Climate and demographic impacts on wildfire air pollution hazards during the 21<sup>st</sup> century

Wildfire air pollution hazard during the 21st century

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-17-9223-2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (14) ◽

pp. 9223-9236 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Wolfgang Knorr ◽

Frank Dentener ◽

Jean-François Lamarque ◽

Leiwen Jiang ◽

Almut Arneth

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Air Pollution ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Anthropogenic Sources ◽

World Health ◽

Fire Season ◽

Worst Case ◽

The World

Abstract. Wildfires pose a significant risk to human livelihoods and are a substantial health hazard due to emissions of toxic smoke. Previous studies have shown that climate change, increasing atmospheric CO2, and human demographic dynamics can lead to substantially altered wildfire risk in the future, with fire activity increasing in some regions and decreasing in others. The present study re-examines these results from the perspective of air pollution risk, focussing on emissions of airborne particulate matter (PM2. 5), combining an existing ensemble of simulations using a coupled fire–dynamic vegetation model with current observation-based estimates of wildfire emissions and simulations with a chemical transport model. Currently, wildfire PM2. 5 emissions exceed those from anthropogenic sources in large parts of the world. We further analyse two extreme sets of future wildfire emissions in a socio-economic, demographic climate change context and compare them to anthropogenic emission scenarios reflecting current and ambitious air pollution legislation. In most regions of the world, ambitious reductions of anthropogenic air pollutant emissions have the potential to limit mean annual pollutant PM2. 5 levels to comply with World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines for PM2. 5. Worst-case future wildfire emissions are not likely to interfere with these annual goals, largely due to fire seasonality, as well as a tendency of wildfire sources to be situated in areas of intermediate population density, as opposed to anthropogenic sources that tend to be highest at the highest population densities. However, during the high-fire season, we find many regions where future PM2. 5 pollution levels can reach dangerous levels even for a scenario of aggressive reduction of anthropogenic emissions.

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POPULATION GROWTH, EMPLOYMENT, AND LIVELIHOODS: THE TRIPLE CHALLENGE

Journal of Demographic Economics ◽

10.1017/dem.2016.15 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 83 (1) ◽

pp. 51-61

Author(s):

John Cleland

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Population Growth ◽

Age Structure ◽

Total Population ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Foreign Investors ◽

The Third ◽

Family Enterprises ◽

Favorable Change ◽

Sub Saharan

AbstractOver the next 35 years, the total population of sub-Saharan Africa is projected to increase by 118%, with a greater rise of of 156% of people in the prime working ages. To cope with population growth and exploit the slowly unfolding, favorable change in age structure, countries face a triple challenge. Agricultural productivity has to improve. Prospects are good, though climate change remains a threat. Manufacturing jobs need to be created on a far larger scale than hitherto. Success is uncertain because much depends on foreign investors and the actions of competing low-wage countries in Asia. The third challenge concerns the non-agricultural informal sector, which, even under optimistic assumptions about manufacturing, will continue to provide livelihoods for a large segment of the population. Entrepreneurship needs to be encouraged so that an increasing proportion of family enterprises evolve into larger businesses. There is no blueprint to achieve this evolution and much will depend on the hard work and ingenuity of individuals.

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Re-Evaluation of World Population Figures: Politics and Forecasting Mechanics

Economics and Business ◽

10.2478/eb-2020-0008 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 104-125

Author(s):

Olatunji Abdul Shobande ◽

Oladimeji Tomiwa Shodipe

Keyword(s):

Population Growth ◽

Moving Average ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

World Population ◽

The Social ◽

The World ◽

Population Sizes ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Support Programmes ◽

Sustainable Economic Growth

AbstractThis paper forecasts the world population using the Autoregressive Integration Moving Average (ARIMA) for estimation and projection for short-range and long-term population sizes of the world, regions and sub-regions. The study provides evidence that growth and population explosion will continue in Sub-Saharan Africa, tending the need to aggressively promote pragmatic programmes that will balance population growth and sustainable economic growth in the region. The study argued that early projections took for granted the positive and negative implications of population growth on the social structure and offset the natural process, which might have implication(s) on survival rate. Given the obvious imbalance in population growth across continents and regions of the world, a more purposeful inter-regional and economic co-operation that supports and enhances population balancing and economic expansion among nations is highly recommended. In this regard, the United Nations should compel member states to vigorously and effectively implement domestic and international support programmes with this objective in view.

