scholarly journals Comparison of two vital pulp therapies in β-Thalassemic children

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
Leila Mounir El. Gibaly ◽  
◽  
Mohamed Zayed Radwan ◽  
Amr Mahmoud Abdel-Aziz ◽  
Ghada Yousef El.Kamah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Thalassemia Major ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Blood Disorders ◽  
Pulp Capping ◽  
Treatment Comparison ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Indirect Pulp Capping

Aim: Beta-thalassemia (β-thalassemia) major is one of the most common inherited genetic blood disorders and is characterized by many systemic manifestations and skeletal problems. Children with β-thalassemia have a high caries index and must receive proper dental treatment to achieve better oral health. The aim of study is to compare two types of vital pulp therapies in children with β-thalassemia major. Methods: Sixty-five children with β-thalassemia major having carious primary molars were selected from Ain Shams University and the Hereditary Blood Disorders Clinic at the National Research Centre to be treated at Pediatric Dentistry, Department, Faculty of Dentisrtry, Ain Shams University . Patients received one of both types of vital pulp therapies: mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) pulpotomy and indirect pulp capping. The children were divided into two groups as follow: Group I (n=30) received MTA pulpotomy and Group II (n=35) received indirect pulp capping using high viscosity glass ionomer cement. Clinical and radiographic follow-ups were done at the baseline, six months, and after one year. Patient preferences for types of vital pulp therapies were evaluated at the end of treatment. Comparison of the groups with qualitative data was done using Chi-square test. Comparison of the groups with quantitative data and a parametric distribution was done using an independent t-test at significance level 0.05. Results: The findings revealed success rates of 90% in Group I and 100% in Group II. There was 10% clinical and radiographic failure in Group I and 0% in Group II but the difference between the two groups when compared to each other was statistically not significant (p= 0.055). Conclusions: Both types of vital pulp therapies showed high success rates in children with β-thalassemia major and thus can be used safely in these patients. However, minimally invasive types of dental treatment may be preferred in children with β-thalassemia major as indirect pulp capping for being less invasive and requires less effort, fatigue and time.

Immersive and Non-Immersive Virtual Reality Distraction on Pain Perception to Intraoral Injections

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 389-394
Author(s):  
Supriya Kumari ◽  
Rachana Bahuguna ◽  
Nishita Garg ◽  
Ramakrishna Yeluri
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Immersive Virtual Reality ◽  
Dental Procedures ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of immersive VR (IVR) and non-immersive VR (NIVR) distraction on perceived pain during intraoral injections in children undergoing dental procedures. The objective was to introduce 3-dimensional nature of virtual reality during the provoking phase of dental treatment as a means of distraction in children. Study design: A total of 200 children were selected for the study, 100 for IVR group and 100 for NIVR group. After randomization, children were introduced to Oculus Go Standalone equipment; MCDAS (f), VAS, WBFRS and the treatment procedure using tell show do technique. Group I children were introduced to oculus go standalone headset with hand held controller to play temple run or roller coaster game while in group II, children watched cartoon movies of their choice. Pre-operative & post-operative MCDAS scores were obtained using MCDAS (f) questionnaire in local language. Post-operatively, VAS and WBFRS scores were also obtained. The data was analyzed using independent t-test and chi-square analysis. Results: Pre-operatively, the mean MCDAS scores were similar in both the groups viz. Group–I (29.20 ± 3.197) and Group–II (29.09 ± 3.803) and is statistically not significant. Post-operatively, the mean MCDAS scores were higher in non-immersive group (20.72 ± 2.822) as compared to immersive group (10.99 ± 2.227). VAS score was higher in non-immersive group (2.72 ± 0.99) as compared to immersive group (0.75 ± 0.88). WBFRS scores were higher in non-immersive group (2.78 ± 1.097) as compared to immersive group (0.82 ± 1.104). Conclusion: Three-dimensional virtual reality was found to be an effective means of distraction in children undergoing dental procedures and especially during the provoking phase. The significant difference obtained clearly indicates irrespective of immersiveness of virtual reality, anxiety had been decreased and on comparison the pain perception to intraoral injection is less in immersive virtual reality environment. Immersive VR distraction technique can serve as an adjunct to traditional behavior management strategies already available to the pediatric dentist.

