely matched with the POT model, and the threshold obtained by this method is credible, moreover, the Norm of Residuals method is completely stable in determining the best fitting distribution for the POT model.

Prediction of Haemoglobin Level by Some Probability Distribution

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-88
Author(s):  
Govinda Prasad Dhungana ◽  
Laxmi Prasad Sapkota
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Hemoglobin Level ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Best Fit

 Hemoglobin level is a continuous variable. So, it follows some theoretical probability distribution Normal, Log-normal, Gamma and Weibull distribution having two parameters. There is low variation in observed and expected frequency of Normal distribution in bar diagram. Similarly, calculated value of chi-square test (goodness of fit) is observed which is lower in Normal distribution. Furthermore, plot of PDFof Normal distribution covers larger area of histogram than all of other distribution. Hence Normal distribution is the best fit to predict the hemoglobin level in future.

scholarly journals Genetic polymorphisms of fecundity genes in Watish Sudanese desert sheep

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 614-621
Author(s):  
Sara E. Ibrahim Mohamed ◽  
Romaz M. Ahmed ◽  
Khaleel I. Z. Jawasreh ◽  
M. A. M. Salih ◽  
Dalia Mursi Abdelhalim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Morphogenetic Protein ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Association Testing ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
Protein Receptor ◽  
Morphogenetic Protein ◽  
Growth Differentiation Factor 9 ◽  
Chi Square Test

Background and Aim: The Watish sheep is a strain of desert sheep of smaller size compared to other desert sheep ecotypes, and there is anecdotal evidence that it is endowed with high litter size. The present study was designed for screening for polymorphisms in the known fecundity genes (bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1B A<G in exon 6, bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) (FecXB, FecXG, FecXH, and FecXI) in exon2, growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) – G1 in exon1 and G8 in exon2 and PRLG<A in intron2) and their association with litter size in Watish. Materials and Methods: The study involved 156 Watish ewes of 2-6 years of age, along with data on litter size in the first, second, and third parity from Sinnar state and contiguous Blue Nile State. Genomic DNA was isolated and genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Allele and genotype frequencies were calculated by direct counting. Chi-square test for goodness of fit was performed for agreement with Hardy-Weinberg expectations and association testing. Results: The results demonstrated that all individuals were non-carriers for the target mutations of FecB, BMP15 (FecXB, FecXH, and FecXI), and GDF9-G8. With regard to the GDF9-G1 gene, the genotypic frequencies were 0.07% (G+) and 0.93% (++), in FecXG gene they were 0.993% (++) and 0.006% (B+), in PRL gene 0.516(++), 0.347(B+), and 0.137(BB). The Chi-square test showed a non-significant association between ewe's type of birth and the detected mutations genotypes. Conclusion: These results preliminarily indicated that GDF9-G1, BMP15 (FecXG), and PRL genes might have had some contribution for improving litter size in Watish Sudanese sheep. However, further studies using larger samples are needed to detect the effects of those mutations on Watish sheep litter size.

scholarly journals Digitization of Educational Technology Centres for Teaching Electrical and Electronics Technology in Colleges of Education in North Eastern Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-207
Author(s):  
Dauda Moses ◽  
Nasiru Bello Mohammed ◽  
Amos Danlami Agbu ◽  
Lumo Adams Gainaka
Keyword(s):  
Educational Technology ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
National Commission ◽  
Colleges Of Education ◽  
School Students ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Public School Students ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Descriptive Survey

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the level of digitization of Educational Technology Centres for teaching electrical and electronics technology in Colleges of Education in North Eastern Nigeria in order to provide information that will help solve problems of incompetence of public school students in Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The study, guided by two research questions and two hypotheses was conducted in six Colleges of Education in North Eastern Nigeria using descriptive survey research design. The sample of the study was 50 comprising of 15 non-teaching Educational Technology Centres staff and 35 Electrical and Electronics Technology lecturers from five colleges of education in North Eastern Nigeria. Checklist containing 103 expected digital facilities based on National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE) minimum standard for Educational Technology Facilities in Colleges of Education in North Eastern Nigeria was used as instrument for data collection. Respondents were required to fill in observed facilities in the required column. Arithmetic percentage and Chi–square test of goodness-of-fit and were used determine the extent of digitization of the Educational Technology Centres in Colleges of Education in North Eastern Nigeria. Findings of the study revealed among others that analog technologies has higher number of frequency counts compared to digital technologies, hence there was low digitization of hardware facilities in Educational Technology Centres in Colleges of Education in North Eastern Nigeria. The study therefore concluded that Educational Technology Centres in Colleges of Education in North Eastern Nigeria were not digitized for instructional purposes; therefore, Government should digitize Educational Technology Centres in Colleges of Education in North Eastern Nigeria by adequately providing both digital hard and soft ware facilities.

