Embryology of Undescended Testis and Mechanisms of Testicular Descent

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Koray Agras
Keyword(s):  
Undescended Testis ◽  
Testicular Descent

scholarly journals Association between Testicular Appendix and Undescended Testicle in children: A comparative study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Kevin Emeka Chukwubuike ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Undescended Testis ◽  
Testicular Descent ◽  
Undescended Testicle ◽  
Appendix Testis

The appendix testis may be involved in the normal testicular descent and there are reports of decreased incidence of appendix testis in children with undescended testis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of appendix testis in children with undescended testis in comparison to the incidence in children with normally descended testis.

53 Fertility in men with acquired undescended testis, where spontaneous testicular descent was awaited until puberty: Spontaneous descend versus orchiopexy

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e53-e53a
Author(s):  
Brakel J. Van ◽  
R. Kranse ◽  
S.M.P.F. De Muinck Keizer-Schrama ◽  
C.H. Bangma ◽  
F.W.J. Hazebroek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Undescended Testis ◽  
Testicular Descent

Putting the pieces together: cryptorchidism – do we know everything?

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (11-12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Diana Komarowska ◽  
Adam Hermanowicz ◽  
Wojciech Debek
Keyword(s):  
Undescended Testis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Testicular Descent ◽  
Testicular Development ◽  
Health It ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

AbstractCryptorchidism is one of the most common birth defects in male children, and it has a potential impact on future health. It is the best-characterized risk factor for reduced fertility and testicular cancer. However, the etiology of cryptorchidism remains largely unknown. In the literature, we find different opinions and theories on this topic. Probably, the etiology is multifactorial, and hormonal, genetic and environmental factors may regulate testicular development and descent from intra-abdominal location into the bottom of the scrotum. The descent of the testis is a complex, two-stage process. A critical role in testicular descent has been attributed to androgens, insulin-like hormone 3 (insl3) and anti-Müllerian hormone. It is believed that interaction between Leydig and Sertoli cells may cause impaired spermatogenesis. Based on recent knowledge of germ cell development, it is believed that the best treatment for undescended testis is orchiopexy between 6th and 12th month of life. Long follow-up studies are needed to focus on the effect of this recommendation.

Hormonal control of testicular descent and the cause of cryptorchidism

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Hutson ◽  
M Baker ◽  
M Terada ◽  
B Zhou ◽  
G Paxton
Keyword(s):  
Undescended Testis ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Testicular Descent ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Androgen Resistance ◽  
Androgen Levels

This paper briefly reviews the literature on testicular descent and presents new observations from the authors' laboratory which suggest new ways of looking at old problems. There is now good evidence that testicular descent occurs in two morphologically and hormonally distinct phases. Relative 'transabdominal migration' of the testis compared with the ovary occurs at 10-15 weeks of gestation in the human and 'inguinoscrotal' migration occurs at 26-35 weeks of gestation. We have proposed previously that the first phase is controlled by Mullerian inhibiting substance although this remains controversial. The second phase is androgen dependent and is possibly mediated indirectly through the release from the genitofemoral nerve (GFN) of the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Recently we have used three different rodent models of undescended testis to determine the involvement of the GNF and/or CGRP. The testicular feminization mouse with complete androgen resistance and the rat exposed prenatally to the antiandrogen flutamide have a deficiency of CGRP in the GFN. In contrast, the mutant trans-scrotal rat which has normal androgen levels has an excess of CGRP in the GFN. All cryptorchidism models, despite their different primary cause, have in common an abnormality of the GNF and/or CGRP which is consistent with the hypothesis that normal testicular descent in the rodent may be mediated by the GFN.

scholarly journals Clinico-pathological spectrum of testicular and paratesticular lesions: a retrospective study

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 3120
Author(s):  
Annu Charak ◽  
Irfan Ahmed ◽  
Bushra Rashid Sahaf ◽  
Rehana Qadir ◽  
A. R. Rather
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Undescended Testis ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Testicular Descent ◽  
Testicular Neoplasm ◽  
Germ Cell Tumours ◽  
Scrotal Swelling ◽  
Testicular Lesions ◽  
Yolk Sac Tumour