Liver Fibrosis in Adult Thalassemia Patients Assessed by Transient Elastography.

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 3820-3820
Author(s):  
Elena Cassinerio ◽  
Mirella Fraquelli ◽  
Elisabetta Volpato ◽  
Cristina Rigamonti ◽  
Massimo Colombo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Overload ◽  
Transient Elastography ◽  
Thalassemia Major ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Liver Iron ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
T2 Mri ◽  
Severe Fibrosis

Abstract Background and aim. Transient elastography (TE) is a new, non-invasive and reproducible technique that measures liver stiffness (LSM). It has been demonstrated to be a reliable tool for assessing hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). However, its role in patients with b- thalassemia has not been extensively investigated. The aim of the present study was to assess LSM and its possible correlation with iron overload in HCV positive patients with b- thalassemia major and intermedia. Methods. During a six-month period (from January to June 2007) 46 consecutive adults patients with b- thalassemia afferring to a single Italian Thalassemia Care Center in Milan, Italy, were enrolled in the study. Twenty-nine patients (Group I: 7 M and 23 F; mean age 31±SD 7.1 yrs; mean BMI 23.4±SD 3 Kg/m2) had b- thalassemia major and 17 intermedia (Group II: 10 M and 7 F; mean age 43±SD12.4 yrs; BMI 22 ±SD 3 Kg/m2). Sixteen patients (55%) in group I and two (12%) in group II were HCV RNA positive. All patients were examined by TE (FibroScan®; Echosens, Paris, France) and only the examinations with at least 10 validated measurements and a success rate of at least 60% were considered adequate. According to a previous study in CLD patients the considered TE cut off to diagnosing different stages of hepatic fibrosis were: >7.9 kPa for F≥2; >10.3 for ≥F3 and >11.9 for F=4. Twelve patients (all in group I) also had undergone liver biopsy. Necroinflammation and fibrosis were scored by METAVIR classification; liver iron concentration (LIC, mg/gr of liver dry weight) was measured on fresh tissue cores by atomic absorption spectrometry. Twenty-five patients underwent liver iron determination by T2* Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) assessment. Results. In patients who underwent liver biopsy, LSM increased proportionally to the METAVIR stage and a significant positive correlation was observed between LSM and fibrosis stage (r=0.57, p= 0.039). Patients in group I had significantly higher values of mean LSM values (10.6± SD 9.3 kPa) and serum ferritin (SF) (1367±SD 1169 ng/mL) than those in group II (6.0± SD 3.3 kPa and 716±SD 472 ng/mL, respectively) (p<0.05). In both groups LSM did not significantly correlate with age, BMI, platelets count, serum iron and iron overload measured by T2* MRI. In group I a significant positive correlation was observed betweeen LSM and SF (r=0.47, p=0.008), ALT (r=0.87, p=0.0001) and GGT levels (r=0.80, p=0.0001). Among patients with b- thalassemia major LSM values did not differ significantly between HCV RNA positive (13.0±SD 12.5 kPa) and negative patients (7.7±SD 3.3 kPa) (p=NS) as well as the proportion of patients with significant (F>=2) or severe fibrosis (F>=3) did not differ significantly according to HCV viremic status. Conclusion TE is a reliable non invasive technique to stage liver fibrosis in patients with b- thalassemia major. In these patients with concomitant HCV infection a significant or severe fibrosis was observed in about one third of the cases. Apart from fibrosis also serum necroinflammatory activity, GGT levels and SF levels may influence LSM values. The reliability of liver iron overload by T2* MRI evaluation remains still to be validated.

