scholarly journals Validation of manual, surface-based detections of Cirrus with CALIPSO space lidar

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Kotarba ◽  
Żaneta Nguyen Huu
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Lunar Phase ◽  
Climate Trends ◽  
Low Level ◽  
High Level

<p>Clouds generally cool the atmosphere due to a negative net radiative forcing. However the Cirrus clouds warm the climate, despite they co-occur with other cloud types, or are the only cloud layer present. Consequently, changes in Cirrus frequency are important for understanding the climate change and climate variations. Manual, ground-based observations of Cirrus are the longest climate record on that variable. The reliability of those observations is questionable, because of viewing geometry (middle/low-level clouds obscure the high-level clouds), and observers ability to detect optically thin media in the upper atmosphere.</p><p>We have validated the reliability of ground-based observations of Cirrus using state-of-the-art lidar data from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) mission. Focusing on the observer’s sensitivity to Cirrus, we only evaluated the observations under a perfect conditions: no clouds at middle/low level. We found that probability of Cirrus detection was 67% during the day time, and was controlled by the Cirrus optical depth (60% for subvisual clouds, and >95% for depth >5). During the night the probability of detection decreased to 35%. Presence of the illuminated Moon positively impacted the hit rate, but only when lunar phase was greater than 50%. Evaluation of the visual method, as a whole, considered clouds at any level, as they occur in real, true-weather conditions. We found that probability of Cirrus detection was 48% daytime, and as little as 28% nighttime. The increase of the sky sealing by low/middle-level clouds negatively impacted the accuracy. Sharp decrease in Cirrus detection efficiency was observed when cloud fraction for middle/low clouds exceeded 50%-60% (daytime), and 10%-25% (nighttime).</p><p>Based on the results, we conclude that in the majority of cases, accuracy we found can be achieved just by an accident: "Cirrus"/"no Cirrus" can be reported with no looking at the sky, and the resulting accuracy will be the same as for the real, empirical data from stations. Consequently, the manual observations are highly uncertain and may be unreliable for deriving a long-term climate trends. Even at best, the surface-based, manual observations are less reliable than those collected with a satellite imagers (specifically the MODIS-VIIRS cloud product).</p>

Robust Bipedal Locomotion Based on a Hierarchical Control Structure

Robotica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 1750-1767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianwen Luo ◽  
Yao Su ◽  
Lecheng Ruan ◽  
Ye Zhao ◽  
Donghyun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Hierarchical Control ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Joint Torques ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Hybrid Controller ◽  
High Level

SummaryTo improve biped locomotion’s robustness to internal and external disturbances, this study proposes a hierarchical structure with three control levels. At the high level, a foothold sequence is generated so that the Center of Mass (CoM) trajectory tracks a planned path. The planning procedure is simplified by selecting the midpoint between two consecutive Center of Pressure (CoP) points as the feature point. At the middle level, a novel robust hybrid controller is devised to drive perturbed system states back to the nominal trajectory within finite cycles without chattering. The novelty lies in that the hybrid controller is not subject to linear CoM dynamic constraints. The hybrid controller consists of two sub-controllers: an oscillation controller and a smoothing controller. For the oscillation controller, the desired CoM height is specified as a sine-shaped function, avoiding a new attractive limit cycle. However, this controller results in the inevitable chattering because of discontinuities. A smoothing controller provides continuous properties and thus can inhibit the chattering problem, but has a smaller region of attraction compared with the oscillation controller. A hybrid controller merges the two controllers for a smooth transition. At the low level, the desired CoM motion is defined as tasks and embedded in a whole body operational space (WBOS) controller to compute the joint torques analytically. The novelty of the low-level controller lies in that within the WBOS framework, CoM motion is not subject to fixed CoM dynamics and thus can be generalized.

scholarly journals STRUKTUR BAHASA PEMROGRAMAN PASCAL ATAU BAHASA C

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronal Watrianthos
Keyword(s):  
Functional Programming ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Object Oriented Programming ◽  
Low Level ◽  
High Level

