scholarly journals Rainfall pattern greatly affects water use by Mongolian Scots pine on a sandy soil, in a semi-arid climate

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongzhong Dang ◽  
Lizhen Zhang ◽  
Wenbin Yang ◽  
Jinchao Feng ◽  
Hui Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Pattern ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Sap Flux ◽  
Sap Flux Density ◽  
Tree Water Use ◽  
Moderate Drought

Abstract. We report new information on tree water use by Mongolian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) growing on a sandy soil, in a region characterised by an erratic rainfall pattern. Measurements were made over three successive years of contrasting annual rainfall – a wet year (2013), a dry year (2014), and a second dry year (2015). The result was the development of worsening levels of drought year by year. Over the three years, sap flux density (Js) was measured at individual tree level in up to 25 trees. The sap flux density values were up-scaled to estimate tree water use at plot level (Ts). Our measurements follow forest plot response to increasing levels of drought which developed over a three-year period as soil moisture conditions gradually worsened from wet, to moderate-drought, to severe-drought, to extreme-drought, in response to the dynamics of a variable rainfall pattern. Values of Ts did not exceed 3.03 mm day−1 (2013), 1.75 mm day−1 (2014) and 1.59 mm day−1 (2015) during the three growing seasons. Total annual stand transpiration over the same three years declined progressively from 290 mm (2013), to 182 mm (2014) and to 175 mm (2015). Satisfactory power-function relationships (R2 = 0.64) between daily Ts and the product of ET0 and the relative extractable soil water (REW) were found. This study helps elucidate the interplay between the effects of the atmosphere and soil moisture on tree water use. Tree water use responded to drought, with daily Ts values decreasing by 5–46 % in response to moderate drought, by 48–62 % in response to severe drought and by 65 % in response to extreme drought. Upon release of moderate drought by heavy rainfall in 2013, daily Ts recovered completely. However, under the severe and extreme droughts in the subsequent dry years, recovery of Ts following heavy rainfall was incomplete (57–58 %). Our results highlight the negative effects of water stress on the growth of mature forest trees, in a sandy soil, in a climate characterised by large intra- and inter-annual variances in rainfall. When the erratic rainfall and sandy soil were also coupled with a declining groundwater table, the result was tree water use fluctuated widely over quite short time scales (months or weeks). Overall, our findings account for the observed premature degradation of these MP plantations in terms of an eco-hydrological perspective.

Influence of temporospatial variation in sap flux density on estimates of whole-tree water use in Avicennia marina

Trees ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart A. E. Van de Wal ◽  
Adrien Guyot ◽  
Catherine E. Lovelock ◽  
David A. Lockington ◽  
Kathy Steppe
Keyword(s):  
Flux Density ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Sap Flux ◽  
Sap Flux Density ◽  
Tree Water Use ◽  
Whole Tree

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF SPATIAL VARIATION IN SAP FLUX DENSITY ON ESTIMATES OF WHOLE-TREE WATER USE IN AVICENNIA MARINA

2013 ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
B.A.E. Van de Wal ◽  
A. Guyot ◽  
C.E. Lovelock ◽  
D.A. Lockington ◽  
K. Steppe
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Sap Flux ◽  
Sap Flux Density ◽  
Tree Water Use ◽  
Whole Tree

scholarly journals Assessing variation in the radial profile of sap flux density in Pinus species and its effect on daily water use

2004 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Ford ◽  
M. A. McGuire ◽  
R. J. Mitchell ◽  
R. O. Teskey
Keyword(s):  
Flux Density ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Radial Profile ◽  
Sap Flux ◽  
Sap Flux Density ◽  
Pinus Species ◽  
Daily Water

scholarly journals Airborne Tree Crown Detection for Predicting Spatial Heterogeneity of Canopy Transpiration in a Tropical Rainforest

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 651
Author(s):  
Joyson Ahongshangbam ◽  
Alexander Röll ◽  
Florian Ellsäßer ◽  
Hendrayanto ◽  
Dirk Hölscher
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Tropical Rainforests ◽  
Sap Flux ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Canopy Transpiration ◽  
Tree Water Use ◽  
Climate Regulation ◽  
The Relationship