Changes in Teat Morphology (Doka Phenomenon) and Estrus Prediction in Riverine Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
S K Joshi ◽  
T K Mohanty ◽  
A Kumaresan ◽  
M Bhakat ◽  
S Sathapathy
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
North India ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Murrah Buffaloes ◽  
Group I ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

The objective of the study was to characterize the term Doka and to capture morphological changes in teat to find out the relationship between Doka and onset of estrus in Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). The Murrah buffaloes maintained at of Livestock Research Centre (LRC), ICAR-NDRI, Karnal were classified into two groups based on the lactation number for the study of Doka characteristics. In group I, twenty animals up to 3rd lactation were incorporated, whereas thirty animals from 4th to 5th lactation were included in group II. The period when buffaloes showed teat engorgement was called as Doka period, is the local term used by the farmers in North India that can be taken as a visual sign for prediction of estrus. The length and diameter of teats, before and after milking were measured, for both the groups during morning and evening milking and subsequently analyzed. The present study confirmed that the teat diameter (mm) before milking during Doka was significantly (plessthan0.05) higher as compared to pre Doka period in both the groups (group-I - 37.01 ±2.13 vs 28.42 ±1.64, group-II - 53.49 ±2.82 vs 41.096±2.16). The teat diameter (mm) during Doka period after milking was significantly (plessthan0.05) more in both the groups (group-I - 26.65 ±1.26 vs 24.44 ±1.16, group-II - 39.27 ±2.41 vs 35.31 ±2.17) as compared to pre Doka period. So, it can be concluded that the changes in teat diameter can safely be considered as a sign of Doka and the forthcoming heat in Murrah buffaloes. However, the difference in teat length between different stages of Doka was found to be non significant.

scholarly journals The Value of Ozone in CT-Guided Drainage of Multiloculated Pyogenic Liver Abscesses: A Randomized Controlled Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Bing Li ◽  
Chuan Liu ◽  
Lang Wang ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Yong Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Pyogenic Liver Abscess ◽  
Nonparametric Test ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Catheter Drainage ◽  
Ct Guided ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group Ii

Objective. This study was designed to compare the effects of catheter drainage alone and combined with ozone in the management of multiloculated pyogenic liver abscess (PLA). Methods. The prospective study included 60 patients diagnosed with multiloculated PLA. All patients were randomly divided into two groups: catheter drainage alone (group I) and catheter drainage combined with ozone (group II). Drainage was considered successful when (1) the abscess cavity was drained and (2) clinical symptoms were resolved. Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test was used to compare the success rates, length of stay (LOS), and need for further surgery of the two groups. P<0.05 indicates significant difference. Results. All patients’ catheters were successfully placed under CT guidance. Group I was treated with catheters alone and group II was treated with catheters and ozone. The success rates of groups I and II were 86% and 96%, respectively (P<0.05). And compared with group II, the duration of fever in group I was longer (P<0.05), and the LOS was also longer (P<0.05). Conclusion. Catheter drainage combined with ozone is an effective and safe treatment in multiloculated PLA. The Clinical Registration Number is ChiCTR1800014865.

scholarly journals Impact of temporal bone dissection on the understanding anatomy of the ear among medical students

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1489
Author(s):  
K. C. Prasad ◽  
Prathyusha K. ◽  
Shreeharsha Maruvala ◽  
Harshita T. R. ◽  
Indu Varsha Gopi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Operative Procedures ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Temporal Bones ◽  
The Impact

<p class="abstract">The aim was to study the impact of temporal bone dissection demonstrations on understanding anatomy of the ear among medical students. During a period of six months from October 2017 to March 2018, 10 cadaveric temporal bones dissections were demonstrated using ZEISS microscope and in the presence of medical students headed by a Consultant Otolaryngologist in the department of ENT, Sri Devaraj URS Medical College and Research Centre, Kolar. Anatomy of the middle ear and inner ear and various operative procedures were demonstrated. The students were divided into 2 groups. Group I comprised students who attended the temporal bone dissection and Group II included those who didn’t attend dissection. After the session both the groups were assessed by the consultant. Scores were given to the group individuals based on the ability to answer the questions. 10 Temporal bone dissections were demonstrated in 6 months period to medical students who were divided into 2 groups based on their attendance of the demonstration. The students of both groups were assessed. Scores were given by Likert scale-5point scale question. The results of our study proved that those students who attended the temporal bone dissection (Group-I) had better understanding of the anatomy and operative procedures of the ear as compared to students in group II. Demonstration of temporal bone dissection to the medical students had a good impact on their understanding of the three dimensional anatomy of the ear.</p>

