scholarly journals Prick, patch or blood test? A simple guide to allergy testing

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Leelavathi Muthupalaniappen ◽  
Adawiyah Jamil
Keyword(s):  
Test Method ◽  
Type I ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Delayed Reaction ◽  
Allergy Testing ◽  
Prick Test ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Allergy Test

This article provides information on allergy testing and serves as a simple guide for physicians who are considering using allergy testing as a step in patient management. Basic principles of allergy testing, indications for testing, and how and when to choose a suitable allergy test are discussed. Allergy testing in general refers to evaluation of either type I or type IV hypersensitivity reactions. The type I (immediate) reaction is evaluated using the skin prick test (in vivo) or serum IgE (in vitro) test methods, while the type IV (delayed) reaction is determined via the skin patch test method. The allergens responsible for a specific reaction can be identified from allergy testing, and this information is useful in administering avoidance measures. Appropriate treatment of allergic reactions along with allergen avoidance ensure a successful treatment outcome and prevent future reactions.

scholarly journals Shift in collagen type as an early response to induction of the metanephric mesenchyme.

1981 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Ekblom ◽  
E Lehtonen ◽  
L Saxén ◽  
R Timpl
Keyword(s):  
Basal Lamina ◽  
Type Iv Collagen ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Type I ◽  
Metanephric Mesenchyme ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Interstitial Collagens ◽  
Membrane Components

Conversion of the nephrogenic mesenchyme into epithelial tubules requires an inductive stimulus from the ureter bud. Here we show with immunofluorescence techniques that the undifferentiated mesenchyme before induction expresses uniformly type I and type III collagens. Induction both in vivo and in vitro leads to a loss of these proteins and to the appearance of basement membrane components including type IV collagen. This change correlates both spatially and temporally with the determination of the mesenchyme and precedes and morphological events. During morphogenesis, type IV collagen concentrates at the borders of the developing tubular structures where, by electron microscopy, a thin, often discontinuous basal lamina was seen to cover the first pretubular cell aggregates. Subsequently, the differentiating tubules were surrounded by a well-developed basal lamina. No loss of the interstitial collagens was seen in the metanephric mesenchyme when brought into contact with noninducing tissues or when cultured alone. Similar observations were made with nonnephrogenic mesenchyme (salivary, lung) when exposed to various heterotypic tissues known to induce tubules in the nephrogenic mesenchyme. The sequential shift in the composition of the extracellular matrix from an interstitial, mesenchymal type to a differentiated, epithelial type is so far the first detectable response of the nephrogenic mesenchyme to the tubule-inducing signal.

scholarly journals Hypersensitivity Reactions to Monoclonal Antibodies in Children

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
Francesca Mori ◽  
Francesca Saretta ◽  
Annamaria Bianchi ◽  
Giuseppe Crisafulli ◽  
Silvia Caimmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Provocation Test ◽  
Type I ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Biologic Drugs ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Drug Provocation Test

Biologic drugs are widely used in pediatric medicine. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in particular are a therapeutic option for rheumatic, autoinflammatory and oncologic diseases. Adverse drug reactions and hypersensitivity reactions (HSR) to mAbs may occur in children. Clinical presentation of HSRs to mAbs can be classified according to phenotypes in infusion-related reactions, cytokine release syndrome, both alpha type reactions and type I (IgE/non-IgE), type III, and type IV reactions, all beta-type reactions. The aim of this review is to focus on HSRs associated with the most frequent mAbs in childhood, with particular attention to beta-type reactions. When a reaction to mAbs is suspected a diagnostic work-up including in-vivo and in-vitro testing should be performed. A drug provocation test is recommended only when no alternative drugs are available. In selected patients with immediate IgE-mediated drug allergy a desensitization protocol is indicated. Despite the heavy use of mAbs in childhood, studies evaluating the reliability of diagnostic test are lacking. Although desensitization may be effective in reducing the risk of reactions in children, standardized pediatric protocols are still not available.

scholarly journals Incorporation of disinfectants for obtaining dental stone: microbiological and dimensional evaluation

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
Patrícia Lins Azevedo do Nascimento ◽  
Rafael Bezerra Ribeiro ◽  
Cícero Romão Gadê-Neto ◽  
Alexandre Henrique de Moura Dias
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Metallic Matrix ◽  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
In Vivo Study ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Significant Difference

