scholarly journals Regional soil moisture monitoring network in the Raam catchment in the Netherlands

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harm-Jan F. Benninga ◽  
Coleen D. U. Carranza ◽  
Michiel Pezij ◽  
Pim van Santen ◽  
Martine J. van der Ploeg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
First Year ◽  
Moisture Profile ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events

Abstract. We have established a soil moisture profile monitoring network in the 223 km2 Raam Catchment, a tributary of the Meuse River in the Netherlands. This catchment faces water shortage during summers and excess of water during winters and after extreme precipitation events. Water management can benefit from reliable information on the soil water availability in the unsaturated zone. In situ measurements provide a direct source of information on which water managers can base their decisions. Moreover, these measurements are commonly used as a reference for calibration and validation of soil moisture products derived from earth observations or obtained by model simulations. Distributed over the Raam Catchment, we have equipped 14 agricultural fields and one natural grass field with soil moisture and soil temperature monitoring instrumentation, consisting of Decagon 5TM sensors installed at depths of 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm, 40 cm and 80 cm. Soil-specific calibration functions that have been developed for the 5TM sensors under laboratory conditions lead to an accuracy of 0.02 m3 m−3. The first set of measurements has been retrieved for the period 5 April 2016–4 April 2017. In this paper, we describe the Raam monitoring network and instrumentation, the soil-specific calibration of the sensors, the first year of measurements, and additional measurements (soil temperature, phreatic groundwater levels and meteorological data) and information (elevation, soil texture, land cover, and geohydrological model) available for performing scientific research. The data is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.4121/uuid:2411bbb8-2161-4f31-985f-7b65b8448bc9.

scholarly journals The Raam regional soil moisture monitoring network in the Netherlands

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harm-Jan F. Benninga ◽  
Coleen D. U. Carranza ◽  
Michiel Pezij ◽  
Pim van Santen ◽  
Martine J. van der Ploeg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Moisture Profile ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events

Abstract. We have established a soil moisture profile monitoring network in the Raam region in the Netherlands. This region faces water shortages during summers and excess of water during winters and after extreme precipitation events. Water management can benefit from reliable information on the soil water availability and water storing capacity in the unsaturated zone. In situ measurements provide a direct source of information on which water managers can base their decisions. Moreover, these measurements are commonly used as a reference for the calibration and validation of soil moisture content products derived from earth observations or obtained by model simulations. Distributed over the Raam region, we have equipped 14 agricultural fields and 1 natural grass field with soil moisture and soil temperature monitoring instrumentation, consisting of Decagon 5TM sensors installed at depths of 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 cm. In total, 12 stations are located within the Raam catchment (catchment area of 223 km2), and 5 of these stations are located within the closed sub-catchment Hooge Raam (catchment area of 41 km2). Soil-specific calibration functions that have been developed for the 5TM sensors under laboratory conditions lead to an accuracy of 0.02 m3 m−3. The first set of measurements has been retrieved for the period 5 April 2016–4 April 2017. In this paper, we describe the Raam monitoring network and instrumentation, the soil-specific calibration of the sensors, the first year of measurements, and additional measurements (soil temperature, phreatic groundwater levels and meteorological data) and information (elevation, soil physical characteristics, land cover and a geohydrological model) available for performing scientific research. The data are available at https://doi.org/10.4121/uuid:dc364e97-d44a-403f-82a7-121902deeb56.

scholarly journals Impact of elevated precipitation, nitrogen deposition and warming on soil respiration in a temperate desert

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 2007-2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Yue ◽  
Xiaoqing Cui ◽  
Yanming Gong ◽  
Kaihui Li ◽  
Keith Goulding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Climate Feedback ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Temperate Desert

Abstract. Soil respiration (Rs) is the most important source of carbon dioxide emissions from soil to atmosphere. However, it is unclear what the interactive response of Rs would be to environmental changes such as elevated precipitation, nitrogen (N) deposition and warming, especially in unique temperate desert ecosystems. To investigate this an in situ field experiment was conducted in the Gurbantunggut Desert, northwest China, from September 2014 to October 2016. The results showed that precipitation and N deposition significantly increased Rs, but warming decreased Rs, except in extreme precipitation events, which was mainly through its impact on the variation of soil moisture at 5 cm depth. In addition, the interactive response of Rs to combinations of the factors was much less than that of any single-factor, and the main response was a positive effect, except for the response from the interaction of increased precipitation and high N deposition (60 kg N ha−1 yr−1). Although Rs was found to show a unimodal change pattern with the variation of soil moisture, soil temperature and soil NH4+-N content, and it was significantly positively correlated to soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and pH, a structural equation model found that soil temperature was the most important controlling factor. Those results indicated that Rs was mainly interactively controlled by the soil multi-environmental factors and soil nutrients, and was very sensitive to elevated precipitation, N deposition and warming. However, the interactions of multiple factors largely reduced between-year variation of Rs more than any single-factor, suggesting that the carbon cycle in temperate deserts could be profoundly influenced by positive carbon–climate feedback.