Tropical rainforests comprise complex 3D structures and encompass heterogeneous site conditions; their transpiration contributes to climate regulation. The objectives of our study were to test the relationship between tree water use and crown metrics and to predict spatial variability of canopy transpiration across sites. In a lowland rainforest of Sumatra, we measured tree water use with sap flux techniques and simultaneously assessed crown metrics with drone-based photogrammetry. We observed a close linear relationship between individual tree water use and crown surface area (R2 = 0.76, n = 42 trees). Uncertainties in predicting stand-level canopy transpiration were much lower using tree crown metrics than the more conventionally used stem diameter. 3D canopy segmentation analyses in combination with the tree crown–water use relationship predict substantial spatial heterogeneity in canopy transpiration. Among our eight study plots, there was a more than two-fold difference, with lower transpiration at riparian than at upland sites. In conclusion, we regard drone-based canopy segmentation and crown metrics to be very useful tools for the scaling of transpiration from tree- to stand-level. Our results indicate substantial spatial variation in crown packing and thus canopy transpiration of tropical rainforests.

scholarly journals Tree Water Dynamics in a Semi-Arid, Pinus brutia Forest

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marinos Eliades ◽  
Adriana Bruggeman ◽  
Hakan Djuma ◽  
Maciek Lubczynski
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Hydraulic Redistribution ◽  
Sap Flux ◽  
Sap Flux Density ◽  
Pinus Brutia ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensors ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Semi Arid

This study aims to examine interactions between tree characteristics, sap flow, and environmental variables in an open Pinus brutia (Ten.) forest with shallow soil. We examined radial and azimuthal variations of sap flux density (Jp), and also investigated the occurrence of hydraulic redistribution mechanisms, quantified nocturnal tree transpiration, and analyzed the total water use of P. brutia trees during a three-year period. Sap flow and soil moisture sensors were installed onto and around eight trees, situated in the foothills of the Troodos Mountains, Cyprus. Radial observations showed a linear decrease of sap flux densities with increasing sapwood depth. Azimuthal differences were found to be statistically insignificant. Reverse sap flow was observed during low vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and negative air temperatures. Nocturnal sap flow was about 18% of the total sap flow. Rainfall was 507 mm in 2015, 359 mm in 2016, and 220 mm in 2017. Transpiration was 53%, 30%, and 75%, respectively, of the rainfall in those years, and was affected by the distribution of the rainfall. The trees showed an immediate response to rainfall events, but also exploited the fractured bedrock. The transpiration and soil moisture levels over the three hydrologically contrasting years showed that P. brutia is well-adapted to semi-arid Mediterranean conditions.

scholarly journals Effects of Soil Texture on Soil Leaching and Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Growth under Combined Irrigation and Drainage

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 3614
Author(s):  
Dongwang Wang ◽  
Zhenhua Wang ◽  
Jinzhu Zhang ◽  
Bo Zhou ◽  
Tingbo Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
T1 And T2

To further explore the effects of different soil textures on soil leaching and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth using a combined irrigation and drainage technique and provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of saline alkali land in Xinjiang, we used a test pit experiment to test soil moisture, salinity, soil pH, permeability, cotton agronomic characteristics, cotton yield and quality, and water use efficiency in three soil textures (clay, loam, sand soil) under the combined irrigation and drainage (T1) and conventional drip irrigation (T2). We measured the soil moisture content in different soil layers of clay, loam and sandy soil under the T1 and T2 treatments. Clay and loam had better water retention than sandy soil, and the soil moisture under the combined irrigation and drainage treatment was slightly higher than that under conventional drip irrigation. Under T1, the average salt content and pH value in the 0–60 cm soil layer of clay, loam and sandy soil decreased by 14.09%, 14.21% and 12.35%, and 5.02%, 5.85% and 3.27%, respectively, compared with T2. Therefore, T2 reduced the salt content and pH value of shallow soil. Under T1 and T2, the relative permeability coefficient (K/K0) values in different soil textures at different growth stages of cotton were ranked as follows: sandy soil > loam > clay. Under T1, the K/K0 values for different soil textures at different growth stages of cotton were >1; therefore, T1 improved soil permeability. The yield and water use efficiency of seed cotton under T1 and T2 in different soil textures were ranked as follows: loam > clay > sand, and there were significant differences between the different treatments. In loam, the cotton yield and water use efficiency of the combined irrigation and drainage treatment were 6.37% and 13.70% higher than those for conventional drip irrigation treatment, respectively. By combining irrigation and drainage to adjust the soil moisture, salt, pH value and soil permeability of different soil textures, the root growth environment of crops can effectively be improved, which is of great significance to improving the utilization efficiency of water and fertilizer and promoting the growth of cotton.

scholarly journals Effects of size and microclimate on whole-tree water use and hydraulic regulation inSchima superbatrees

