scholarly journals Variability of global radiation under the influence of cloudiness, cloud types and atmospheric circulation in Southern Poland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Zajączkowski ◽  
Ewa Łupikasza
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Global Radiation ◽  
Meteorological Station ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Southern Poland ◽  
Circulation Types ◽  
The Earth

<p>Solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface is a crucial energy source in the climate system and the primary factor regulating the planet energy balance. The amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth surface is conditioned by the atmosphere composition and its transparency that is determined by the content of aerosols, moisture and clouds. The Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolis (GZM) located in southern Poland, is the most urbanized part of the country and one of the most polluted parts of Europe, which has an impact on the atmosphere transparency and amount of global radiation at the Earth's surface. This study aims to determine the daily and annual variability in global radiation and its relationship with cloudiness, selected cloud types and atmospheric circulation.</p><p>This study is based on unique 10-minute global radiation data measured in the centre of GZM  at the meteorological station of the faculty of Earth Sciences. The data covers the periods between 2002 and 2019. Average radiation intensity was converted into hourly and daily radiation sums expressed in MJ/m<sup>2</sup>. Data on cloudiness were taken from the synoptic station Katowice Muchowiec located 9.6 km far from the meteorological station in GZM. The degree of cloud cover is expressed in a percentage of the sky covered with clouds. To analyse relationships between atmospheric circulation and global radiation, the calendar of circulation types and air masses for southern Poland was used.</p><p>Daily course calculated based on annual data showed that global radiation reached its highest values of 1.5 MJ/m<sup>2</sup> at 10 UTC. The highest hourly sums of global radiation varied seasonally from about 0.5 MJ/m<sup>2</sup> in winter to 2.0 MJ/m<sup>2</sup> in summer. The widest range of variability in particular hours was found in spring (the quartiles: 1.2 - 2.0 MJ/m<sup>2</sup>) and autumn (quartiles: 0.7 to 1.4 MJ/m<sup>2</sup>). It occurred that most cloudiness classes enhanced the global radiation compared to cloudless conditions. The highest radiation sums were recorded during the days with a cloudiness >0 and ≤20%. During such days, global radiation was higher by 3.2 MJ/m<sup>2</sup> than during cloudless days and 7.0 MJ/m<sup>2</sup> than the long-term average 2002-2019. Daily global radiation was lower than the long-term average by about 3.0 MJ/m<sup>2</sup> only during days with cloudiness > 80%. Cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus and cumulus enhanced global radiation by about 40% compared to the long-term average. Altostratus, nimbostratus and stratus reduced the global radiation by about 75% compared to the long-term average. Global radiation also varied depending on circulation types. Extreme values of global radiation were registered under non-advective anticyclonic conditions and during southern advection (maximum 15.0 MJ/m<sup>2</sup>) and during cyclonic types with air advection from the north (minimum 6.8 MJ/m<sup>2</sup>)</p>

scholarly journals Synoptic climatology of fog in selected locations of southern Poland (1966–2015)

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Łupikasza ◽  
Tadeusz Niedźwiedź
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Synoptic Climatology ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Southern Poland ◽  
Circulation Types ◽  
Annual Scale

Abstract This paper investigates fog frequency in southern Poland in relation to various topography (concave and convex forms) and atmospheric circulation types. It also discusses long-term variability in the annual and seasonal number of days with fog. Daily information on fog occurrence was taken from three high quality synoptic stations representing various landforms: Kraków-Balice (bottom of the hollow), Katowice-Muchowiec (Silesian Upland) and Bielsko-Aleksandrowice (summit of Carpathian Foothill). In the central part of southern Poland during the last 50 years (1966-2015) fog occurred on average during 53-67 days a year. The annual number of foggy days in Kraków (67 days) located in a structural basin was by 14-15 days higher than in Bielsko (53 days) situated in the Silesian Foothills. In the annual course, high fog occurrence (above 6 days per month) was observed from September to January, with the maximum in Kraków (10 days in October). At every station the monthly minimum of fog occurrence fell in July (2 days). In summer and spring the highest probability of fog occurrence was found on days with anticyclonic types and air advection from the northeastern (Na, NEa) and eastern (Ea, SEa) sectors. In autumn, a high probability was also found for the anticyclonic types with advection of air mass from the eastern and southern sectors. In the Carpathian Foothills (Bielsko) the probability of fog occurrence in winter was significantly enhanced only for the cyclonic types with air advection from the eastern sector (NEc, Ec, SEc) and nonadvective types Cc (cyclone centre) and Bc (cyclonic trough). Trends in the fog frequency were mostly insignificant. The only significant decreasing trend was found in Kraków on the annual scale and in summer when fog frequency was low.

scholarly journals Climatology of Cloud Vertical Structures from Long-Term High-Resolution Radiosonde Measurements in Beijing

