Eddy covariance measurements of the forest floor CO2 exchange in two contrasting forest stands in boreal Sweden

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinshu Chi ◽  
Mats Nilsson ◽  
Natascha Kljun ◽  
Matthias Peichl
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
C Cycle ◽  
Trunk Space ◽  
Chamber Measurements

<p>Boreal forests cover a large portion of land surface area in the northern hemisphere and greatly affect the global carbon (C) cycle and climate. Since these forests exchange carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) with the atmosphere in different vertical layers, many different CO<sub>2</sub> sources and sinks exist within the complex forest stand. The forest floor (soil and understory vegetation) may act as an important component of the C budget in a forest stand, however its contribution may vary from negligible to determining the inter-annual variability of ecosystem C balance. To date, there are a limited number of studies that have directly quantified the CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes over a forest floor using the eddy covariance (EC) method primarily due to challenges and potential violation of underlying assumptions when applying this method in the trunk space where turbulence characteristics are complicated, intermittent, and not in accordance with universal theories.</p><p>In this study, we installed two identical EC flux systems at two contrasting boreal forests (sparse pine stand vs. a dense mixed pine-spruce stand) in Sweden to measure the forest floor CO<sub>2</sub> exchange. We developed site-specific ideal cospectral models for the below-canopy fluxes in the trunk space under the well-mixed condition as defined by the standard deviation of the vertical wind speed. Spectral correction to the half-hourly fluxes was performed based on the newly fitted cospectral models at each site. Chamber measurements of CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes during the growing season were conducted to compare with the estimates from the below-canopy EC data.</p><p>Our below-canopy cospectral models show that more high-frequency signals (small eddies) occurred in the forest trunk space compared to the ideal above-canopy cospectral model. The high-frequency contribution was greater in the dense pine-spruce forest compared to the open pine stand. The spectral corrected CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes measured by the EC method agreed well with the concurrent chamber measurements. The EC results revealed that the forest floor of the two contrasting stands acted as net CO<sub>2</sub> sources during the 3-year period (2017-2019). This study highlights that by applying a data correction based on site-specific below-canopy cospectral models, the EC method can be used in the trunk space to accurately measure the net CO<sub>2</sub> exchange between the forest floor and the atmosphere and thus to improve our understanding of the role of the forest floor in the ecosystem-scale C budget in the boreal forest region.</p>

scholarly journals Carbon Exchange and Accumulation in an Orinoco High Plains Native Savanna Ecosystem as Measured by Eddy Covariance

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis A. Morales-Rincon ◽  
Andrea J. Hernandez ◽  
Nubia S. Rodriguez-Hernandez ◽  
Rodrigo Jimenez
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
High Plains ◽  
First Year ◽  
Drought Duration ◽  
C Cycle ◽  
The Impact

Savanna ecosystems cover ∼20% of the total land surface and account for ∼30% of the terrestrial global net primary production. They are also highly sensitive to climate change, since their carbon (C) sink capacity may decline under rising temperatures and irregular rainfall. These responses, which will define the future climate role of the savanna ecosystems, are currently not well understood. The Colombian Orinoco River basin (“Llanos”) natural savannas are being rapidly converted to agriculture. The impact of this transformation on C fluxes and accumulation is not clear. It is thus urgent to understand the Llanos natural savanna ecosystem services, including their C cycle and underlying mechanisms. Here we report and analyze 2 years of measurements of carbon dioxide fluxes from a naturally-restored (secondary) Llanos High Plains savanna ecosystem, using eddy covariance. Meteorological conditions, particularly rainfall, were quite variable during the measurement period. During the first year of measurements, the savanna was a weak carbon source (35 gC m−2), while during the second year, the system was a comparatively strong carbon sink (−273 gC m−2), despite receiving less rainfall than during the first year. As expected, the savanna net ecosystem exchange (NEE) was highly dependent on global solar radiation, soil water content, and ecosystem respiration. We found that after ∼10 days of nominal drought, i.e., with less than ∼5 mm/day of precipitation, the NEE became highly dependent on drought duration. The ecosystem reached a critical condition of low photosynthetic activity after ∼60 days of nominal drought. Based on these findings, we developed and applied a simple standard meteorology-based model that properly reproduced the observations. Our results indicate that a shift to a climate with similar total precipitation but split into extreme dry and wet seasons might eventually suppress the savanna C uptake capacity.

scholarly journals Model–data fusion across ecosystems: from multi-site optimizations to global simulations

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 2961-3011 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kuppel ◽  
P. Peylin ◽  
F. Maignan ◽  
F. Chevallier ◽  
G. Kiely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Ecosystem Model ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Model Data ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Output Uncertainty ◽  
Averaged Model

