scholarly journals Evaluating primary productivity, ripple effect and resilience of fluvial ecosystems: a new approach to assessing environmental flow requirement

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yui Shinozaki ◽  
Naoki Shirakawa
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Environmental Flow ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Ripple Effect ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Aquatic Biomass ◽  
Fluvial Ecosystems ◽  
New Criteria ◽  
Allocation Strategies ◽  
Flow Requirement

Abstract. Productivity, ripple effect and resilience are characteristics of fluvial ecosystems. To evaluate these factors and develop new criteria for estimating environmental flow requirement (EFR), we propose a fluvial biomass model which calculates the amount of aquatic biomass accumulated through physical and climatic processes. Using this model, we introduce the indices of Contribution to Downstream Ecosystems (CDE) and Ecological Recovery Time (ERT) and apply them in the estimation of global EFRs. Average EFR values were estimated at 42 % of mean annual discharge. In comparison with previous global EFR estimates based on flow regime only, our model suggests 20 %–50 % higher values in monsoonal and savanna regions with high ecological richness, and in the lower reaches of large rivers in the higher latitudes where primary productivity is low and ecosystems largely depend on allochthonous biomass supply. The main advantage of our model is the ability to set variable EFRs within a river basin based on differences in ecological characteristics driven by climatic conditions and tributaries. Taking such longitudinal differences in EFR into account aids in developing integrated water allocation strategies by reflecting differences in water resource availability for humans within a catchment.

A chemical–mineralogical classification of common plutonic rocks and associations

1983 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Debon ◽  
P. Le Fort
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Data ◽  
Quartz Content ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Mineralogical Characteristics ◽  
Simple Chemical ◽  
Plutonic Rocks ◽  
The Individual ◽  
New Criteria ◽  
Different Levels

ABSTRACTA classification is proposed, based mainly on major element analytical data plotted in a coherent set of three simple chemical-mineralogical diagrams. The procedure follows two complementary steps at two different levels. The first is concerned with the individual sample: the sample is given a name (e.g. granite, adamellite, granodiorite) and its chemical and mineralogical characteristics are determined. The second one is more important: it aims at defining the type of magmatic association (or series) to which the studied sample or group of samples belongs. Three main types of association are distinguished: cafemic (from source-material mainly or completely mantle-derived), aluminous (mainly or completely derived by anatexis of continental crust), and alumino-cafemic (intermediate between the other two types). Subtypes are then distinguished among the cafemic and alumino-cafemic associations: calc-alkaline (or granodioritic), subalkaline (or monzonitic), alkaline (and peralkaline), tholeiitic (or gabbroic-trondhjemitic), etc. In the same way, numerous subtypes and variants are also distinguished among the aluminous associations using a set of complementary criteria such as quartz content, colour index, alkali ratio, quartz–alkalies relationships and alumina index.Although involving a new approach using partly new criteria, this classification is consistent with most of the divisions used in previous typologies. The method may also be used in the classification of the volcanic equivalents of common plutonic rocks.

scholarly journals Quantification of Environmental Flow Requirement for some Rivers in West Java

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
pp. 07003
Author(s):  
Waluyo Hatmoko ◽  
Levina ◽  
Radhika ◽  
Amirwandi ◽  
Rendy
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Environmental Flow ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
West Java ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Tennant Method ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Flow Requirement

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). Water management is making a balance between water for livelihood and water as a resource. Environmental Flow Requirement (EFR) is water conservation, on the side of the water for livelihood, to sustain the river ecosystem. In Indonesia, the common quantification of EFR is dependable flow Q95%. However, there are alternative quantities: a) Guideline of irrigation states that 5% from the available water in the river is for environmental purposes; b) Adoption of the Tennant Method of using 10% of the mean flow; and recently Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in the framework of SDG proposed that in Java Island the EFR is from 40% to 50% of the mean annual flow. This paper discusses several ways of quantification of the EFR in Indonesia, and apply the different EFR quantities to Citarum, Cimanuk, and Cimandiri Rivers in West Java. It is concluded that EFR quantity according to FAO that might be suitable for the rivers in the pristine catchments in the southern part of West Java is too high for the rivers in the northern part of West Java which is heavily populated and maturely developed. Furthermore, the dependable flow of Q95% is found to be close to the quantity of FAO, but in the dry season, Q95% is more suitable. It is recommended using a modified FAO that combine with Q95% during the dry season.

scholarly journals Sedimentary changes on the Southeastern Brazilian upper slope during the last 35,000 years

2007 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel M. Mahiques ◽  
Marina M. Fukumoto ◽  
Ilson C.A. Silveira ◽  
Rubens C.L. Figueira ◽  
Marcia C. Bícego ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Sedimentation Rates ◽  
Sedimentary Characteristics ◽  
Brazil Current ◽  
Sedimentary Core ◽  
Upper Slope

A first evaluation of the sedimentary changes, including accumulation of inorganic and organic carbon on the upper slope off Southeastern Brazil under different climatic conditions, based on the analysis of a sedimentary core, is here presented. Results indicate that sedimentation rate as well sedimentary characteristics, including the nature of the organic carbon deposited during the LGM (Last Glacial Maximum), were different from the present deposition, indicating higher primary productivity during the LGM, to be accounted for by the higher values of marine organic carbon. Nevertheless, the higher values of Accumulation Rate of calcium carbonate and organic carbon can be credited to the higher values of the sedimentation rates. Conditions prevailing during Isotope Stage 3 may be considered intermediate as between the LGM and the present day. The conditions for a higher primary productivity associated with the deposition of finer terrigenous sediments may be explained as a response to the off shoreward displacement of the main flow of the Brazil Current.

Assessment of environmental flow requirement effects at an estuary

2013 ◽  
Vol 166 (8) ◽  
pp. 411-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Ehsan Fatemi ◽  
Freydon Vafaie ◽  
Hans Bressers
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Flow ◽  
Flow Requirement

A new approach for studying the operation of a secondary sedimentation tank

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-197
Author(s):  
Ing. Lucio Pezza
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Sedimentation Tank ◽  
New Criteria

A new theory regarding the behavior of activated sludge in a sedimentation tank has been developed, based on the principles of momentum preservation in suspended sludge, the ratio between drag and gravity, and the potential energy of the sludge blanket. Field tests enabled the determination of new criteria for the functioning of secondary sedimentation tanks complying with this new theory.

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