scholarly journals Emission analysis of large number of various passenger electronic devices in aircraft

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 129-137
Author(s):  
Jens Schüür ◽  
Lukas Oppermann ◽  
Achim Enders ◽  
Rafael R. Nunes ◽  
Carl-Henrik Oertel
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Transmission Measurement ◽  
Aircraft Industry ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
High Data ◽  
Received Power

Abstract. The ever increasing use of PEDs (passenger or portable electronic devices) has put pressure on the aircraft industry as well as operators and administrations to reevaluate established restrictions in PED-use on airplanes in the last years. Any electronic device could cause electromagnetic interference to the electronics of the airplane, especially interference at receiving antennas of sensitive wireless navigation and communication (NAV/COM) systems. This paper presents a measurement campaign in an Airbus A320. 69 test passengers were asked to actively use a combination of about 150 electronic devices including many attached cables, preferentially with a high data load on their buses, to provoke maximal emissions. These emissions were analysed within the cabin as well as at the inputs of aircraft receiving antennas outside of the fuselage. The emissions of the electronic devices as well as the background noise are time-variant, so just comparing only one reference and one transmission measurement is not sufficient. Repeated measurements of both cases lead to a more reliable first analysis. Additional measurements of the absolute received power at the antennas of the airplane allow a good estimation of the real interference potential to aircraft NAV/COM systems. Although there were many measured emissions within the cabin, there were no disturbance signals detectable at the aircraft antennas.

scholarly journals Electrosurgery and Implantable Electronic Devices: A Survey of Current Practices among Cutaneous Surgeons

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 326-334
Author(s):  
Caroline Rose Morris ◽  
Eva A Hurst
Keyword(s):  
Patient Safety ◽  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Mohs Micrographic Surgery ◽  
Micrographic Surgery ◽  
Electronic Survey ◽  
Cardioverter Defibrillator ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Current Practices

Background: The use of electrosurgery within dermatology is widespread and the number of patients with an implantable electronic device (IED) is ever-increasing. Adverse effects of performing electrosurgery on patients with IEDs could pose a significant patient safety risk. There is a paucity of literature existing detailing guidelines for cutaneous surgeons regarding electrosurgery in IED patients. Objective: To assess current practices and complications of cutaneous surgeons performing electrosurgery in IED patients.Methods: An electronic survey was distributed to members of the American College of Mohs Micrographic Surgery using REDCap. Data was collected between March 2019 and May 2019.Results: The survey was sent to approximately 1700 ACMS members with 178 responses received. The most commonly reported routine precautions included utilization of only short bursts of current, avoidance of electrosurgery around the device, and use of minimal power/lowest effective settings. In total there were nine complications with an estimated 31 patients experiencing electromagnetic interference (EMI) out of over 250,000 procedures. Complications were more commonly seen in patients with a cardioverter-defibrillator than any other device (RR:4.74, CI:1.29-17.4). The use of true heat cautery and bipolar (two-tip electrode) were associated with the lowest rate of EMI. Whereas, electrocoagulation, electrosection, and monopolar (single-tip electrode) were more likely to cause EMI (RR:3.62, 95% CI:1.82-7.19).Conclusions: Significant EMI to IEDs during routine cutaneous electrosurgery procedures is rare, however, there is a clear lack of recommendations. The use of bipolar forceps and electrocautery may be safer when electrosurgery is required. Further investigation is required to develop guidelines for electrosurgery in IED patients.

Safety of smartwatches and their chargers in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices

EP Europace ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stylianos Tzeis ◽  
Dimitrios Asvestas ◽  
Nektarios Moraitis ◽  
Emmanuel P Vardas ◽  
Panagiotis Mililis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Noise Level ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Magnetic Flux Density ◽  
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices ◽  
Background Noise Level