scholarly journals PEMILIHAN DISTRIBUSI PROBABILITAS PADA ANALISA HUJAN DENGAN METODE GOODNESS OF FIT TEST

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148
Author(s):  
Togani Cahyadi Upomo ◽  
Rini Kusumawardani
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Gumbel Distribution ◽  
Rainfall Event ◽  
Goodness Of Fit Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Log Normal Distribution ◽  
Pearson Iii Distribution

Rainfall event is a stochastic process, so to explain and analyze this processes the probability theory and frequency analysisare used. There are four types of probability distributions.They are normal, log normal, log Pearson III and Gumbel. To find the best probabilities distribution, it will used goodness of fit test. The tests consist of chi-square and smirnov-kolmogorov. Results of the chi-square test for normal distribution, log normal and log Pearson III was 0.200, while for the Gumbel distribution was 2.333. Results of Smirnov Kolmogorov test for normal distribution D = 0.1554, log-normal distribution D = 0.1103, log Pearson III distribution D = 0.1177 and Gumbel distribution D = 0.095. All of the distribution can be accepted with a confidence level of 95%, but the best distribution is log normal distribution.Kejadian hujan merupakan proses stokastik, sehingga untuk keperluan analisa dan menjelaskan proses stokastik tersebut digunakan teori probabilitas dan analisa frekuensi. Terdapat empat jenis distribusi probabilitas yaitu distribusi normal, log normal, log pearson III dan gumbel. Untuk mencari distribusi probabilitas terbaik maka akan digunakan pengujian metode goodness of fit test. Pengujian tersebut meliputi uji chi-kuadrat dan uji smirnov kolmogorov. Hasil pengujian chi kuadrat untuk distribusi normal, log normal dan log pearson III adalah 0.200, sedangkan untuk distribusi gumbel 2.333. Hasil pengujian smirnov kolmogorov untuk distribusi normal dengan nilai D = 0.1554, distribusi log normal dengan nilai D = 0.1103, distribusi log pearson III dengan nilai D = 0.1177 dan distribusi gumbel dengan nilai D = 0.095. Seluruh distribusi dapat diterima dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95%, tetapi distribusi terbaik adalah distribusi log normal.

The Application of the Chi-Square Test of Goodness-of-Fit to Mortality Data Graduated by Summation Formulae.

1971 ◽  
Vol 97 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 325-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Pollard
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Summation Formula ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Goodness Of Fit Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Summation Formulae ◽  
Chi Square Test

In his paper of 1941, Seal included details of some experiments he performed in an attempt to estimate the appropriate number of degrees of freedom for the chi-square goodness-of-fit test of a summation formula graduation. These results are referred to by Tetley and by Benjamin and Haycocks in their textbooks when they mention the difficulty of determining the number of degrees of freedom or mean chi-square value.

scholarly journals Mapping premature ovarian insufficiency and potential environmental factors: A tool for triggering in-depth research of the problem in Slovenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Živa Miriam Geršak ◽  
Ksenija Geršak ◽  
Tanja Rejc ◽  
Lucija Perharič ◽  
Lijana Zaletel-Kragelj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Premature Ovarian Insufficiency ◽  
Ovarian Insufficiency ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test

Aiming at triggering in-depth research of the problem of Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI) in Slovenia, we assessed the regional differences in POI incidence emphasising the relationship with social and physical environmental factors at the population level using a mapping approach. The differences in POI incidence between regions were tested by goodness-of-fit chi-square test, while Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the ecological relationship between POI incidence and selected environmental indicators. Significant indicators were mapped. The results showed highly significant interregional differences in POI incidence (p<0.001). Statistically significant ecological relationships were observed between POI incidence and prevalence of active smoking (p=0.001), passive smoking (p=0.017) and consumption of vitamins (p=0.008). The results could be used in diminishing interregional differences in POI. It was concluded that mapping is an effective tool in public health research, especially in triggering new activities.

Preferences for and expectations about experimental therapy among participants in randomized trials

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6013-6013
Author(s):  
S. Joffe ◽  
M. Stumacher ◽  
J. W. Clark ◽  
J. C. Weeks
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Treatment Preference ◽  
Experimental Therapy ◽  
Cancer Center ◽  
Primary Analysis ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
Chi Square Test

6013 Background: Equipoise is often viewed as the ethical precondition for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Equipoise is usually defined as a state of uncertainty or disagreement among expert clinicians, but some ethicists argue instead that individual participants should be indifferent between the study arms. The degree to which cancer RCT participants have preferences for either arm is not known. Methods: Adults who had enrolled in a 2-arm RCT at a Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center institution within 21 days were eligible. A mailed questionnaire asked about treatment assignment, treatment preference, and expectations about the relative efficacy and toxicity of the 2 arms. The primary analysis was a goodness-of-fit chi-square test of the null hypothesis that equal proportions of respondents would prefer the standard vs. investigational arm. Results: 82 of 126 RCT participants (65%) responded. 31 (38%) were assigned to the standard arm, 26 (32%) were assigned to the experimental arm, and 25 (30%) were enrolled in blinded trials. Respondents tended to prefer assignment to the experimental rather than the standard arm (p = 0.006), and expected the investigational arm to be more effective than the standard arm (p = 0.0004). Respondents did not consistently expect that either arm would be more toxic ( Table ). Conclusions: Cancer RCT participants tend to prefer the experimental arm. Thus either the design of cancer RCTs must be altered to accommodate participant preference, or individual-participant equipoise must be abandoned. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.