Abstract. This study uses a variational data assimilation framework to simultaneously constrain a global ecosystem model with eddy covariance measurements of daily net carbon (NEE) and latent heat (LE) fluxes from a large number of sites grouped in seven plant functional types (PFTs). It is an attempt to bridge the gap between the numerous site-specific parameter optimization works found in the literature and the generic parameterization used by most land surface models within each PFT. The present multi-site approach allows deriving PFT-generic sets of optimized parameters enhancing the agreement between measured and simulated fluxes at most of the sites considered, with performances often comparable to those of the corresponding site-specific optimizations. Besides reducing the PFT-averaged model–data root-mean-square difference (RMSD) and the associated daily output uncertainty, the optimization improves the simulated CO2 balance at tropical and temperate forests sites. The major site-level NEE adjustments at the seasonal scale are: reduced amplitude in C3 grasslands and boreal forests, increased seasonality in temperate evergreen forests, and better model–data phasing in temperate deciduous broadleaf forests. Conversely, the poorer performances in tropical evergreen broadleaf forests points to deficiencies regarding the modeling of phenology and soil water stress for this PFT. An evaluation with data-oriented estimates of photosynthesis (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco) rates indicates distinctively improved simulations of both gross fluxes. The multi-site parameter sets are then tested against CO2 concentrations measured at 53 locations around the globe, showing significant adjustments of the modeled seasonality of atmospheric CO2 concentration, whose relevance seems PFT-dependent, along with an improved interannual variability. Lastly, a global scale evaluation with remote sensing NDVI measurements indicates an improvement of the simulated seasonal variations of the foliar cover for all considered PFTs.

scholarly journals Model–data fusion across ecosystems: from multisite optimizations to global simulations

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 2581-2597 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kuppel ◽  
P. Peylin ◽  
F. Maignan ◽  
F. Chevallier ◽  
G. Kiely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Model Data ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Averaged Model

Abstract. This study uses a variational data assimilation framework to simultaneously constrain a global ecosystem model with eddy covariance measurements of daily net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and latent heat (LE) fluxes from a large number of sites grouped in seven plant functional types (PFTs). It is an attempt to bridge the gap between the numerous site-specific parameter optimization works found in the literature and the generic parameterization used by most land surface models within each PFT. The present multisite approach allows deriving PFT-generic sets of optimized parameters enhancing the agreement between measured and simulated fluxes at most of the sites considered, with performances often comparable to those of the corresponding site-specific optimizations. Besides reducing the PFT-averaged model–data root-mean-square difference (RMSD) and the associated daily output uncertainty, the optimization improves the simulated CO2 balance at tropical and temperate forests sites. The major site-level NEE adjustments at the seasonal scale are reduced amplitude in C3 grasslands and boreal forests, increased seasonality in temperate evergreen forests, and better model–data phasing in temperate deciduous broadleaf forests. Conversely, the poorer performances in tropical evergreen broadleaf forests points to deficiencies regarding the modelling of phenology and soil water stress for this PFT. An evaluation with data-oriented estimates of photosynthesis (GPP – gross primary productivity) and ecosystem respiration (Reco) rates indicates distinctively improved simulations of both gross fluxes. The multisite parameter sets are then tested against CO2 concentrations measured at 53 locations around the globe, showing significant adjustments of the modelled seasonality of atmospheric CO2 concentration, whose relevance seems PFT-dependent, along with an improved interannual variability. Lastly, a global-scale evaluation with remote sensing NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) measurements indicates an improvement of the simulated seasonal variations of the foliar cover for all considered PFTs.

scholarly journals Eddy covariance flux measurements confirm extreme CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from a Swiss hydropower reservoir and resolve their short-term variability

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 2815-2831 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Eugster ◽  
T. DelSontro ◽  
S. Sobek
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Lake Level ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Floating Chamber ◽  
Hydropower Reservoir