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 401
Author(s):  
Qing Zhou ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Shuze Jia ◽  
Junli Jin ◽  
Shanshan Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Global Radiation ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Cloud Base

Clouds are significant in the global radiation budget, atmospheric circulation, and hydrological cycle. However, knowledge regarding the observed climatology of the cloud vertical structure (CVS) over Beijing is still poor. Based on high-resolution radiosonde observations at Beijing Nanjiao Weather Observatory (BNWO) during the period 2010–2017, the method for identifying CVS depending on height-resolved relative humidity thresholds is improved, and CVS estimation by radiosonde is compared with observations by millimeter-wave cloud radar and ceilometer at the same site. Good consistency is shown between the three instruments. Then, the CVS climatology, including the frequency distribution and seasonal variation, is investigated. Overall, the occurrence frequency (OF) of cloudy cases in Beijing is slightly higher than that of clear-sky cases, and the cloud OF is highest in summer and lowest in winter. Single-layer clouds and middle-level clouds are dominant in Beijing. In addition, the average cloud top height (CTH), cloud base height (CBH), and cloud thickness in Beijing are 6.2 km, 4.0 km, and 2.2 km, respectively, and show the trend of reaching peaks in spring and minimums in winter. In terms of frequency distribution, the CTH basically resides below an altitude of 16 km, and approximately 43% of the CBHs are located at altitudes of 0.5–1.5 km. The cloud OF has only one peak located at altitudes of 4–8 km in spring, whereas it shows a trimodal distribution in other seasons. The height at which the cloud OF reaches its peak is highest in summer and lowest in winter. To the best of our knowledge, the cloud properties analyzed here are the first to elucidate the distribution and temporal variation of the CVS in Beijing from a long-term sounding perspective, and these results will provide a scientific observation basis for improving the atmospheric circulation model, as well as comparisons and verifications for measurements by ground-based remote sensing equipment.

scholarly journals Conditional probability of the daily minimum temperature in certain types of circulation on a seasonal basis in the Zywiec Valley in Southern Poland

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Paulina Szczotka
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Daily Minimum Temperature ◽  
Synoptic Situation ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Daily Minimum ◽  
Vistula River ◽  
Circulation Types ◽  
Average Minimum Temperature

Air minimum temperature is very important for the natural environment and human activity. This paper presents certain aspects related to the variability of daily minimum temperature of air in the winter (XII, I, II) in the Zywiec Valley, in relation to the synoptic situation in the valley. The analysis is based on the results of research carried out at one point node (the grid) obtained from the base Carpat Clim database. The node is located at the bottom of the Zywiec Valley in the period 1961-2010. The study was complemented with a comprehensive analysis of local conditions for atmospheric circulation and temporal variability over a 50 years period. For this purpose, the classification of types of atmospheric circulation  (Niedźwiedź 1981) was used for the upper Vistula river basin. Extreme temperatures included an average minimum temperature of air exceeding the 90th and 95th percentile. The relationship between the extremes of air temperature and atmospheric circulation types was examined by analyzing the frequency of occurrence of extreme values and their conditional occurrence in each particular type of atmospheric circulation.

scholarly journals The occurrence of hot weather in the Lublin-Felin and Czesławice in relation to atmospheric circulation (1966–2010)

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Bartoszek ◽  
Alicja Węgrzyn
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Resort ◽  
Probability Of Occurrence ◽  
Circulation Types ◽  
Hot Days ◽  
Hot Weather

Abstract The occurrence of hot weather in the Lublin-Felin and Czesławice in relation to atmospheric circulation (1966−2010). The paper describes the occurrence of hot (tmax 25.1−30.0°C) and very hot days (tmax >30°C) in Lublin-Felin and Czesławice in the years 1966−2010. The analysis covers the long-term variability of such days, and duration of heat waves. Their circulation conditions were also determined, with indication of circulation types during which the probability of occurrence of hot and very hot days was the highest. In the study area, hot days occurred from April to September, and very hot days from May to August, with the highest frequency in July in both cases. In the period from 1991 to 2010, a considerably higher number of cases of very hot days were recorded than in the 1970s and 1980s. Moreover, they occurred in increasingly long sequences, contributing to more frequent occurrence of unfavourable thermal and humid conditions during the growing season of plants. The highest probability of occurrence of hot and very hot days was determined for circulation types with airflow from the southern sector, and the lowest from the northern sector. Should the upward trend in the frequency of very hot days continue, the risk of the effect of such unfavourable thermal conditions on the health and well-being of tourists and patients of the health resort in Nałęczów will also increase

Modelling and Predicting of the Characteristics of a Photovoltaic Generator on a Horizontal and Tilted Surface