Bahasa pemrograman procedural merupakan bahasa pemerograman yang melibatkan fungsi-fungsi atau prosedur-prosedur sebagai sub program untuk membentuk solusi dari suatu permasalahan. Ada yang mengelompokanya menjadi 3 level bahasa yaitu: high level (Seperti pascaldan basic), middle Level (Seperti Bahasa C), dan low level (Seperti Bahasa Assembly). Ada juga yang mengelompokannya menjadi procedural/ functional programming, Object oriented programming, dansebagainya.Berbeda halnya dengan bahasa pemerograman yang berorientasi obyek, yang menggunakanpendekatan obyek dalam menyelesaikan suatu persoalan. Dengan memahami element-elementbahasa, kita dapat dengan cepat dan muda untuk memepelajari berbagai macam bahasapemrograman

scholarly journals Impact of biomass burning aerosols on radiation, clouds, and precipitation over the Amazon during the dry season: dependence of aerosol-cloud and aerosol-radiation interactions on aerosol loading

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lixia Liu ◽  
Yafang Cheng ◽  
Siwen Wang ◽  
Chao Wei ◽  
Mira Pöhlker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
High Altitudes ◽  
Ice Clouds ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Aerosol Loading ◽  
Level Ice ◽  
High Level

Abstract. Biomass burning (BB) aerosols can influence regional and global climate through interactions with radiation, clouds, and precipitation. Here, we investigate the impact of BB aerosols on the energy balance and hydrological cycle over the Amazon Basin during the dry season. We performed WRF-Chem model simulations for a range of different BB emission scenarios to explore and characterize nonlinear effects and individual contributions from aerosol-radiation interactions (ARI) and aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI). The ARI of BB aerosols tend to suppress low-level liquid clouds by local warming and increased evaporation, and to facilitate the formation of high-level ice clouds by enhancing updrafts and condensation at high altitudes. In contrast, the ACI of BB aerosol particles tend to enhance the formation and lifetime of low-level liquid clouds by providing more cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and to suppress the formation of high-level ice clouds by reducing updrafts and condensable water vapor at high altitudes (> 8 km). For scenarios representing the lower and upper limits of BB emission estimates for recent years (2002–2016), we obtained total BB aerosol radiative forcings of −0.2 W m−2 and 1.5 W m−2, respectively, showing that the influence of BB aerosols on the regional energy balance can range from modest cooling to strong warming. We find that ACI dominate at low BB emission rates and low aerosol optical depth (AOD), leading to an increased cloud liquid water path (LWP) and negative radiative forcing, whereas ARI dominate at high BB emission rates and high AOD, leading to a reduction of LWP and positive radiative forcing. In all scenarios, BB aerosols led to a decrease in the frequency of occurrence and rate of precipitation, caused primarily by ACI effects at low aerosol loading and by ARI effects at high aerosol loading. Overall, our results show that ACI tend to saturate at high aerosol loading, whereas the strength of ARI continues to increase and plays a more important role in highly polluted episodes and regions. This should hold not only for BB aerosols over the Amazon, but also for other light-absorbing aerosols such as fossil fuel combustion aerosols in industrialized and densely populated areas. The importance of ARI at high aerosol loading highlights the need for accurately characterizing aerosol optical properties in the investigation of aerosol effects on clouds, precipitation, and climate.