Evaluation of 2018 drought and effectiveness of adaptation measures in the Netherlands

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjolein H.J. van Huijgevoort ◽  
Janine A. de Wit ◽  
Ruud P. Bartholomeus
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Hydrological Drought ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
The Impact

<p>Extreme dry conditions occurred over the summer of 2018 in the Netherlands. This severe drought event led to very low groundwater  and surface water levels. These impacted several sectors like navigation, agriculture, nature and drinking water supply. Especially in the Pleistocene uplands of the Netherlands, the low groundwater levels had a large impact on crop yields and biodiversity in nature areas. Projections show that droughts with this severity will occur more often in the future due to changes in climate. To mitigate the impact of these drought events, water management needs to be altered.</p><p>In this study, we evaluated the 2018 drought event in the sandy regions of the Netherlands and studied which measures could be most effective to mitigate drought impact. We have included meteorological, soil moisture and hydrological drought and the propagation of the drought through these types. Droughts were determined with standardized indices (e.g. Standardized Precipitation Index) and the variable threshold level method. Investigated measures were, for example, higher water levels in ditches, reduced irrigation from groundwater, and increased water conservation in winter. We also studied the timing of these measures to determine the potential for mitigating effects during a drought versus the effectiveness of long term adaptation. The measures were simulated with the agro-hydrological Soil–Water–Atmosphere–Plant (SWAP) model for several areas across the Netherlands for both agricultural fields and nature sites.</p><p>As expected, decreasing irrigation from groundwater reduced the severity of the hydrological drought in the region. Severity of the soil moisture drought also decreased in fields that were never irrigated due to the effects of capillary rise from the groundwater, but, as expected, increased in currently irrigated fields. Increasing the level of a weir in ditches had a relatively small effect on the hydrological drought, provided water was available to sustain higher water levels. This measure is, therefore, better suited as a long term change than as ad hoc measure during a drought. The effectiveness of the measures depended on the characteristics of the regions; for some regions small changes led to increases in groundwater levels for several months, whereas in other regions effects were lost after a few weeks. This study gives insight into the most effective measures to mitigate drought impacts in low-lying sandy regions like the Netherlands.</p>

scholarly journals Monitoring soil moisture from middle to high elevation in Switzerland: Set-up and first results from the SOMOMOUNT network

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Pellet ◽  
Christian Hauck
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Altitudinal Distribution ◽  
Mountain Environments ◽  
Stability Of Slopes

Abstract. Besides its important role in the energy and water balance at the soil-atmosphere interface, soil moisture can be a particular important factor in mountain environments since it influences the amount of freezing and thawing in the subsurface and can affect the stability of slopes. In permafrost areas, it is strongly linked to the ground ice content and by this modifies the characteristics and behaviour of periglacial landforms. In spite of its importance, the technical challenges and its strong spatial variability usually prevents soil moisture from being measured operationally at high and/or middle altitudes. This study describes the new Swiss soil moisture monitoring network SOMOMOUNT launched in 2013 consisting in six entirely automated soil moisture stations distributed along an altitudinal gradient between the Jura Mountains and the Swiss Alps, ranging from 1205 m to 3410 m elevation. In addition to the standard instrumentation comprising Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR) and Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) sensors along vertical profiles, soil probes and meteorological data are available at each station. In this contribution we will present a detailed description of the SOMOMOUNT instrumentation and calibration procedures. Additionally, the data collected during the three first years of the project will be discussed in relation to their altitudinal distribution. Clear differences in soil moisture patterns are visible between sites with permanently and seasonally frozen as well as unfrozen ground conditions and can be related to several factors such as the subsurface composition (organic versus mineral), the elevation and the snow cover characteristics.

scholarly journals Monitoring soil moisture from middle to high elevation in Switzerland: set-up and first results from the SOMOMOUNT network

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 3199-3220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Pellet ◽  
Christian Hauck
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Altitudinal Distribution ◽  
Mountain Environments ◽  
Stability Of Slopes

Abstract. Besides its important role in the energy and water balance at the soil–atmosphere interface, soil moisture can be a particular important factor in mountain environments since it influences the amount of freezing and thawing in the subsurface and can affect the stability of slopes. In spite of its importance, the technical challenges and its strong spatial variability usually prevents soil moisture from being measured operationally at high and/or middle altitudes. This study describes the new Swiss soil moisture monitoring network SOMOMOUNT (soil moisture in mountainous terrain) launched in 2013. It consists of six entirely automated soil moisture stations distributed along an altitudinal gradient between the Jura Mountains and the Swiss Alps, ranging from 1205 to 3410 m a.s.l. in elevation. In addition to the standard instrumentation comprising frequency domain sensor and time domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors along vertical profiles, soil probes and meteorological data are available at each station. In this contribution we present a detailed description of the SOMOMOUNT instrumentation and calibration procedures. Additionally, the liquid soil moisture (LSM) data collected during the first 3 years of the project are discussed with regard to their soil type and climate dependency as well as their altitudinal distribution. The observed elevation dependency of LSM is found to be non-linear, with an increase of the mean annual values up to  ∼  2000 m a.s.l. followed by a decreasing trend towards higher elevations. This altitude threshold marks the change between precipitation-/evaporation-controlled and frost-affected LSM regimes. The former is characterized by high LSM throughout the year and minimum values in summer, whereas the latter typically exhibits long-lasting winter minimum LSM values and high variability during the summer.

