scholarly journals Feedbacks between earlywood anatomy and non-structural carbohydrates affect spring phenology and wood production in ring-porous oaks

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Pérez-de-Lis ◽  
Ignacio García-González ◽  
Vicente Rozas ◽  
José Miguel Olano
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Spring Phenology ◽  
Xylem Formation

Abstract. Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) play a central role in the construction and maintenance of the vascular system, but feedbacks between the NSC status of trees and wood formation are not fully understood. We aimed to evaluate multiple dependencies among wood anatomy, winter NSC, and phenology for coexisting temperate (Quercus robur) and sub-Mediterranean (Q. pyrenaica) oaks along a water-availability gradient in NW Iberian Peninsula. Sapwood NSC was quantified at three sites in December 2012 (n = 240). Leaf phenology and wood anatomy were surveyed in 2013. Structural equation modelling was used to analyze the interplay among hydraulic diameter (Dh), winter NSC, date of budburst, and earlywood vessel production (EVP), while the effect of Dh and EVP on latewood width was assessed by using a mixed-effects model. NSC and wood production increased under drier conditions in both species. Q. robur showed narrower Dh and lower soluble sugar (SS) concentration (3.88–5.08 % dry matter) than Q. pyrenaica (4.06–5.57 % dry matter), but Q. robur exhibited larger EVP and wider latewood (1,403 µm) than Q. pyrenaica (667 µm). Trees of both species with large Dh showed higher SS concentration in winter and earlier flushing. Q. pyrenaica exhibited a carbon saving strategy, as evidences the fact that EVP was in tune with SS content in winter. Latewood production was controlled by Dh and EVP, rather than by foliage density and growing season duration. Our results suggest that high SS content in oaks with high conductive area favours an earlier spring phenology, as well as earlywood growth. Q. pyrenaica exhibited a tighter control of carbohydrate allocation to xylem formation than Q. robur, which is probably related to the acquisition of physiological resistance to stress in the sub-Mediterranean area.

scholarly journals Feedbacks between earlywood anatomy and non-structural carbohydrates affect spring phenology and wood production in ring-porous oaks

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 5499-5510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Pérez-de-Lis ◽  
Ignacio García-González ◽  
Vicente Rozas ◽  
José Miguel Olano
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Spring Phenology

Abstract. Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) play a central role in the construction and maintenance of a tree's vascular system, but feedbacks between the NSC status of trees and wood formation are not fully understood. We aimed to evaluate multiple dependencies among wood anatomy, winter NSC, and phenology for coexisting temperate (Quercus robur) and sub-Mediterranean (Q. pyrenaica) oaks along a water-availability gradient in the NW Iberian Peninsula. Sapwood NSC concentrations were quantified at three sites in December 2012 (N =  240). Leaf phenology and wood anatomy were surveyed in 2013. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the interplay among hydraulic diameter (Dh), winter NSC, budburst date, and earlywood vessel production (EVP), while the effect of Dh and EVP on latewood width was assessed by using a mixed-effects model. NSC and wood production increased under drier conditions for both species. Q. robur showed a narrower Dh and lower soluble sugar (SS) concentration (3.88–5.08 % dry matter) than Q. pyrenaica (4.06–5.57 % dry matter), but Q. robur exhibited larger EVP and wider latewood (1403 µm) than Q. pyrenaica (667 µm). Stem diameter and Dh had a positive effect on SS concentrations, which were related to an earlier leaf flushing in both species. Sapwood sugar content appeared to limit EVP exclusively in Q. pyrenaica. In turn, Dh and EVP were found to be key predictors of latewood growth. Our results confirm that sapwood SS concentrations are involved in modulating growth resumption and xylem production in spring. Q. pyrenaica exhibited a tighter control of carbohydrate allocation to wood formation than Q. robur, which would play a role in protecting against environmental stress in the sub-Mediterranean area.

scholarly journals Inferring vascular architecture of the wheat spikelet based on resource allocation in the branched headt (bht-A1) near isogenic lines