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 2557
Author(s):  
Mustapha Elyaqouti ◽  
Lahoussine Bouhouch ◽  
Ahmed Ihlal
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Global Radiation ◽  
Meteorological Station ◽  
Output Characteristic ◽  
Electrical Parameters ◽  
Incident Solar Radiation ◽  
Tilted Surface

<p>In the present paper, we will attempt to predict the <em>I<sub>pv</sub>-V<sub>pv</sub></em> output characteristic of a photovoltaic generator (<em>PVG</em>) and consequently the generated electric power. This will be possible through modeling, extracting the electrical parameters of the <em>PVG</em> under study and also, by estimating the global incident solar radiation, on a surface, first horizontally, and then tilted to a given angle. Mathematical models developed in Matlab, to characterize the studied PVG are validated by experimental data of the PVG manufacture. While models associated with global radiation are validated by measurements taken by the meteorological station installed on the laboratory site <em>ERTAIER</em> (Team for Research in Technology and Advanced Engineering of Renewable Energies) of Higher School of Technology Agadir (ESTA).</p><p> </p>

Gaia or Athena? The Early Faint-Sun Paradox

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas V. Hoyt ◽  
Kenneth H. Shatten
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Stellar Evolution ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Solar Luminosity ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Climate Evolution

Stellar evolution theory predicts large, long-term solar large, long-term solar luminosity (L⊙) changes over the lifetime of the sun. The most certain prediction is a general monotonic increase (neglecting short-period variations) in L⊙ of about 30% over the past 4.7 billion years, an increase that will continue. This prediction is well founded theoretically (based on the conversion of hydrogen into heavier elements) and supported observationally by the famous Hertzsprung-Russell diagram showing stellar evolution. If the solar luminosity increases monotonically with time, one might expect to find evidence of increasing surface temperatures in the Earth’s paleoclimatic record. Instead, isotopic indicators show Earth’s mean surface temperature is now significantly lower than it was 3 billion years ago. In 1975, R. K. Ulrich termed this the “faint young sun” paradox. Simultaneous solar luminosity increase and terrestrial temperature decrease imply additional strong influences on climate evolution. To understand climate evolution (and, by inference, the present climate), we must first determine the nature of these “compensatory mechanisms.” The positively increasing line in Figure 12.1 shows the evolution of solar luminosity (in units of present luminosity, L). Since terrestrial surface temperatures have remained nearly constant during the last 2.3 billion years, this requires a very effective compensatory mechanism. Several theories attempt to explain why the Earth’s surface temperature has remained relatively constant even while the solar luminosity has increased by 30%. Also, various scenarios have been advanced to explain why the Earth remained ice-free even during periods when the sun was much dimmer than it is today. Some of these ideas are: • Since it had fewer continents and more oceans, the early Earth was much darker. This same darker surface absorbed enough additional incoming solar radiation to remain ice-free. • In the past, energy transport from the equator to polar regions was easier because the continents had lower elevations. This enhanced heat transport allowed the Earth to remain relatively warm. • The early atmosphere had more carbon dioxide and methane, creating an enhanced greenhouse effect sufficient to trap the incoming solar radiation and keep the Earth warm. The enormous amount of carbon trapped in limestone suggests that Earth’s former atmosphere contained much more carbon dioxide than it does today.

scholarly journals Data Quality Assessment and the Long-Term Trend of Ground Solar Radiation in China

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 1006-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang-Yu Shi ◽  
Tadahiro Hayasaka ◽  
Atsumu Ohmura ◽  
Zhi-Hua Chen ◽  
Biao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Data Quality ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Global Radiation ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Radiation Data ◽  
Data Quality Assessment

Abstract Solar radiation is one of the most important factors affecting climate and the environment. Routine measurements of irradiance are valuable for climate change research because of long time series and areal coverage. In this study, a set of quality assessment (QA) algorithms is used to test the quality of daily solar global, direct, and diffuse radiation measurements taken at 122 observatories in China during 1957–2000. The QA algorithms include a physical threshold test (QA1), a global radiation sunshine duration test (QA2), and a standard deviation test applied to time series of annually averaged solar global radiation (QA3). The results show that the percentages of global, direct, and diffuse solar radiation data that fail to pass QA1 are 3.07%, 0.01%, and 2.52%, respectively; the percentages of global solar radiation data that fail to pass the QA2 and QA3 are 0.77% and 0.49%, respectively. The method implemented by the Global Energy Balance Archive is also applied to check the data quality of solar radiation in China. Of the 84 stations with a time series longer that 20 yr, suspect data at 35 of the sites were found. Based on data that passed the QA tests, trends in ground solar radiation and the effect of the data quality assessment on the trends are analyzed. There is a decrease in ground solar global and direct radiation in China over the years under study. Although the quality assessment process has significant effects on the data from individual stations and/or time periods, it does not affect the long-term trends in the data.

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