Abstract. Greenhouse gas budgets quantified via land-surface eddy covariance (EC) flux sites differ significantly from those obtained via inverse modeling. A possible reason for the discrepancy between methods may be our gap in quantitative knowledge of methane (CH4) fluxes. In this study we carried out EC flux measurements during two intensive campaigns in summer 2008 to quantify methane flux from a hydropower reservoir and link its temporal variability to environmental driving forces: water temperature and pressure changes (atmospheric and due to changes in lake level). Methane fluxes were extremely high and highly variable, but consistently showed gas efflux from the lake when the wind was approaching the EC sensors across the open water, as confirmed by floating chamber flux measurements. The average flux was 3.8 ± 0.4 μg C m−2 s−1 (mean ± SE) with a median of 1.4 μg C m−2 s−1, which is quite high even compared to tropical reservoirs. Floating chamber fluxes from four selected days confirmed such high fluxes with 7.4 ± 1.3 μg C m−2 s−1. Fluxes increased exponentially with increasing temperatures, but were decreasing exponentially with increasing atmospheric and/or lake level pressure. A multiple regression using lake surface temperatures (0.1 m depth), temperature at depth (10 m deep in front of the dam), atmospheric pressure, and lake level was able to explain 35.4% of the overall variance. This best fit included each variable averaged over a 9-h moving window, plus the respective short-term residuals thereof. We estimate that an annual average of 3% of the particulate organic matter (POM) input via the river is sufficient to sustain these large CH4 fluxes. To compensate the global warming potential associated with the CH4 effluxes from this hydropower reservoir a 1.3 to 3.7 times larger terrestrial area with net carbon dioxide uptake is needed if a European-scale compilation of grasslands, croplands and forests is taken as reference. This indicates the potential relevance of temperate reservoirs and lakes in local and regional greenhouse gas budgets.

Exploring the variation in ecosystem scale methane fluxes and its drivers within a boreal mire complex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koffi Dodji Noumonvi ◽  
Joshua L. Ratcliffe ◽  
Mats Öquist ◽  
Mats B. Nilsson ◽  
Matthias Peichl
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Atmospheric Methane ◽  
Flux Footprint ◽  
Growing Season Length ◽  
Methane Fluxes ◽  
Northern Peatlands

&lt;p&gt;Northern peatlands cover a small fraction of the earth&amp;#8217;s land surface, and yet they are one of the most important natural sources of atmospheric methane. With climate change causing rising temperatures, changes in water balance and increased growing season length, peatland contribution to atmospheric methane concentration is likely to increase, justifying the increased attention given to northern peatland methane dynamics. Northern peatlands often occur as heterogeneous complexes characterized by hydromorphologically distinct features from &lt; 1 m&amp;#178; to tens of km&amp;#178;, with differing physical, hydrological and chemical properties. The more commonly understood small-scale variation between hummocks, lawns and hollows has been well explored using chamber measurements. Single tower eddy covariance measurements, with a typical 95% flux footprint of &lt; 0.5 km&amp;#178;, have been used to assess the ecosystem scale methane exchange. However, how representative single tower flux measurements are of an entire mire complex is not well understood. To address this knowledge gap, the present study takes advantage of a network of four eddy covariance towers located less than 3 km apart at four mires within a typical boreal mire complex in northern Sweden. The variation of methane fluxes and its drivers between the four sites will be explored at different temporal scales, i.e. half-hourly, daily and at a growing-season scale.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals ORCHILEAK (revision 3875): a new model branch to simulate carbon transfers along the terrestrial–aquatic continuum of the Amazon basin

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3821-3859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronny Lauerwald ◽  
Pierre Regnier ◽  
Marta Camino-Serrano ◽  
Bertrand Guenet ◽  
Matthieu Guimberteau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
River System ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Plant Litter ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
New Model ◽  
Canopy Soil ◽  
C Cycle

Abstract. Lateral transfer of carbon (C) from terrestrial ecosystems into the inland water network is an important component of the global C cycle, which sustains a large aquatic CO2 evasion flux fuelled by the decomposition of allochthonous C inputs. Globally, estimates of the total C exports through the terrestrial–aquatic interface range from 1.5 to 2.7 Pg C yr−1 (Cole et al., 2007; Battin et al., 2009; Tranvik et al., 2009), i.e. of the order of 2–5 % of the terrestrial NPP. Earth system models (ESMs) of the climate system ignore these lateral transfers of C, and thus likely overestimate the terrestrial C sink. In this study, we present the implementation of fluvial transport of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and CO2 into ORCHIDEE (Organising Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems), the land surface scheme of the Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace ESM. This new model branch, called ORCHILEAK, represents DOC production from canopy and soils, DOC and CO2 leaching from soils to streams, DOC decomposition, and CO2 evasion to the atmosphere during its lateral transport in rivers, as well as exchange with the soil carbon and litter stocks on floodplains and in swamps. We parameterized and validated ORCHILEAK for the Amazon basin, the world's largest river system with regard to discharge and one of the most productive ecosystems in the world. With ORCHILEAK, we are able to reproduce observed terrestrial and aquatic fluxes of DOC and CO2 in the Amazon basin, both in terms of mean values and seasonality. In addition, we are able to resolve the spatio-temporal variability in C fluxes along the canopy–soil–water continuum at high resolution (1°, daily) and to quantify the different terrestrial contributions to the aquatic C fluxes. We simulate that more than two-thirds of the Amazon's fluvial DOC export are contributed by the decomposition of submerged litter. Throughfall DOC fluxes from canopy to ground are about as high as the total DOC inputs to inland waters. The latter, however, are mainly sustained by litter decomposition. Decomposition of DOC and submerged plant litter contributes slightly more than half of the CO2 evasion from the water surface, while the remainder is contributed by soil respiration. Total CO2 evasion from the water surface equals about 5 % of the terrestrial NPP. Our results highlight that ORCHILEAK is well suited to simulate carbon transfers along the terrestrial–aquatic continuum of tropical forests. It also opens the perspective that provided parameterization, calibration and validation is performed for other biomes, the new model branch could improve the quantification of the global terrestrial C sink and help better constrain carbon cycle–climate feedbacks in future projections.