AIM: To assess dimensional change and antimicrobial activity of disinfectants substances incorporated during the dental stone manipulation. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In vivo - microorganisms were collected in alginate molds of 30 volunteers inoculated on BHI agar and incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. The molds were cast with type IV gypsum, manipulated with saline (G1), 1% sodium hypochlorite (G2) and 4% chlorhexidine (G3), replacing the water. After setting of plaster with 1 hour two collections on models were made. After 24 hours, the readings were performed. The Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests with confidence interval of 99% and 95% respectively were used. In vitro - Müeller Hinton agar petri dishes were inoculated with S. mutans (ATCC25175), S. sanguis (ATCC10556) and E. faecalis (ATCC29212), over which were placed steel rings filled with the same substances of the in vivo study. After deposition of gypsum and incubation, halos were measured with a digital caliper and data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test with confidence interval of 95%. Dimensional Change - With a metallic matrix and a perfectly adapted tray, the insertion axis and force used for moulding and obtain 30 specimens in type IV gypsum were standardized, following the same distribution of the study groups in vivo. The specimens were measured by Image Pro Plus software and data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test with confidence interval of 95%. RESULT: Data from the in vivo study demonstrated a significant difference between the mold and each model (p<0.001). In the Wilcoxon test there was no significant difference between groups of models. At the in vitro test, G2 showed greater inhibition zones in all micro-organisms tested compared to G3, but with respect to dimensional changes, there was a significant difference between solutions and metallic standard, where G3 caused less change than G2. CONCLUSION: Chlorhexidine 4% showed to be the most suitable disinfectant.

scholarly journals A standardised in vivo and in vitro test method for evaluating tick repellents

2013 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kröber ◽  
M. Bourquin ◽  
P.M. Guerin
Keyword(s):  
Test Method ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Vitro Test ◽  
Tick Repellents

scholarly journals Development of an Evaluation System for Fusarium Resistance in Wheat Grains and Its Application in Assessment of the Corresponding Effects of Fhb1

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (8) ◽  
pp. 2210-2216
Author(s):  
Xuan Gong ◽  
Xinyao He ◽  
Yuhui Zhang ◽  
Lei Li ◽  
Zhengxi Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation System ◽  
Infection Type ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Type Ii Resistance

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium species is a globally important wheat disease. Host resistance to FHB is composed of multiple mechanisms, including resistance to initial infection (type I), disease spread (type II), toxin accumulation (type III), kernel infection (type IV), and yield loss (type V), of which the last three have been less studied. Traditionally, the Fusarium-damaged kernel rate (FDK; percentage of Fusarium-infected grains) from point- or spray-inoculated experiments was used as the parameter for type IV resistance, which may be problematic because of the influence of type II resistance. Here we propose a new definition for type IV resistance: that is, the resistance against Fusarium infection expressed in wheat grains that have the same chance in contact with the pathogen, under favorable temperature and humidity for infection. Fhb1 confers strong type II resistance, leading to significantly reduced FHB severity and FDK. To investigate the role of Fhb1 in type IV resistance, a pair of near-isogenic lines, R22W (Fhb1 carrier, resistant in terms of type II resistance) and S22V (non-Fhb1, susceptible), along with eight wheat genotypes differing at Fhb1 were inoculated at different grain development stages with Fusarium macrospores both in vivo and in vitro. The in vivo experiments with all florets inoculated demonstrated a significant reduction in thousand kernel weight (TKW) in inoculated grains, regardless of their Fhb1 status and developmental stages. Surprisingly, R22W showed more TKW reduction than S22V, which was supported by the scanning electron microscopy observation that confirmed the more severe degradation of starch granules in R22W grains. The in vitro experiments demonstrated that grains from both R22W and S22V promoted fungal colonization, but no significant difference was found between the two lines. In summary, our results indicated that the proposed type IV evaluation system is effective in determining different grain resistance levels, providing novel tools for FHB resistance breeding. The finding that Fhb1 is not associated with type IV resistance enriches our understanding of this gene.

Extracellular matrix modulation of endothelial cell shape and motility following injury in vitro

1985 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
W.C. Young ◽  
I.M. Herman
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Type Iv Collagen ◽  
Type I ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Interstitial Collagens