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THE PLACE OF AN ETHICS OF SOLIDARITY IN MITIGATING THE PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

The Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Series "Philosophy. Philosophical Peripeteias" ◽

10.26565/226-0994-2020-62-20 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 182-192

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Human Trafficking ◽

Vantage Point ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Illegal Migration ◽

The World ◽

Theoretical Frame ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Societal Problems ◽

Failing States

Sub-Saharan Africa like some other parts of the world is plagued by myriads of problems such as environmental degradation, climate change, illegal migration, human trafficking, terrorism, resources conflicts, bad and inept leadership, failing states, armed banditry, drug smuggling, youth restiveness, unemployment, etc. One of these problems, unemployment, has led to the devastation of many human lives and equally made some persons to live in degrading manner that affect environmental resources. Unemployment is not simply about statistics or numbers but about actual human lives who are holders of rights and dignity. Unemployment can impede the exercise of human rights and prevent people from living meaningful lives. In spite of the region’s enormous natural resources and human capital unemployment remains drastically unabated. Why is this situation so? This situation is problematized here. Consequently, this paper critically and analytically examines this problem of unemployment in Sub-Saharan Africa in the light of an ethics of solidarity. The paper hermeneutically interprets the concepts involved in the study. The grave reasons for unemployment in the region will be examined with likely solutions. Besides these possible solutions, the paper sees the issue as also bordering on ethical realities. Many of the factors that causes employment borders on human behaviours and morality. There are ethical dimensions to the issue then. This is why the paper takes the vantage point of an ethics of solidarity to argue for an additional solution to the problem. This is equally the theoretical frame from which the problem of unemployment is examined. Living in solidarity makes individuals to easily collaborate and overcome societal problems like unemployment. The paper finds that unemployment is a pervasive problem in the sub-continent and is causing grave consequences for both human lives and the environment. The paper concludes that an ethics of solidarity can help in mitigating the problem of unemployment in the sub-continent. And that when this is done it will help to create a happier and peaceful sub-continent.

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Climate Change, Agriculture, and Famine

Heat Advisory ◽

10.7551/mitpress/9780262034876.003.0005 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Alan H. Lockwood

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Critical Temperature ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Hay Fever ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Normal Intelligence ◽

Temperature Thresholds ◽

The World ◽

Sub Saharan

Hotter weather and higher atmospheric CO2 levels will have profound effects on plants. Crops such as corn and soybeans, have critical temperature thresholds above which yields fall precipitously. High CO2 levels will foster the growth of many weeds over crops, threatening yields. Stimulated growth and release of ragweed allergens will threaten hay fever sufferers and asthmatics. The nutrient content of many crops falls in a high CO2 environment. As crop yields fall, prices rise, and undernutrition increases, particularly among children who fail to develop normally who, as a result, may not achieve normal intelligence. In many nations, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, childhood undernutrition already approaches 50%. Feeding the increasing population of the world may become problematic.

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Demography and the Future of Democracy

Perspectives on Politics ◽

10.1017/s1537592719005000 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 867-880

Author(s):

Jack A. Goldstone ◽

Larry Diamond

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Negative Impact ◽

The United States ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Global Democracy ◽

Liberal Democratic ◽

The World ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Long Term Trend

The world is in the midst of a demographic recession. This counters what should be a long-term trend toward greater democracy. Recent research has shown that progress toward stable democracy is strongly associated with progress in the demographic transition. Since most of the world is rapidly dropping in fertility as more countries complete this transition, democracy should be spreading. However, a resurgence of anxiety, nationalism, and support for strong-man governance is associated with sudden waves of immigration from unfamiliar sources. Because certain parts of the world—mainly Central America, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Middle East—still have very young and rapidly growing populations who suffer from poor economic prospects, adverse climate change, and bad governance, those regions are sending waves of migrants seeking asylum to Europe and the United States, raising anxieties that undermine liberal democratic governance. Global democracy is thus being tugged in opposing directions by current demographic trends. Improving governance in poorer countries to cope with the negative impact of climate change and to create better economic prospects, as well as efforts to reduce fertility, are essential to diminish the surges of migrants and restore the impetus toward democracy that should prevail in mature societies.