Abstract Aims Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) are susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Smartwatches and their chargers could be a possible source of EMI. We sought to assess whether the latest generation smartwatches and their chargers interfere with proper CIED function. Methods and results We included consecutive CIED recipients in two centres. We tested two latest generation smartwatches (Apple Watch and Samsung Galaxy Watch) and their charging cables for potential EMI. The testing was performed under continuous electrocardiogram recording and real-time device telemetry, with nominal and ‘worst-case’ settings. In vitro magnetic field measurements were performed to assess the emissions from the tested devices, initially in contact with the probe and then at a distance of 10 cm and 20 cm. In total, 171 patients with CIEDs (71.3% pacemakers–28.7% implantable cardioverter-defibrillators) from five manufacturers were enrolled (63.2% males, 74.8 ± 11.4 years), resulting in 684 EMI tests. No EMI was identified in any patient either under nominal or ‘worst-case scenario’ programming. The peak magnetic flux density emitted by the smartwatches was similar to the background noise level (0.81 μT) even when in contact with the measuring probe. The respective values for the chargers were 4.696 μΤ and 4.299 μΤ for the Samsung and Apple chargers, respectively, which fell at the background noise level when placed at 20 cm and 10 cm, respectively. Conclusion Two latest generation smartwatches and their chargers resulted in no EMI in CIED recipients. The absence of EMI in conjunction with the extremely low intensity of magnetic fields emitted by these devices support the safety of their use by CIED patients.

scholarly journals Effect of electroMagnetic Interference from smartPHone On cardiac implaNtable Electronic device (EMI-PHONE study)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanatcha Apakuppakul ◽  
Sirin Apiyasawat ◽  
Nilubon Methachittiphan
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device ◽  
Current Generation ◽  
Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices ◽  
Ventricular Lead ◽  
Icd Shock

Abstract Background: Smartphones can emit two types of electromagnetic waves, static field from magnet and dynamic field from calling. Previous evidence showed the interference effects from old generation of mobile phones to cardiac implantable electronic device (CIEDs). The current generation of smartphones and CIEDs are reportedly better designed to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI). We seek to find the presence and the magnitude of EMI from the current generation of smartphones. Objectives: The primary objective was to find out the presence and the effect of electromagnetic interference from current generation smartphones on cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). The secondary objectives were to demonstrate safety of using current generation smartphones on cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). Methods: A total of 80 subjects with CIEDs (Pacemaker, ICD, CRT-D, CRT-P) were recruited from our CIEDs clinic. Each subject was tested with three different smartphones (Nokia 3310, Iphone 7, and Samsung Galaxy S9), resulted in a total of 240 tests. Each phone was placed on chest wall, at pulse generator site, at atrial lead level, and at ventricular lead level. During the tests, real-time interrogations were performed to detect any EMI from smartphones in stand-by mode, and during calling-in and out for 30 seconds. After the tests, post-test interrogation was performed to detect any parameters changes. Adverse events including pacemaker inhibition, false ICD shock, CIEDs device malfunction, and urgent electro- physiologist consultations were recorded. Results: 80 subjects (Mean age 70.5 year-old, 50% male) were recruited in the study, and all completed 240 tests according to our protocol. The most common type of CIEDs tested was pacemaker (N=56, 70%), followed by ICD (N=16, 20%), and CRT (N=8, 10%). Most patients (N=62, 77.5%) had more than one lead implanted. The mean age of CIEDs implantation was 5.2 years (Devices were implanted since 2008-2019). Of all the tests performed, no electromagnetic interference (EMI) or adverse events was observed. Conclusion: Current generation of smartphones have no EMI effect to CIEDs and can be used safely without any adverse events including pacemaker inhibition, false ICD shock and CIEDs malfunction.