Classification of coastal vegetation of the Rybachiy and Sredniy peninsulas (Barents Sea coast)

2017 ◽  
pp. 77-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. Popova ◽  
O. V. Cherednichenko ◽  
A. V. Razumovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Coastal Vegetation ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Murmansk Region ◽  
High Level

The Rybachiy and Sredniy peninsulas are situated at the 69th latitude and bounded by the Barents Sea. Their territories belong to the subarctic tundra. Coastal vegetation is the case of the azonal one, which is regularly disturbed by sea. The aim of the study is to find out the coastal plant communities diversity and investigate ecological and floristic features of the vegetation types. The classification, based on 99 original relevés using TWINSPAN algorithm and following analytical revision, was carried out with Braun-Blanquet approach. The plant communities were classified into 5 associations and one community type. These syntaxa belong to 4 alliances, 4 orders, and 3 classes (Cakiletea maritimae R. Tüxen et Preising in R. Tüxen 1950, Honckenyo peploidis–Leymetea arenarii R. Tüxen 1966, Juncetea maritimi Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine et Negre 1952). There is a special change in coastal vegetation while moving away from sea. Therefore, it is a case of local zonality. The halo-nitrophilous communities of ass. Atriplicetum lapponicae on sandy and shingle wash margins with seaweed debris are common for the low-level beaches. Further from sea they are changing by communities of all. Mertensio maritimae–Honcke­nyion diffusae. The sea influence gradually decrea­ses, but amount of seaweed debris is still high on the coastal sand dunes that is a common place for ass. Honckenyo diffusae–Leymetum arenarii. The communities of Ligusticum scoticum–Festuca rubra com. type cover the higher-level beaches. The nitrophilous species are common for low-level beaches but they are almost absent in high-level phytocoenoses which are considered being an intermediate stage between monodominant seashore grasslands of ass. Honckenyo diffusae–Leymetum arenarii and multispecies high-level seashore meadows (Koroleva et al., 2011). The Rybachiy and Sredniy peninsulas coastal ve­getation seems to be common with another arctic/subarctic areas but having more similarities with western coasts. Communities of ass. Atriplicetum lapponicae have not been marked for Murmansk region, and probab­ly do not occur to the east of the peninsulas (Koroleva, 2006; Koroleva et al., 2011; Matveyeva, Lavrinenko, 2011). However, they are common in western areas (Northern Norway and apparently Iceland) (Tüxen, 1970; Thannheiser, 1974). Silty and sandy low-level salt marshes belong to ass. Puccinellietum phryganodis. Ass. Puccinellietum coarctatae (syn. Puccinellietum retroflexae Nordh. 1954) communities are found on the shingle low and middle level salt mar­shes. The further decreasing of salt seawater influence results in ass. Junco gerardii–Caricetum glareosae community formation. They occupy middle and high level of salt marshes. Communities of associations Puccinellietum phryganodis and Puccinellietum coarctatae on low and middle salt marsh levels are widespread in arctic and subarctic zones (Thannheiser, 1974; Koroleva et al., 2011; Matveyeva, Lavrinenko, 2011). There is an interesting notice that communities of widespread ass. Caricetum subspathaceae were not found on the studied area. The diagnostic species of this association – Carex subspathacea – vegetated only in Junco gerardii–Caricetum glareosae communities. The reason of such phenomenon could be a small area occupied by salt marsh communities on the Rybachiy and Sredniy peninsulas, which turns out that all vegetation types cannot completely evolve.

scholarly journals Effect of Sampling Force on The Quality of Oropharyngeal Swabs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
wenliang guo ◽  
shaoqiang Li ◽  
chen Hong ◽  
qian Jiang ◽  
tao Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Level ◽  
Optimal Strength ◽  
Level Group

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to clarify the most suitable sampling force for OP swabs. Methods Thirty healthy subjects were continuously included in this study. The quantitative relationship between sampling force and the quality of OP swabs (CT values of GAPDH in OP swab specimens) has been explored. Results No significant relativities between the median sampling forces and qualities of OP swab were found in this study (r=-0.079, P = 0.547). The median and maximum sampling forces were remarkedly differed from different sampling doctors (P < 0.001). However, the mRNA expression of GAPDH of OP swabs specimens that were taken by two different doctors showed no statistical difference. The mRNA expressions of GAPDH presented no significant difference among three groups(low level: 0–20 g, middle level: 20–40 g, high level: > 40 g)of sampling force (P = 0.873). However, it was observed that the incidence of side effects was significantly increased in the middle and high level groups, compared to the low level group (P < 0.002). Conclusions We believed that a sampling force ranged from 0 to 40 g was considered as the optimal strength during OP swab sampling.