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gizaw M. Wolde ◽  
Thorsten Schnurbusch
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Spikelet Fertility ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Near Isogenic Lines ◽  
Network Systems ◽  
Vascular Architecture ◽  
Isogenic Lines ◽  
Rachis Node

Substantial genetic and physiological efforts were made to understand the causal factors of floral abortion and grain filling problem in wheat. However, the vascular architecture during wheat spikelet development is surprisingly under-researched. We used the branched headt near-isogenic lines, FL-bht-A1-NILs, to visualise the dynamics of spikelet fertility and dry matter accumulation in spikelets sharing the same rachis node (henceforth Primary Spikelet, PSt, and Secondary Spikelet, SSt). The experiment was conducted after grouping FL-bht-A1-NILs into two groups, where tillers were consistently removed from one group. Our results show differential spikelet fertility and dry matter accumulation between the PSt and SSt, but also showed a concomitant improvement after de-tillering. This suggests a tight regulation of assimilate supply and dry matter accumulation in wheat spikelets. Since PSt and SSt share the same rachis node, the main vascular bundle in the rachis/rachilla is expected to bifurcate to connect each spikelet/floret to the vascular system. We postulate that the vascular structure in the wheat spikelet might even follow Murray’s law, where the wide conduits assigned at the base of the spikelet feed the narrower conduits of the distal florets. We discuss our results based on the two modalities of the vascular network systems in plants.

scholarly journals Introducing Mediterranean Lupins in Lambs’ Diets: Effects on Growth and Digestibility

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 942
Author(s):  
Mariana Almeida ◽  
Sofia Garcia-Santos ◽  
Ana Nunes ◽  
Sara Rito ◽  
Jorge Azevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Lupinus Luteus ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Livestock Feeding

Lupins are suitable candidates to replace soybean meal in livestock feeding in the Mediterranean area, presenting a solution for the European Union’s dependence on soybean importations. This study aimed to assess the effect of incorporating Lupinus albus and Lupinus luteus into Churra da Terra Quente lambs’ diets on growth performance and digestibility. Two trials were conducted over two years. In trial 1, two experimental diets containing 50 g/kg Lupinus albus and 50 g/kg Lupinus luteus were tested. In trial 2, lambs were fed with diets containing higher incorporations of Lupinus luteus (100, 150, and 200 g/kg: LL10, LL15, and LL20, respectively). Total dry matter, hay dry matter, and crude protein intake were calculated, as well as average daily gains. At the end of the growth trials, dry matter, organic matter, and NDF digestibility was determined. Incorporating 50 g/kg of lupins did not affect (p > 0.05) the performance. Lambs fed on LL20 diets presented the lowest HDMI and CPI values (p < 0.05). The highest intakes (p < 0.05) were observed from LL15 lambs. No differences were found in apparent digestibility coefficients between diets (p > 0.05), except for NDF digestibility which was highest (p < 0.05) for LL20. The optimum level of lupin inclusion in lambs’ diets seems to be 150 g/kg.

EMBOLISM INCREASE AND ANATOMICAL MODIFICATIONS CAUSED BY A PARASITIC PLANT: PHORADENDRON CRASSIFOLIUM (SANTALACEAE) ON TAPIRIRA GUIANENSIS (ANACARDIACEAE)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luíza Teixeira-Costa ◽  
Gregório Ceccantini
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Parasitic Plant ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Xylem Sap Flow ◽  
Host Parasite

Parasitic plants are capable of causing a variety of effects to their hosts, including alterations in the process of wood formation. However, the majority of studies dealing with parasitic plant anatomy have focused on the host–parasite interface and the direct action of the haustorium, which is the organ responsible for attaching the parasite to the host. Considering this gap, we studied the anatomical and functional effects caused by a mistletoe species, Phoradendron crassifolium (Santalaceae), on the wood anatomy of the host tree Tapirira guianensis (Anacardiaceae). Both parasitized and non-parasitized branches were collected from host trees. Traditional wood anatomy procedures were employed, along with functionality experiments using the ascent of safranin solution through the xylem. Prior to the analysis, all sampled branches were divided in “upstream” and “downstream” portions, considering the direction of xylem sap flow inside the plant body. This design was chosen in order to avoid biased results derived from normal ontogeny-related wood anatomical and functional changes. Our results showed that infested wood expressed a higher density of embolized vessels, narrower vessel lumen diameter, higher vessel density, taller and wider rays, and fibers with thinner cell walls. All these responses were most conspicuous in the downstream sections of the parasitized branches. We propose that the wood anatomical and functional alterations were induced by the combination of water stress caused by water use by the parasite and consequent low turgor in differentiating cambial derivates; by unbalanced auxin/cytokinin concentrations originating at the infestation region due to phloem disruptions caused by the parasite’s penetration and action; and by higher than usual ethylene levels. Further analysis of hydraulic conductivity and hormonal changes in host branches are necessary to test this hypothesis.