scholarly journals Spatially distributed water-balance and meteorological data from the rain-snow transition, southern Sierra Nevada, California

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Bales ◽  
Erin Stacy ◽  
Mohammad Safeeq ◽  
Xiande Meng ◽  
Matthew Meadows ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Spatially Distributed

Abstract. We strategically placed spatially distributed sensors to provide representative measures of changes in snowpack and subsurface water storage, plus the fluxes affecting these stores, in a set of nested headwater catchments. We present eight years of hourly snow-depth, soil-moisture and soil-temperature data, and 14 years of quarter-hourly streamflow and meteorological data that detail water-balance processes at the rain-snow transition at Providence Creek in the southern Sierra Nevada, California. Providence Creek is the co-operated long-term study run by the Southern Sierra Critical Zone Observatory and the U.S.D.A. Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station's Kings River Experimental Watersheds. The 4-km2 montane Providence Creek catchment spans the current rain-snow transition elevation of 1500–2100 m. Two meteorological stations bracket the high and low elevations of the catchment, measuring air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, precipitation, wind speed and direction, and snow depth, and at the higher station, snow water equivalent. Paired flumes at three subcatchments and a V-notch weir at the integrating catchment measure quarter-hourly streamflow. Measurements of meteorological and streamflow data began in 2002. Between 2008 and 2010, 50 sensor nodes were added to measure distributed snow depth, air temperature, soil temperature and soil moisture down to a depth of 1 m below the surface. These sensor nodes were installed to capture the lateral differences of aspect and canopy coverage. Data are available at hourly and daily intervals by water year (October 1–September 30) in non-proprietary formats from online data repositories (https://doi.org/10.6071/Z7WC73 and https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2017-0037).

Rhineland on the Way to its Thousandth Anniversary or Water-Administration in the Next 100–200 Years

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
E. H. baron van Tuyll van Serooskerken
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Land Utilization ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Coastal Defence ◽  
The North ◽  
Policies And Measures ◽  
Water Provision ◽  
Water Administration

An inventory is made of the effects of sea level rise and expected climatic change on the level of the district water authorities in the Netherlands and especially the “hoogheemraadschap” of Rhineland in the next 100-200 years. Special attention is paid to the effects on land utilization, coastal defence and water control. The first is hard to describe by lack of research, the second can already be determined in terms of cost; the third can be described in its effects on brackishness and water provision with indication of policies and measures to be taken. Preliminary conclusions are that larger efforts on coastal defence - even with present techniques - will be a realistic answer in terms of cost. The foreseen increase of brackishness in area and salt concentration, will give a significant extra need for fresh water. High cost and even higher risks have to be expected with regard to measures to neutralize the effects of a water surplus in winter and a growing water shortage in (late) summer, while the cost will further grow. Because of the effect a larger area must be drained off and water has to be raised higher as the Netherlands will sink in relation to the North Sea.

scholarly journals Regression Models for Soil Water Storage Estimation Using the ESA CCI Satellite Soil Moisture Product: A Case Study in Northeast Portugal

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Tomás de Figueiredo ◽  
Ana Caroline Royer ◽  
Felícia Fonseca ◽  
Fabiana Costa de Araújo Schütz ◽  
Zulimar Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Soil Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
The Relationship

The European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative Soil Moisture (ESA CCI SM) product provides soil moisture estimates from radar satellite data with a daily temporal resolution. Despite validation exercises with ground data that have been performed since the product’s launch, SM has not yet been consistently related to soil water storage, which is a key step for its application for prediction purposes. This study aimed to analyse the relationship between soil water storage (S), which was obtained from soil water balance computations with ground meteorological data, and soil moisture, which was obtained from radar data, as affected by soil water storage capacity (Smax). As a case study, a 14-year monthly series of soil water storage, produced via soil water balance computations using ground meteorological data from northeast Portugal and Smax from 25 mm to 150 mm, were matched with the corresponding monthly averaged SM product. Linear (I) and logistic (II) regression models relating S with SM were compared. Model performance (r2 in the 0.8–0.9 range) varied non-monotonically with Smax, with it being the highest at an Smax of 50 mm. The logistic model (II) performed better than the linear model (I) in the lower range of Smax. Improvements in model performance obtained with segregation of the data series in two subsets, representing soil water recharge and depletion phases throughout the year, outlined the hysteresis in the relationship between S and SM.

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