Background: Both neoplastic and non neoplastic conditions affect the testis. Although non neoplastic testicular lesions are more common, still most of the studies were done on testicular neoplasms only. Hence the present study was undertaken to study histopathological spectrum of testicular and paratesticular lesions, their age distribution and clinical presentation.Methods: This is a retrospective study of 77 cases of orchidectomy specimens, testicular biopsies and paratesticular lesions received in the department from Jan 2015 to June 2018.Results: Non neoplastic testicular lesions were more common than neoplastic (90.1% Vs 9.8%) with majority in the second and third decade. Undescended testis comprised 46.1% of the total orchidectomy specimens followed by Torsion/Infarction testis (15.3%). None of the undescended testis showed tumour unlike western countries. Majority of patients presented with empty scrotum (31.16%) and testicular/scrotal swelling (18.11%). Only 5 cases of testicular neoplasm were diagnosed during the study period amounting to only 1.42 cases per year. All were germ cell tumours (4 classic seminoma and 1 yolk sac tumour).Conclusions: Non neoplastic testicular lesions were more common than neoplastic lesions. Complete neonatal examination for testicular descent should be mandatory to avoid late presentations and future malignancies. Germ cell tumours formed the bulk of testicular tumours.

scholarly journals The Role of the Appendix Testis in Normal Testicular Descent: Is There a Connection?

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zlatan Zvizdic ◽  
Dragana Zivkovic ◽  
Jasmin Sabanovic ◽  
Emir Milisic
Keyword(s):  
Undescended Testis ◽  
Testicular Descent ◽  
Separate Entity ◽  
Undescended Testes ◽  
Internal Inguinal Ring ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Appendix Testis

Objective. The presence of testicular appendices was prospectively evaluated in 89 boys with 96 undescended testes who underwent orchidopexy over the period of 4 years.Results. The patients were divided into two groups. Group A included 42 boys with 49 undescended testes positioned close to the internal inguinal ring, and Group B included 47 boys with 47 undescended testes close to the external inguinal ring. The incidence of appendix testis (AT) in Group A was 57.1% (28 in 49) and 78.7% (37 in 47) in Group B. The results of our study showed significantly decreased incidence of testicular appendices in undescended testes positioned close to the internal inguinal ring compared with undescended testes positioned close to the external inguinal ring (p<0.05).Conclusion. AT may play a role in normal testicular descent and the undescended testis positioned close to the external inguinal ring can be considered as a separate entity of the true congenital undescended testis.

scholarly journals Anatomical location of undescended testes and comparison between their size at different anatomical locations: A cross sectional study

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-26
Author(s):  
Aliya Ishaq ◽  
Mariya Ishaq ◽  
Muhammad Shadab Khan ◽  
Abida Parveen ◽  
Muhammad Jamshaid Hussain Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Undescended Testis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Testicular Descent ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Common Location ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mean Size

Introduction: Undescended testis (UDT) or cryptorchidism is a common childhood condition in which a boy is born without having one or both testes in their scrotum. It is a very frequent clinical finding in boys, with a prevalence of about 2-4%. The inguinoscrotal phase of testicular descent normally takes place in the last trimester of pregnancy. The regulation of prenatal testicular descent in humans is not fully understood, but numerous genetic and endocrinal factors are thought to have been involved. Preterm boys have been described to have a higher rate of UDT. The classification of UDT is performed according to palpable or nonpalpable testis. If the testis is located inside the normal path of descent, the testis is called ’intra-abdominal’, for those located in the abdomen is called ’intracanalicular’, for those located between the internal and external rings or ’suprascrotal’, for those located between the entrance of the scrotum and the external ring. This study was conducted to determine the frequency of anatomical location of undescended testis in pediatric patients undergoing orchidopexy as well as to compare the mean size of undescended testis at different anatomical location in pediatric patients undergoing orchidopexy as a secondary objective. Methods: It’s a cross sectional study of 94 patients with total 110 testes as per inclusion criteria. Study was performed at pediatric surgery department of Liaquat National university hospital Karachi, Pakistan for a duration of eight months. Orchidopexy was performed under general anesthesia as a surgical day care procedure. At orchiopexy, the outcome variables i.e. location and size of the testis was noted. The size of the testis was measured in anteroposterior and mediolateral dimensions vernier caliper, graduated in mm. The size of testis was calculated by modified Lambert’s formula (0.71xlengthxwidth2). All the collected data were entered into the proforma attached at the end. Results: Mean±SD of age was 4.29±2.19 with C.I (3.38…….4.74) years. Mean±SD of size of testis was 425.68±244.43 with C.I. (375.89……..475.47) mm. In location of testis 4 (4.2%) was located at intra-abdominal, 15 (16%) at intracanalicular and 75 (79.8%) was located at distal to superficial ring. Mean size of testis in intra-abdominal location was 276.29±145.47, intra-canalicular 367.89±196.15, distal to superficial ring was 442.27±54.08 and non-significant P-value was found i.e. (p=0.264). Conclusion: No significant difference was found between mean size of testis and location of undescended testis. The most common location was distal to superficial ring. Keyword: Testes; Undescended; Anatomical Location; Orchidopexy; Anatomical Location