scholarly journals Estimating evaporation with thermal UAV data and two-source energy balance models

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 697-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hoffmann ◽  
H. Nieto ◽  
R. Jensen ◽  
R. Guzinski ◽  
P. Zarco-Tejada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Thermal Camera ◽  
Model Input ◽  
Eddy Covariance Measurements

Abstract. Estimating evaporation is important when managing water resources and cultivating crops. Evaporation can be estimated using land surface heat flux models and remotely sensed land surface temperatures (LST), which have recently become obtainable in very high resolution using lightweight thermal cameras and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). In this study a thermal camera was mounted on a UAV and applied into the field of heat fluxes and hydrology by concatenating thermal images into mosaics of LST and using these as input for the two-source energy balance (TSEB) modelling scheme. Thermal images are obtained with a fixed-wing UAV overflying a barley field in western Denmark during the growing season of 2014 and a spatial resolution of 0.20 m is obtained in final LST mosaics. Two models are used: the original TSEB model (TSEB-PT) and a dual-temperature-difference (DTD) model. In contrast to the TSEB-PT model, the DTD model accounts for the bias that is likely present in remotely sensed LST. TSEB-PT and DTD have already been well tested, however only during sunny weather conditions and with satellite images serving as thermal input. The aim of this study is to assess whether a lightweight thermal camera mounted on a UAV is able to provide data of sufficient quality to constitute as model input and thus attain accurate and high spatial and temporal resolution surface energy heat fluxes, with special focus on latent heat flux (evaporation). Furthermore, this study evaluates the performance of the TSEB scheme during cloudy and overcast weather conditions, which is feasible due to the low data retrieval altitude (due to low UAV flying altitude) compared to satellite thermal data that are only available during clear-sky conditions. TSEB-PT and DTD fluxes are compared and validated against eddy covariance measurements and the comparison shows that both TSEB-PT and DTD simulations are in good agreement with eddy covariance measurements, with DTD obtaining the best results. The DTD model provides results comparable to studies estimating evaporation with similar experimental setups, but with LST retrieved from satellites instead of a UAV. Further, systematic irrigation patterns on the barley field provide confidence in the veracity of the spatially distributed evaporation revealed by model output maps. Lastly, this study outlines and discusses the thermal UAV image processing that results in mosaics suited for model input. This study shows that the UAV platform and the lightweight thermal camera provide high spatial and temporal resolution data valid for model input and for other potential applications requiring high-resolution and consistent LST.

Simulated and Observed Preindustrial to Modern Vegetation and Climate Changes*

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
pp. 3650-3671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Notaro ◽  
Zhengyu Liu ◽  
Robert Gallimore ◽  
Stephen J. Vavrus ◽  
John E. Kutzbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Warming Trend ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
Co2 Fertilization ◽  
Vegetation Growth ◽  
Fully Coupled ◽  
Global Surface ◽  
Vegetation And Climate

Abstract Rising levels of carbon dioxide since the preindustrial era have likely contributed to an observed warming of the global surface, and observations show global greening and an expansion of boreal forests. This study reproduces observed climate and vegetation trends associated with rising CO2 using a fully coupled atmosphere–ocean–land surface GCM with dynamic vegetation and decomposes the effects into physiological and radiative components. The simulated warming trend, strongest at high latitudes, was dominated by the radiative effect, although the physiological effect of CO2 on vegetation (CO2 fertilization) contributed to significant wintertime warming over northern Europe and central and eastern Asia. The net global greening of the model was primarily due to the physiological effect of increasing CO2, while the radiative and physiological effects combined to produce a poleward expansion of the boreal forests. Observed and simulated trends in tree ring width are consistent with the enhancement of vegetation growth by the physiological effect of rising CO2.

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