Fiber reinforced thermoplastics compounds for electromagnetic interference shielding applications

2021 ◽  
pp. 073168442110517
Author(s):  
Luís C Martins ◽  
António J Pontes
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Steel Sheet ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Shielding Effectiveness ◽  
Emi Shielding ◽  
Wide Range

Market demands for lightweight and lower cost products drive manufacturers to improve current product portfolios. In the case of electronic devices, the most significant weight originates from the enclosure, traditionally in steel or aluminum, that ensures excellent mechanical and electromagnetic shielding performance. The use of thermoplastics filled with electrically conductive fibers, such as carbon or stainless steel, was investigated as a lightweight and cost-effective alternative to steel sheet for creating electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding enclosures for electronic devices. This paper presents an EMI shielding analysis workflow for the development of plastic enclosures for an electronic device. The workflow starts by measuring the fiber-reinforced thermoplastic compounds shielding effectiveness (SE) with an experimental method in the 30 MHz–3 GHz frequency band. This analysis helps to filter a vast list of materials with a wide range of shielding performance, 20–100 dB, and allows to obtain empirical data for the second phase of the workflow, computer simulations. Simulations with experimentally adjusted material properties were used to validate the design concept of an enclosure in its early development phase. Results from this study showed that the selected material has better EMI SE performance than a steel sheet venting grid.

Design Of A Voice Controlled Home Automation System Using Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Network (DL-CNN)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-73
Author(s):  
Lery Sakti Ramba
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Background Intensity ◽  
Automation System ◽  
Home Automation ◽  
Speech Recognition System ◽  
Home Automation System

The purpose of this research is to design home automation system that can be controlled using voice commands. This research was conducted by studying other research related to the topics in this research, discussing with competent parties, designing systems, testing systems, and conducting analyzes based on tests that have been done. In this research voice recognition system was designed using Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Networks (DL-CNN). The CNN model that has been designed will then be trained to recognize several kinds of voice commands. The result of this research is a speech recognition system that can be used to control several electronic devices connected to the system. The speech recognition system in this research has a 100% success rate in room conditions with background intensity of 24dB (silent), 67.67% in room conditions with 42dB background noise intensity, and only 51.67% in room conditions with background intensity noise 52dB (noisy). The percentage of the success of the speech recognition system in this research is strongly influenced by the intensity of background noise in a room. Therefore, to obtain optimal results, the speech recognition system in this research is more suitable for use in rooms with low intensity background noise.

Comparative analysis of existing methods for improving reliability of vacuum electronic devices

2019 ◽  
pp. 38-41
Author(s):  
A. A. Korneev
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Electronic Control ◽  
Electronic Control System ◽  
Vacuum Electronic Devices ◽  
Electric Vacuum ◽  
Rational Control ◽  
Complex Technical Systems

The article presents the results of the study of the filament modes of electronic lamps and ensuring the rational temperature of the cathode. A brief description and comparative analysis of existing methods with the proposed author are given. The dependence diagrams obtained as a result of a real experiment are presented. A new method of rational control of the electric vacuum devices (EVP) filament mode is proposed, thereby increasing the reliability and increasing the durability of the EVP during operation in high-quality and expensive complex technical systems. According to the results of the study, a new specialized electronic device was developed, which allowed to smoothly regulate the supply of the filament voltage, thereby ensuring the rational control of the operation of the EVP. The technique and specialized electronic device are developed on the basis of modern scientific and technical achievements. This made it possible to increase the reliability and efficiency of the electronic control system for solving critical tasks. When implementing the developed device, the problem of import substitution was solved.

Polymeric textile-based electromagnetic interference shielding materials, their synthesis, mechanism and applications – A review

2021 ◽  
pp. 152808372110370
Author(s):  
Faiza Safdar ◽  
Munir Ashraf ◽  
Amjed Javid ◽  
Kashif Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Emi Shielding ◽  
Materials Synthesis ◽  
Synthesis Mechanism ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Textile Materials ◽  
Shielding Composites

The rapid proliferation of electronic devices and their operation at high frequencies has raised the contamination of artificial electromagnetic radiations in the atmosphere to an unprecedented level that is responsible for catastrophe for ecology and electronic devices. Therefore, the lightweight and flexible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials are of vital importance for controlling the pollution generated by such high-frequency EM radiations for protecting ecology and human health as well as the other nearby devices. In this regard, polymeric textile-based shielding composites have been proved to be the best due to their unique properties such as lightweight, excellent flexibility, low density, ease of processability and ease of handling. Moreover, such composites cover range of applications from everyday use to high-tech applications. Various polymeric textiles such as fibers, yarn, woven, nonwoven, knitted, as well as their hybrid composites have been extensively manipulated physically and/or chemically to act as shielding against such harmful radiations. This review encompasses from basic concept of EMI shielding for beginner to the latest research in polymeric-based textile materials synthesis for experts, covering detailed mechanisms with schematic illustration. The review also covers the gap of materials synthesis and their application on polymeric textiles which could be used for EMI shielding applications. Furthermore, recent research regarding rendering EMI shielding properties at various stages of polymeric textile development is provided for readers with critical analysis. Lastly, the applications along with environmental compliance have also been presented for better understanding.