scholarly journals FREQUENCY, DISTRIBUTION AND DETERMINANTS OF HYPERTENSION IN ADULT STROKE POPULATION OF D.I.KHAN DIVISION, PAKISTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazafatul Ain ◽  
Saira Khan ◽  
Muhammad Marwat ◽  
Nisar Khan ◽  
Iftikhar Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Stroke Population ◽  
Chi Square Test

Background: Global Health Estimates 2015 has shown the stroke as second leading global cause of death and 3rd leading global cause for DALYs for year 2015. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency, distribution and determinants of hypertension in adult stroke population of D.I.Khan Division, Pakistan. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Community Medicine, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, Pakistan from February 1, 2017 to April 30, 2017. A sample 217 was selected with margin of error 5.59%, 90%CL and 50% prevalence of hypertension in 200,000 adults at risk of stroke population through consecutive sampling. All indoor adult patients of stroke were eligible. Sex, age groups, and residence and presence of hypertension were variables. Frequency and distribution of hypertension were analyzed by count and percentage. Hypotheses for distribution were substantiated by chi-square goodness-of-fit and of association by chi-square test of association. Results: Out of 217 patients with stroke, 123 (56.7%) were men and 94 (43.3%) were women, 86 (39.6%) were≤60 years and 131 (60.4%) were>60 years, and 105 (48.4%) were urban and 112 (51.6%) were rural. Frequency of hypertension was 132/217 (60.83%). Out of 132 patients with hypertension, men were 74 (34.10%), women 58 (26.73%), age group≤60 years 46 (21.20%), >60 years 86 (39.63%), urban 72 (33.18%) and rural 60 (27.65%). Presence of hypertension was associated to residence (p=.023) but not to sex (p=.817) and age groups (p=.072). Conclusion: Frequency of hypertension in adult stroke population of D.I.Khan Division, Pakistan was found to be similar as expected. Frequency was more in men, in older age group (of>60years) and in urban population. The presence of hypertension in adult stroke population of D.I.Khan Division was associated to residence but not to sex and age groups.

scholarly journals FREQUENCY, DISTRIBUTION AND DETERMINANTS OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN ADULT ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME POPULATION OF D.I.KHAN DIVISION, PAKISTAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 131-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Marwat ◽  
Iftikhar Ahmad ◽  
Fariha Ashiq ◽  
Sania Ali ◽  
Sher Zamir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Chi Square Test

Background: Global Health Estimates 2015 has shown IHD as second leading global cause of death and 3rd leading global cause for DALYs for 2015. The objectives of this study were to determine frequency, distribution and determinants of DM in adult acute coronary syndrome (ACS) population of D.I.Khan Division, Pakistan. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Departments of Ophthalmology & Community Medicine, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, from February 1, 2017 to April 30, 2017. 331 cases were selected with margin of error 4.511%, 90%CL and 25% prevalence of DM in 73,438 adults assumed to have IHD. All indoor adult patients of ACS were eligible. Sex, age groups, and residence and presence of DM were variables. Frequency and distribution were analyzed by count and percentage. Hypotheses for distribution were substantiated by chi-square goodness-of-fit and of association by chi-square test of association. Results: Out of 331 patients with ACS, 225 (68.0%) were men and 106 (32.0%) women, 221 (66.8%) ≤60 years and 110 (33.2%) >60 years, and 210 (63.4%) urban and 121 (35.6%) rural. Frequency of DM was 79/331 (23.87%). Out of 79 patients with DM, men were 44 (13.29%), women 35 (10.57%), age group ≤60 years 57 (17.22%), >60 years 22 (6.65%), urban 53 (16.01%) and rural 60 (7.85%). Our prevalence of DM was lower than expected (p=.00214), our distribution by sex was similar to expected (p=.4993) while our distribution for age groups (p=.01209) and residence (p=.00005) were not similar to expected. Presence of DM was associated to sex (p=.011) but not to age groups (p=.0304) and residence (p=.5241). Conclusion: Prevalence of DM in adult ACS population of D.I.Khan Division, Pakistan was found lower than expected. The prevalence was more in men than women, more in younger age group (≤60 years) than older age group (>60 years) and more in urban than rural population. Our prevalence of DM was lower than expected, our distribution by sex was similar to expected while our distribution for age groups and residence were not similar to expected. The presence of DM was associated to sex but not to age groups and residence.

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