scholarly journals Variations in timing of elective orchidopexy

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 106-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dusanka Dobanovacki ◽  
Nada Vuckovic ◽  
Andjelka Slavkovic ◽  
Biljana Lucic-Prostran ◽  
Tanja Lakic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Undescended Testis ◽  
Rural Environment ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Testicular Descent ◽  
Current View ◽  
Time Of Surgery ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Optimal Period ◽  
Late Treatment ◽  
One Year

Introduction. Undescended testis or cryptorchidism is detected in 3% of full-term male newborns, and in up to 33% of preemies. As the testicular descent may sometimes resolve spontaneously during first months of life, cryptorchidism is found in 1% of boys one year old. According to Consensus of Nordic experts in pediatric urology regarding cryptorchidism the optimal period for surgery is 12-18 months of age. The goal of this study was to identify the age of patients with congenital undescended testis at the time of surgery. Material and Methods. A retrospective study included all the cases of cryptorchid patients who had undergone orchidopexy in the period from 2007 to 2014. The patients? age and the place of residence were analyzed. Results. A total of 637 patients (722 orchidopexies) underwent the elective operative treatment of undescended testis during the observed period. The analysis revealed that only 144 (22.60%) of cryptorchid infants were operated on within their first 18 months of life. In the group of 359 patients from the urban environment, 101 (28.13%) were operated under the age of 18 months. Among the 278 patients from the rural environment, 43 (15.46%) were 18 months and younger at the time of surgery. Conclusion. The timing of surgical treatment of undescended testis in the study period was far from the recommended optimal time. It is evidently necessary to plan and provide additional information for pediatricians and parents about the current view on cryptorchidism and consequences of the late treatment.

scholarly journals Role of Laparoscopy in Management of Nonpalpable Undescended Testis in Children

QJM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E F Ibrahim ◽  
S M Abdelameguid ◽  
A S Hussein ◽  
I A A Abdelhai
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Undescended Testis ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Preoperative Imaging ◽  
Testicular Descent ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Impalpable Testis

Abstract Background Normal testicular descent relies on a complex interplay of numerous factors. Any deviation from the normal process can result in an undescended testis (UDT). UDT is a common abnormality that carries fertility and malignancy implications. Aim of the Work The aim of this study is Evaluation of the role of laparoscopy in diagnosis and management of clinically impalpable testis. Patients and Methods Nineteen male patients were included in this study with twenty two non-palpable testes. All these patients were subjected to diagnostic laparoscopy & the subsequent decision was then based on the laparoscopic finding. There was no age limit for the procedure. The procedure was carried in Ain Shams University teaching hospital and El-mataria teaching hospital. Results The study included nineteen patients with twenty two non-palpable testes. Age at presentation was averaging 18.5 ± 12.5 months. Our study may present convincing evidence that laparoscopy has significant advantage over imaging procedures. Preoperative imaging proved inaccurate in determining testicular position in 10 of the 22 testes (45.5%) this is in agreement with many studies which reported that ultrasonography helped to identify only 45% of non palpable testis. Conclusion This study tried to assess roughly the effectiveness of laparoscopy as a diagnostic tool and treatment of non-palpable undescended testis. This study dealt with a very small number of patients and this issue still needs more researches to study all the benefits and disadvantage and shall need further study on a wide range of patients.

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