scholarly journals STRUKTUR BAHASA PEMROGRAMAN PASCAL ATAU BAHASA C

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronal Watrianthos
Keyword(s):  
Functional Programming ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Object Oriented Programming ◽  
Low Level ◽  
High Level

Bahasa pemrograman procedural merupakan bahasa pemerograman yang melibatkan fungsi-fungsi atau prosedur-prosedur sebagai sub program untuk membentuk solusi dari suatu permasalahan. Ada yang mengelompokanya menjadi 3 level bahasa yaitu: high level (Seperti pascaldan basic), middle Level (Seperti Bahasa C), dan low level (Seperti Bahasa Assembly). Ada juga yang mengelompokannya menjadi procedural/ functional programming, Object oriented programming, dansebagainya.Berbeda halnya dengan bahasa pemerograman yang berorientasi obyek, yang menggunakanpendekatan obyek dalam menyelesaikan suatu persoalan. Dengan memahami element-elementbahasa, kita dapat dengan cepat dan muda untuk memepelajari berbagai macam bahasapemrograman

scholarly journals НАУКОВЕ ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ ОСНОВНИХ ПІДХОДІВ ДО МОТИВАЦІЇ ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧНИХ ПРАЦІВНИКІВ

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Н. В. Тетерич
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Low Level ◽  
National University ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Of Motivation

<p>УДК: 615.15:005.32:331.101.3</p><p><strong>SCIENTIFIC GROUND OF BASIC GOING IS NEAR MOTIVATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL WORKERS </strong></p><p><strong>N.V. Teterich </strong></p><p><em>National university of pharmacy, Kharkov</em><em></em></p><p><strong>Entry.</strong> Now as plain as a pikestaff is that for the sake of achievement of success in competitive activity at the pharmaceutical market very a necessity is bringing in of highly skilled pharmaceutical shots, in fact it is known that efficiency of any activity directly depends on a beautifully neat personnel.</p><p>A research purpose is an analysis of social psychology factors and ground of the basic going near the increase of motivation of pharmaceutical workers.</p><p><strong>Research methods.</strong> For the decision of the put purpose testing of pharmaceutical workers was applied after the selected psychological methods which determine the factors of social orientation them labor motivation is a level of motivation to approval after the method of  D. Kroun-D. Marlou, and also level of motivation to success after the method of Т. Elersa. As a result of the conducted research generalization of independent descriptions of specialists was carried out.</p><p><strong>Results and discussions. </strong>During research the selective complex questioning was conducted 30 pharmacists of pharmacy establishments of different boroughs ofKharkov after these methods. Before working 30 polling cards of tests were accepted on every method offered to specialists.</p><p>A level of motivation to approval is one of major necessities of man from satisfaction of which depends it internal self-awareness and position in a group. Substantial influence has thus this type of motivation on quality of interpersonality mutual relations.</p><p>Results of working of information are after the method of D. KROUNA-D. Marlou set that swingeing majority of specialists - 22 the polled (73,33%) is had middle level of motivation to approval. Only three specialists - 10% specialists have a low level of motivation to approval. Usually these workers are a conflict and independent of ideas from the side of circumferential, that can put them out of social approval.</p><p>Finally, five the polled (16,67 %) is had high motivation to approval. These specialists do not have denials in relation to labor, restrain the aggressive reactions, and need enhanceable intercourse.</p><p>The analysis of testing of pharmaceutical workers set after the method of T. Elersa, that for specialists with the high level of social desirability the low level of motivation absents to success; the middle level of motivation to success appeared at 3 респондентів (60%) and high level to motivation present for 2 specialists (40 %). Thus superfluously high level of motivation to success with specialists with the high level of motivation lack of to approval.</p><p>A level of motivation to success of workers with the middle level of social desirability is such: low level of motivation to success in this investigated lack of in group of specialists; a middle level of motivation is to success with 15 respondents (68,18%); high level to motivation present for five specialists (22,73%); ever-higher level of motivation to success with two specialists - 9, 09%.</p><p>A level of motivation to success of pharmaceutical specialists with the low level of motivation to approval is following: low level of motivation to success in this investigated group lack of of specialists also; 2 specialists has a middle level of motivation to success (66,67%); high level of motivation to success with one specialists (33,33%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions.</strong></p><ol><li>The analysis of literary sources rotined on questions professional motivation of pharmaceutical workers<strong>, </strong>that study of going near professional motivation in pharmacy<strong> </strong>not used practically.</li><li>The analysis of individual indexes of motivation of labor activity of pharmaceutical workers of social psychology direction is carried out</li><li>Certainly straight proportional dependence of social desirability of specialists with the level of their motivation to success.</li></ol>