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5164
Author(s):  
Xiao-wei Zhao ◽  
Lei Ouyang ◽  
Ping Zhao ◽  
Chun-fang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Canopy Conductance ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Sap Flux Density ◽  
Tree Water Use ◽  
Tree Transpiration ◽  
Whole Tree

BackgroundPlant-water relations have been of significant concern in forestry and ecology studies in recent years, yet studies investigating the annual differences in the characteristics of inter-class water consumption in trees are scarce.MethodsWe classified 15 trees from aSchima superbaplantation in subtropical South China into four ranks using diameter at breast height (DBH). The inter-class and whole-tree water use were compared based on three parameters: sap flux density, whole-tree transpiration and canopy transpiration over two years. Inter-class hydraulic parameters, such as leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, hydraulic conductance, and canopy conductance were also compared.Results(1) Mean water consumption of the plantation was 287.6 mm over a year, 165.9 mm in the wet season, and 121.7 mm in the dry season. Annual mean daily water use was 0.79 mm d−1, with a maximum of 1.39 mm d−1. (2) Isohydrodynamic behavior were found inS. superba. (3) Transpiration was regulated via both hydraulic conductance and stoma; however, there was an annual difference in which predominantly regulated transpiration.DiscussionThis study quantified annual and seasonal water use of aS. superbaplantation and revealed the coordinated effect of stoma and hydraulic conductance on transpiration. These results provide information for large-scale afforestation and future water management.

scholarly journals Virulence of Leptographium serpens on Longleaf Pine Seedlings Under Varying Soil Moisture Regimes

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. 1574-1576 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Matusick ◽  
L. G. Eckhardt ◽  
S. A. Enebak
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Moderate Drought ◽  
Pinus Spp

Recently, Leptographium serpens has been recovered from the roots of declining and dead longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) in stands associated with various abiotic stresses. Although most data suggest that L. serpens is pathogenic to various Pinus spp., there is little known of its virulence on longleaf pine or its relationship with abiotic stress in causing disease. These trials examined the effects of L. serpens infection coupled with drought stress. Trials began with wound inoculations of bareroot longleaf pine seedlings in spring 2006 and 2007 at the seedling stress facility at Auburn University. Soon after inoculation, seedlings were also subjected to adequate moisture, moderate drought, or severe drought. Sixteen weeks after inoculation, longleaf pine survival, L. serpens virulence, and seedling growth characteristics were measured. Longleaf pine seedlings inoculated with L. serpens had 33% mortality (138/420) which was significantly greater than nonwounded control seedlings (22%, 47/211). Survival and lesion size on longleaf pine suggests that L. serpens is moderately pathogenic to longleaf pine seedlings. Separately, moisture stress associated with low soil moisture also contributed to seedling mortality. Results suggest that L. serpens infection and moisture stress commonly experienced by southern pines act independently to stress longleaf pine.

scholarly journals Sap Flow Dynamics and Responses to Grazing and Seasonal Changes in Soil Moisture for Acacia Ancistroclada and Comberatum Molle in a Kenyan Savanna

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Ondier ◽  
Dennis Otieno ◽  
Daniel Okach ◽  
John Onyango
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Sap Flux ◽  
Sap Flux Density ◽  
Rainfall Patterns

Abstract The Kenyan savanna, which is dominated by Acacia ancistroclada and Comberatum molle, has experienced notable changes in rainfall patterns and increased livestock grazing. A significant decrease in trees spread from 5 % to less than 1 % has been documented for the ecosystem and could be linked to the increased livestock grazing and changes in rainfall patterns, however, scientific evidence is lacking. We utilized sap flow to analyze the hydraulic responses of the prevailing trees to livestock grazing and seasonal changes in soil moisture. Environmental factors including precipitation, air temperature, soil moisture at - 0.3 m, and vapor pressure deficit were simultaneously measured. The results showed that the diurnal variation in sap flux density exhibited a single peak curve at around midday and correlated strongly with vapor pressure deficit and air temperature. Sap flux density was higher in the grazed (27.47 ± 8.65 g m-2s-1) than the fenced plots (20.17 ± 7.27 g m-2s-1). In all the plots, sap flux density followed seasonality in rainfall patterns, increasing and decreasing in wet and dry seasons respectively. The higher crown projected area was responsible for higher sap flow in the grazed plots. The diurnal variation in sap flux density showed that sap flow was coupled to the atmosphere with relatively low boundary layer resistance and the seasonal variation in sap flow was controlled by stomatal regulation. These findings point to the possibility that the dominant tree species in Lambwe are isohydric species. However, additional measurements need to be conducted on the eligibility of the species to confirm the conclusion.

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