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THE PLACE OF AN ETHICS OF SOLIDARITY IN MITIGATING THE PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

The Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Series "Philosophy. Philosophical Peripeteias" ◽

10.26565/2226-0994-2020-62-20 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 182-192

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Human Trafficking ◽

Vantage Point ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Illegal Migration ◽

The World ◽

Theoretical Frame ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Societal Problems ◽

Failing States

Sub-Saharan Africa like some other parts of the world is plagued by myriads of problems such as environmental degradation, climate change, illegal migration, human trafficking, terrorism, resources conflicts, bad and inept leadership, failing states, armed banditry, drug smuggling, youth restiveness, unemployment, etc. One of these problems, unemployment, has led to the devastation of many human lives and equally made some persons to live in degrading manner that affect environmental resources. Unemployment is not simply about statistics or numbers but about actual human lives who are holders of rights and dignity. Unemployment can impede the exercise of human rights and prevent people from living meaningful lives. In spite of the region’s enormous natural resources and human capital unemployment remains drastically unabated. Why is this situation so? This situation is problematized here. Consequently, this paper critically and analytically examines this problem of unemployment in Sub-Saharan Africa in the light of an ethics of solidarity. The paper hermeneutically interprets the concepts involved in the study. The grave reasons for unemployment in the region will be examined with likely solutions. Besides these possible solutions, the paper sees the issue as also bordering on ethical realities. Many of the factors that causes employment borders on human behaviours and morality. There are ethical dimensions to the issue then. This is why the paper takes the vantage point of an ethics of solidarity to argue for an additional solution to the problem. This is equally the theoretical frame from which the problem of unemployment is examined. Living in solidarity makes individuals to easily collaborate and overcome societal problems like unemployment. The paper finds that unemployment is a pervasive problem in the sub-continent and is causing grave consequences for both human lives and the environment. The paper concludes that an ethics of solidarity can help in mitigating the problem of unemployment in the sub-continent. And that when this is done it will help to create a happier and peaceful sub-continent.

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Deadly Heat Exposure in an Urbanized World

10.31223/x5rs6f ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Steffen Lohrey ◽

Camilo Mora ◽

Diana Reckien ◽

Felix Creutzig

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Climate Model ◽

Heat Exposure ◽

Global Scale ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

World Population ◽

Humanitarian Crisis ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

The World ◽

Sub Saharan

Climate-change exposes an increasing share of the world population to potentially lethal heat, a threat accentuated by rapid urbanization. Here, we project occurrence of future deadly heat for urban agglomerations around the world until 2080 by using CMIP6 climate model projections of temperature and relative humidity, urbanization prospects and GDP projections from the SSP scenarios. We show that while nearly all regions within latitudes 35°S - 45°N experience an increase in days of deadly heat, Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeastern Asia are particularly exposed, a trend exacerbated by rapid urbanization. By 2080, between 2.3 (59\%) (SSP1-2.6) and 3.0 (75\%) (SSP5-8.5) billion urban dwellers will experience more than 30 annual days of deadly heat, including 477 (66\%) - 546 (77\%) million in Sub-Saharan Africa and 988 (93\%) - 993 million (94\%) in South and South-Eastern Asia. The exposure to heat is highly unequal, with some of the poorest regions affected the most. Our results imply that jointly mitigating climate change, planning for well-ventilated cities, and combating poverty to enable economic access to air conditioning is required to avert a global-scale humanitarian crisis.

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Green Sukuk, Energy Poverty, and Climate Change: A Roadmap for Sub-Saharan Africa

10.1596/1813-9450-8680 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dalal Aassouli ◽

Mehmet Asutay ◽

Mahmoud Mohieldin ◽

Tochukwu Chiara Nwokike

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Energy Poverty ◽

Sub Saharan

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Christianity in the Twentieth Century

10.23943/princeton/9780691196848.001.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Brian Stanley

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Racial Identity ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Central Importance ◽

Regional Survey ◽

History Of Christianity ◽

The World ◽

History Of ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Different Parts

This book charts the transformation of one of the world's great religions during an age marked by world wars, genocide, nationalism, decolonization, and powerful ideological currents, many of them hostile to Christianity. The book traces how Christianity evolved from a religion defined by the culture and politics of Europe to the expanding polycentric and multicultural faith it is today—one whose growing popular support is strongest in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, China, and other parts of Asia. The book sheds critical light on themes of central importance for understanding the global contours of modern Christianity, illustrating each one with contrasting case studies, usually taken from different parts of the world. Unlike other books on world Christianity, this one is not a regional survey or chronological narrative, nor does it focus on theology or ecclesiastical institutions. The book provides a history of Christianity as a popular faith experienced and lived by its adherents, telling a compelling and multifaceted story of Christendom's fortunes in Europe, North America, and across the rest of the globe. It demonstrates how Christianity has had less to fear from the onslaughts of secularism than from the readiness of Christians themselves to accommodate their faith to ideologies that privilege racial identity or radical individualism.

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