scholarly journals Ethephon Improved Stalk Strength of Maize (Zea Mays L.) Mainly through Altering Internode Morphological Traits to Modulate Mechanical Properties under Field Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yushi Zhang ◽  
Yubin Wang ◽  
Delian Ye ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Xinming Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Stalk Strength

Stalk strength is critical for reducing maize stalk lodging and maintaining grain yield. Ethephon has been widely applied to molding compact plant-type to reduce the lodging risk in maize production. However, there is little information on how ethephon regulates internode mechanical properties to improve maize stalk strength. Multiyear field experiments (2013–2017) were conducted to determine the effects of foliar-applied ethephon on summer maize internode morphological, chemical and mechanical characteristics. The hypothetical structural equation model was used to analyze the contribution of ethephon-induced changes of internode morphological and chemical traits to stalk mechanical strength. Ethephon significantly reduced the basal internode length, while increasing internode diameters and breaking resistance. Meanwhile, ethephon significantly increased the ratio of structural dry matter to total dry matter and the amount of structural dry matter per unit length and volume. Mechanical assays suggested that ethephon significantly altered geometric properties and increased the maximum bending moment, maximum failure force, while depressing the material properties. Furthermore, correlation and path analyses revealed strong correlations and significant contribution of internode morphological properties to stalk mechanical strength, respectively. These results support the conclusion that ethephon-induced morphology alteration played a major role in improving maize internode strength.

scholarly journals Preliminary Study on Effect of Early Defoliation on Dry Matter Accumulation and Storage of Reserves on ‘Abbé Fétel’ Pear Trees

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 2169-2177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Mesa ◽  
Sara Serra ◽  
Andrea Masia ◽  
Federico Gagliardi ◽  
Daniele Bucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Pear Trees

Annual accumulation of starch is affected by carbon reserves stored in the organs during the growing season and is controlled mainly by sink strength gradients within the tree. However, unfavorable environmental conditions (e.g., hail events) or application of management practices (e.g., defoliation to enhance overcolor in bicolor apple) could influence the allocation of storage carbohydrates. This preliminary research was conducted to determine the effects of early defoliation on the dry matter, starch, and soluble carbohydrate dynamics in woody organs, roots, and mixed buds classified by age and two levels of crop-load for one growing season in ‘Abbé Fétel’ pear trees (Oct. 2012 to mid-Jan. 2013 in the northern hemisphere). Regardless of the organs evaluated (woody organs, roots, and mixed buds), an increase of soluble carbohydrate concentration was observed in these organs in the period between after harvest (October) and January (dormancy period). Among all organs, woody short-old spurs showed the highest increase (+93.5%) in soluble sugars. With respect to starch, woody organs showed a clear trend of decreasing in concentration between October and January. In this case, short-old spurs showed the smallest decline in starch concentrations, only 6.5%, whereas in other tree organs starch decreased by 34.5%. After harvest (October), leaves showed substantially higher starch and soluble sugar concentrations in trees with lower crop-loads. These results confirm that in the period between October and January, dynamic interconversions between starch and soluble carbohydrates occur at varying magnitudes among organs in pear trees.

scholarly journals Bioactive Compounds and Total Sugar Contents of Different Open-Pollinated Beetroot Genotypes Grown Organically

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 4884
Author(s):  
Khadijeh Yasaminshirazi ◽  
Jens Hartung ◽  
Michael Fleck ◽  
Simone Graeff-Hoenninger
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Total Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Total Soluble Sugar

