SPECIAL COMMENTARY Zero Fossil Fuels Dependence Requires a National Commission

The limited fossil reserves, spiraling price and environmental impact due to usage of fossil fuels leads the world wide researchers’ interest in using alternative renewable and environment safe fuels that can meet the energy demand. Biodiesel is an emerging renewable alternative fuel to conventional diesel which can be produced from both edible and non-edible oils, animal fats, algae etc. The society is in dire need of using renewable fuels as an immediate control measure to mitigate the pollution level. In this work an attempt is made to review the requisite and access the capability of the biodiesel in improving the environmental degradation.

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BP Global Energy Outlook 2030

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2013-5-109-128 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 109-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

C. Rühl

Keyword(s):

Emerging Economies ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Net Energy ◽

Global Energy ◽

The Past ◽

Market Shares ◽

The Us ◽

Almost All ◽

Oil Gas

This paper presents the highlights of the third annual edition of the BP Energy Outlook, which sets out BP’s view of the most likely developments in global energy markets to 2030, based on up-to-date analysis and taking into account developments of the past year. The Outlook’s overall expectation for growth in global energy demand is to be 36% higher in 2030 than in 2011 and almost all the growth coming from emerging economies. It also reflects shifting expectations of the pattern of supply, with unconventional sources — shale gas and tight oil together with heavy oil and biofuels — playing an increasingly important role and, in particular, transforming the energy balance of the US. While the fuel mix is evolving, fossil fuels will continue to be dominant. Oil, gas and coal are expected to converge on market shares of around 26—28% each by 2030, and non-fossil fuels — nuclear, hydro and renewables — on a share of around 6—7% each. By 2030, increasing production and moderating demand will result in the US being 99% self-sufficient in net energy. Meanwhile, with continuing steep economic growth, major emerging economies such as China and India will become increasingly reliant on energy imports. These shifts will have major impacts on trade balances.

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Changing the face of short fiber –a review of the eucalyptus revolution

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj14.6.353 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 353-359 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

PETER W. HART ◽

RICARDO B. SANTOS

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuels ◽

Wood Quality ◽

Short Fiber ◽

Fiber Volume ◽

Private Industry ◽

High Productivity ◽

Paper Manufacturing ◽

Short Rotation ◽

Eucalypt Plantations ◽

Eucalyptus Plantations

Eucalyptus plantations have been used as a source of short fiber for papermaking for more than 40 years. The development in genetic improvement and clonal programs has produced improved density plantations that have resulted in fast growing, increased fiber volume eucalypts becoming the most widely used source of short fibers in the world. High productivity and short rotation times, along with the uniformity and improved wood quality of clonal plantations have attracted private industry investment in eucalypt plantations. Currently, only a handful of species or hybrids are used in plantation efforts. Many more species are being evaluated to either enhance fiber properties or expand the range of eucalypt plantations. Eucalyptus plantations are frequently planted on nonforested land and may be used, in part, as a means of conserving native forests while allowing the production of high quality fiber for economic uses. Finally, eucalypt plantations can provide significant carbon sinks, which may be used to help offset the carbon released from burning fossil fuels. The development and expansion of eucalypt plantations represents a substantial revolution in pulp and paper manufacturing.

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A tes

Indonesian Journal of Energy ◽

10.33116/ije.v1i3.27 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

Author(s):

IJE Manager

Keyword(s):

Energy Supply ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Geographical Location ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Past Century ◽

Solar Pv ◽

Pv Systems ◽

Trade Offs ◽

A Site ◽

Selection Methodology

In the past century, fossil fuels have dominated energy supply in Indonesia. However, concerns over emissions are likely to change the future energy supply. As people become more conscious of environmental issues, alternatives for energy are sought to reduce the environmental impacts. These include renewable energy (RE) sources such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. However, most RE sources like solar PV are not available continuously since they depend on weather conditions, in addition to geographical location. Bali has a stable and long sunny day with 12 hours of daylight throughout the year and an average insolation of 5.3 kWh/m2 per day. This study looks at the potential for on-grid solar PV to decarbonize energy in Bali. A site selection methodology using GIS is applied to measure solar PV potential. Firstly, the study investigates the boundaries related to environmental acceptability and economic objectives for land use in Bali. Secondly, the potential of solar energy is estimated by defining the suitable areas, given the technical assumptions of solar PV. Finally, the study extends the analysis to calculate the reduction in emissions when the calculated potential is installed. Some technical factors, such as tilting solar, and intermittency throughout the day, are outside the scope of this study. Based on this model, Bali has an annual electricity potential for 32-53 TWh from solar PV using amorphous thin-film silicon as the cheapest option. This potential amount to three times the electricity supply for the island in 2024 which is estimated at 10 TWh. Bali has an excessive potential to support its own electricity demand with renewables, however, some limitations exist with some trade-offs to realize the idea. These results aim to build a developmental vision of solar PV systems in Bali based on available land and the region’s irradiation.

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The Kenya National Commission on Human Rights under the 2010 Constitutional Dispensation

African Journal of International and Comparative Law ◽

10.3366/ajicl.2018.0228 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 205-226

Author(s):

Bonolo Ramadi Dinokopila ◽

Rhoda Igweta Murangiri

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Transitional Justice ◽

National Commission ◽

Bill Of Rights ◽

Institutional Perspective ◽

Post Conflict ◽

National Human ◽

The Status ◽

Protection Of Human Rights

This article examines the transformation of the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) and discusses the implications of such transformation on the promotion and protection of human rights in Kenya. The article is an exposition of the powers of the Commission and their importance to the realisation of the Bill of Rights under the 2010 Kenyan Constitution. This is done from a normative and institutional perspective with particular emphasis on the extent to which the UN Principles Relating to the Status of National Institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights (the Paris Principles, 1993) have been complied with. The article highlights the role of national human rights commissions in transformative and/or transitional justice in post-conflict Kenya. It also explores the possible complementary relationship(s) between the KNCHR and other Article 59 Commissions for the better enforcement of the bill of rights.

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Energy After COVID

Current History ◽

10.1525/curh.2020.119.820.317 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 119 (820) ◽

pp. 317-322

Author(s):

Michael T. Klare

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

White Collar ◽

Peak Oil ◽

Business Travel ◽

Reduce Energy Consumption ◽

The Cost ◽

Energy Companies

By transforming patterns of travel and work around the world, the COVID-19 pandemic is accelerating the transition to renewable energy and the decline of fossil fuels. Lockdowns brought car commuting and plane travel to a near halt, and the mass experiment in which white-collar employees have been working from home may permanently reduce energy consumption for business travel. Renewable energy and electric vehicles were already gaining market share before the pandemic. Under pressure from investors, major energy companies have started writing off fossil fuel reserves as stranded assets that are no longer worth the cost of extracting. These shifts may indicate that “peak oil demand” has arrived earlier than expected.

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