scholarly journals The Effects of Physical Exertion According to the Monocarboxylate Transporter 1 (MCT1) on the Speed of Lactic Acid Elimination in Futsal Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
Mustafa Jassim Abd Zaed ◽  
◽  
Shimal H. Hamad Chomani ◽  
Marko Joksimovic ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Monocarboxylate Transporter ◽  
Monocarboxylate Transporter 1 ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Sports Club ◽  
High Level

To identify the genetic diversity of futsal players in Al Hilla Sports Club for the season (2020-2021) after they were exposed to physical exertion by testing lactic mlss in the speed of recovery and elimination of lactic acid. The main experiment included two phases. The first is knowledge of the genetic diversity of the players. The first advanced level of this gene reached (5 players), the middle level (4 players), and the low level of the gene (3 players), and the second stage Of the experiment is to measure the searched variable (lactic acid) for all levels of the gene and to detect players who have a rapid elimination of lactic acid products. The experiment lasted for (2 months) and the most important conclusions were the high level of the MCT1 gene, the speed of elimination of lactic acid in the working muscles. There is a discrepancy between the hospitalization and the exercises. It appeared that the players who belong to this level have slow recovery Very compared to other levels, and this indicates that they are tired quickly. The players of this level have the advantage of quickly getting rid of lactic acid and recovering recovery compared to the low level, and they show less fatigue than the low level. The speed of elimination of lactic acid is less than the speed of its production, which facilitates the transfer of lactate from the working muscle to the blood and speed to get rid of it. Increasingly intense physical exertion affects the variation in the MCT1 gene level. The players at the high level of the MCT 1 gene showed an advantage in the speed of elimination of lactic acid production compared to the low and medium levels.

scholarly journals STRUKTUR BAHASA PEMROGRAMAN PASCAL ATAU BAHASA C

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronal Watrianthos
Keyword(s):  
Functional Programming ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Object Oriented Programming ◽  
Low Level ◽  
High Level

Bahasa pemrograman procedural merupakan bahasa pemerograman yang melibatkan fungsifungsi atau proseedure-prosedur sebagai sub program untuk membentuk solusi dari suatupermasalahan. . Ada yang mengelompokanya menjadi 3 level bahasa yaitu: high level (Seperti pascaldan basic), middle Level (Seperti Bahasa C), dan low level (Seperti Bahasa Assembly). Ada juga yangmengelompokannya menjadi procedural/ functional programming, Object oriented programming, dansebagainya.Berbeda halnya dengan bahasa pemerograman yang berorientasi obyek, yang menggunakanpendekatan obyek dalam menyelesaikan suatu persoalan. Dengan memahami element-elementbahasa, kita dapat dengan cepat dan muda untuk memepelajari berbagai macam bahasapemrograman

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