We utilized fluorescence microscopy and affinity-purified antibodies to probe the form and function of cytoplasmic actin in endothelial cells (EC) recovering from injury and grown on extracellular matrices in vitro. Bovine aortic EC were seeded onto glass microscope coverslips that had been coated with either BSA, fibronectin, type I and III (interstitial) collagens, type IV (basement membrane) collagen or gelatin. After EC that had been grown on glass, glass-BSA or extracellular matrix-coated coverslips reached confluence, a 300–400 micron zone of cells was mechanically removed to stimulate EC migration and proliferation. Post-injury EC movements were monitored with time-lapse, phase-contrast videomicrography before fixation for actin localization with fluorescence microscopy using affinity-purified antibodies. We found that the number of stress fibres within EC was inversely proportional to the rate of movement; and, the rates of movement for EC grown on glass or glass-BSA were approximately eight times faster than EC grown on gelatin or type IV collagen (X velocity = 0.5 micron/min versus 0.06 micron/min). EC movements on fibronectin and interstitial collagens were similar (X velocity = 0.2 micron/min). These results suggest that extracellular matrix molecules modulate EC stress fibre expression, thereby producing alterations in the cytoskeleton and the resultant EC movements that follow injury in vitro. Moreover, the induction of stress fibres in the presence of basement membrane (type IV) collagen may explain the failure of aortic EC to migrate and repopulate wounded regions of intima during atherogenesis in vivo.

scholarly journals The Research of Toxicity and Sensitization Potential of PEGylated Silver and Gold Nanomaterials

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
Dong-Han Lee ◽  
Seo-Yoon Choi ◽  
Ki-Kyung Jung ◽  
Jun-Young Yang ◽  
Ja-young Jeong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Test Method ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Skin Sensitization ◽  
In Vivo Test ◽  
Gold Silver ◽  
Original Group

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a polymer used for surface modification of important substances in the modern pharmaceutical industry and biopharmaceutical fields. Despite the many benefits of PEGylation, there is also the possibility that the application and exposure of the substance may cause adverse effects in the body, such as an immune response. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the sensitization responses that could be induced through the intercomparison of nanomaterials of the PEG-coated group with the original group. We selected gold/silver nanomaterials (NMs) for original group and PEGylated silver/gold NMs in this study. First, we measured the physicochemical properties of the four NMs, such as size and zeta potential under various conditions. Additionally, we performed the test of the NM’s sensitization potential using the KeratinoSens™ assay for in vitro test method and the LLNA: 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-FCM for in vivo test method. The results showed that PEGylated-NMs did not lead to skin sensitization according to OECD TG 442 (alternative test for skin sensitization). In addition, gold nanomaterial showed that cytotoxicity of PEGylated-AuNMs was lower than AuNMs. These results suggest the possibility that PEG coating does not induce an immune response in the skin tissue and can lower the cytotoxicity of nanomaterials.

The extracellular matrix of human amniotic epithelium: ultrastructure, composition and deposition

1985 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-136
Author(s):  
J.D. Aplin ◽  
S. Campbell ◽  
T.D. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Basal Lamina ◽  
Basal Cell ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Complete Matrix

Ultrastructural comparisons have been made between human amnion extracellular matrix in tissue and cell culture. Immunochemical analysis of matrix deposited by monolayers of cultured amnion epithelial cells has also been undertaken. The basal cell surfaces are highly invaginated with an associated basal lamina that is more electron dense at the distal tips of basal cell processes where hemidesmosomes are frequent. Immediately below the lamina densa is a zone rich in collagen bundles. In the underlying stroma two types of fibril predominate, one striated of 50 nm diameter and one of 18 nm diameter. The observations suggest that at gestational term the epithelial cells are still active in the production of matrix. Secretion appears to occur into invaginations in the basal cell surface where a loosely organized mixture of stromal-type and basal laminal-type aggregates is formed. In culture on plastic, cells also deposit a mixture of basal laminal (type IV collagen + laminin) and stromal (collagens type I + III) components as well as fibronectin. However, segregation into a true basal lamina with underlying stroma does not occur in vitro, suggesting the need for an organized subcellular template to complete matrix morphogenesis. The in vitro and in vivo evidence suggest that the epithelium contributes to the subjacent dense collagenous zone as well as to the basal lamina.

Peculiarities of the course of type I allergic reactions in patients with blood diseases

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-50
Author(s):  
A. Nikitina
Keyword(s):  
Search Engines ◽  
Anaphylactic Shock ◽  
Type I ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Blood Diseases ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Modern Methods

Analysis of literature data presented in search engines — Elibrary, PubMed, Cochrane — concerning the risk of developing type I allergic reactions in patients with blood diseases is presented. It is shown that the most common cause of type I allergic reactions is drugs included in the treatment regimens of this category of patients. The article presents statistics on the increase in the number of drug allergies leading to cases of anaphylactic shock in patients with blood diseases. Modern methods for the diagnosis of type I allergic reactions in vivo and in vitro are considered.

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