The growing interest of consumers in healthy organic products has increased the attention to the organic production of beetroot. In this regard, six field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 in three different locations under the specific conditions of organic agriculture, and fifteen beetroot genotypes, including one F1 hybrid as a commercial control and one breeding line, were compared regarding the content of the total dry matter, total soluble sugar, nitrate, betalain, and total phenolic compounds in order to investigate the genetic potential of new and existing open-pollinated genotypes of beetroot regarding the content of their bioactive compounds. The results of this study indicated a significant impact of genotype (p < 0.05) on all measured compounds. Furthermore, results revealed a significant influence of the interactions of location × year (p < 0.05) on the beetroot composition, and, thus, the role of environmental conditions for the formation of tested compounds. The total dry matter content (TDMC) of beetroots varied between 14.12% and 17.50%. The genotype ‘Nochowski’, which possessed the highest total soluble sugar content with 14.67 °Bx (Brix), was among the genotypes with the lowest nitrate content. On the contrary, the cylindrical-shaped genotype ‘Carillon RZ’ (Rijk Zwaan), indicated the lowest sugar content and the highest nitrate concentration. The amount of total phenolic compounds ranged between 352.46 ± 28.24 mg GAE 100 g−1 DW (milligrams of gallic acid equivalents per 100 g of dry weight) and 489.06 ± 28.24 mg GAE 100 g−1 DW for the red-colored genotypes which is correlated with the high antioxidant capacity of the investigated genotypes. Due to the specifics of the required content of bioactive compounds for various products, the selection of suitable genotypes should be aligned with the intended final utilization.

scholarly journals Cloning and Functional Analysis of Lignin Biosynthesis Genes Cf4CL and CfCCoAOMT in Cryptomeria fortunei

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenhao Guo ◽  
Hui Hua ◽  
Jin Xu ◽  
Jiaxing Mo ◽  
Hui Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Editing ◽  
Bioinformatics Analysis ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Primary Component ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Lignin Synthesis

Cryptomeria fortunei, also known as the Chinese cedar, is an important timber species in southern China. The primary component of its woody tissues is lignin, mainly present in secondary cell walls. Therefore, continuous lignin synthesis is crucial for wood formation. In this study, we aimed to discover key genes involved in lignin synthesis expressed in the vascular cambium of C. fortunei. Through transcriptome sequencing, we detected expression of two genes, 4CL and CCoAOMT, known to be homologous to enzymes involved in the lignin synthesis pathway. We studied the function of these genes through bioinformatics analysis, cloning, vascular cambium expression analysis, and transgenic cross-species functional validation studies. Our results show that Cf4CL and CfCCoAOMT do indeed function in the pathway of lignin synthesis and likely perform this function in C. fortunei. They are prime candidates for future (gene-editing) studies aimed at optimizing C. fortunei wood production.

scholarly journals The Effect of Spent Mushroom Substrate and Cow Slurry on Sugar Content and Digestibility of Alfalfa Grass Mixtures

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
E. Malinowska ◽  
K. Jankowski
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Spent Mushroom Substrate ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Orchard Grass ◽  
Cow Slurry ◽  
Different Doses

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect of different doses of spent mushroom substrate and cow slurry on sugar content and digestibility of hybrid alfalfa and grass mixtures. The main factors were different doses of organic material: mushroom substrate and slurry, and the following legume grass mixtures: M1-orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), and hybrid alfalfa (Medicago x varia T. Martyn); M2-orchard grass, hybrid alfalfa; M3-perennial ryegrass, hybrid alfalfa. In each growing season, the mixtures were harvested three times during three years of their full use. Sugar content and dry matter digestibility were determined with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) using the NIRFlex N-500 spectrometer. Of all fertilizer treatments, the application of mushroom substrate at a dose of 20 t·ha−1 in combination with 40 m3 of slurry resulted in the best forage quality with its highest digestibility. In the mixture of perennial ryegrass and hybrid alfalfa increasing doses of mushroom substrate with decreasing doses of slurry lowered soluble sugar content and digestibility.

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