scholarly journals Ultrathin, Lightweight, and Flexible CNT Buckypaper Enhanced Using MXenes for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongliang Yang ◽  
Xuchun Gui ◽  
Li Yao ◽  
Qingmei Hu ◽  
Leilei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Shielding Effectiveness ◽  
Emi Shielding ◽  
Emi Shielding Effectiveness ◽  
X Band ◽  
Wearable Electronic Devices ◽  
Emi Se

AbstractLightweight, flexibility, and low thickness are urgent requirements for next-generation high-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials for catering to the demand for smart and wearable electronic devices. Although several efforts have focused on constructing porous and flexible conductive films or aerogels, few studies have achieved a balance in terms of density, thickness, flexibility, and EMI shielding effectiveness (SE). Herein, an ultrathin, lightweight, and flexible carbon nanotube (CNT) buckypaper enhanced using MXenes (Ti3C2Tx) for high-performance EMI shielding is synthesized through a facile electrophoretic deposition process. The obtained Ti3C2Tx@CNT hybrid buckypaper exhibits an outstanding EMI SE of 60.5 dB in the X-band at 100 μm. The hybrid buckypaper with an MXene content of 49.4 wt% exhibits an EMI SE of 50.4 dB in the X-band with a thickness of only 15 μm, which is 105% higher than that of pristine CNT buckypaper. Furthermore, an average specific SE value of 5.7 × 104 dB cm2 g−1 is exhibited in the 5-μm hybrid buckypaper. Thus, this assembly process proves promising for the construction of ultrathin, flexible, and high-performance EMI shielding films for application in electronic devices and wireless communications.

scholarly journals Electromagnetic Interference assessment of small electronic devices with a TEM cell

2021 ◽  
Vol 1826 (1) ◽  
pp. 012093
Author(s):  
J H Angelo ◽  
M S Dias ◽  
M L Pereira Filho ◽  
A F G F Junior ◽  
J M Janiszewski
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Tem Cell

Design and Characteristics of Microfocus X-ray Source with Sealed Tube and Transmissive Target on Diamond Window

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 631-640
Author(s):  
Takaaki Tsunoda ◽  
Takeo Tsukamoto ◽  
Yoichi Ando ◽  
Yasuhiro Hamamoto ◽  
Yoichi Ikarashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Density ◽  
High Power ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
High Power Density ◽  
High Magnification ◽  
X Ray

Electronic devices such as medical instruments implanted in the human body and electronic control units installed in automobiles have a large impact on human life. The electronic circuits in these devices require highly reliable operation. Radiographic testing has recently been in strong demand as a nondestructive way to help ensure high reliability. Companies that use high-density micrometer-scale circuits or lithium-ion batteries require high speed and high magnification inspection of all parts. The authors have developed a new X-ray source supporting these requirements. The X-ray source has a sealed tube with a transmissive target on a diamond window that offers advantages over X-ray sources having a sealed tube with a reflective target. The X-ray source provides high-power-density X-ray with no anode degradation and a longer shelf life. In this paper, the authors will summarize X-ray source classification relevant to electronic device inspection and will detail X-ray source performance requirements and challenges. The paper will also elaborate on technologies employed in the X-ray source including tube design implementations for high-power-density X-ray, high resolution, and high magnification simultaneously; reduced system downtime for automated X-ray inspection; and reduced dosages utilizing quick X-ray on-and-off emission control for protection of sensitive electronic devices.

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