Efficacy of the new Direct Acting Antiviral drugs in the treatment of Thalassemic HCV patients

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherif A Megahed ◽  
Maha A El Touny ◽  
Iman A Ragab ◽  
Ossama A Ahmed ◽  
Shereen A Ibrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Thalassemia Major ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
Combination Regimen ◽  
Group I ◽  
Transfusion Requirements ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Cessation Of Treatment

Abstract Background and Objectives B-thalassemia major patients are susceptible to Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection owing to life-long dependency for blood-transfusion. Moreover, this patient population is at risk of progression of liver fibrosis or development of cirrhosis as a consequence of both iron overload and HCV infection. However, patients with haemoglobinopathies and CHC have been excluded from the major clinical trials that led to the approval of DAAs, Hence, at present, limited experience is available regarding the safety and efficacy of DAAs in this population which is traditionally considered difficult to treat. Hence, this study was carried out to evaluate efficacy and safety of the combination regimen of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir for HCV infection in B-thalassemia major patients. Methods This study was conducted on 200 subjects divided into two groups, first group contains150 HCVThalassemic patients while the second group contains 50 HCV only patients. Each group was classified into easy to treat or difficult to treat and received sofosbuvir 400mg + daclatasvir 60mg once/day for the duration of 12 or 24 weeks according to the NCCVH Hepatitis C treatment protocol 2015. Sustained virological response at post-treatment week-12 (SVR-12) was defined as negative HCV-RNA at week-12 post treatment. Results In group (I), successful SVR was achieved in all patients (100%) in subgroup (Ia) while in subgroup (Ib) 12 patients didn’t achieve SVR (15.38%), 4 patients stopped due to side effects(5.13%) and 62 patient achieved SVR (79.49) with overall successful SVR of 134 out of 150 HCV-Thalassemic patients in group (I) (89.33%). in group (II), 2 patients didn’t achieve SVR (5.71%)and 33 patients achieved SVR (94.29%) in subgroup (IIa) while in subgroup (IIb) 2 patients didn’t achieve SVR (13.33%) and 13 patients achieved SVR (86.67%) with overall successful SVR of 46out of 50 HCV only patients in group (II) (92%). few patients suffered from minor side effects that didn’t require cessation of treatment but 4 patients developed major side effects in group (Ib) that required cessation of treatment. There were marked improvement in liver enzymes, Fib4 score, hemoglobin level and transfusion requirements in HCVThalassemic group after treatment. Conclusion A combination of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir is an efficacious and tolerable treatment regimen with negligible side effects for patients with thalassemia major and HCV infection.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ROLE OF WOUND OUTCOME IN VACUUM ASSISTED CLOSURE OF WOUNDS TO CLASSICAL (MOIST) WOUND CLOSURES

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aprajita Kumari ◽  
Atul Vyas
Keyword(s):  
Granulation Tissue ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Maximum Length ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Tissue Formation ◽  
Vacuum Assisted Closure ◽  
Maximum Width ◽  
Granulation Tissue Formation ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Background & Method: This study is conducted at General Surgery department of Index Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Indore (M.P.) To Analysis of wound outcome in Vacuum assisted closure of wounds in comparison to classical (moist) wound closure in terms of rate of granulation tissue formation, culture at presentation, complications and recommendations. The wound of the patient was assessed by measuring the maximum length and maximum width of the wound. Then on day 7th, 14th and day 21st, the maximum length and maximum width of the granulation tissue covering the same wound was measured. Result: In Group I Mean age of patients is 39 ± 13 years and in Group II it is 42 ± 14 years. In Group I and Group II there is no difference in the gender wise distribution. The most common disease in both the groups I and II is bed sore followed by compound fractures. The most common organism on culture in group I is S. aureus (9) followed by polymicrobial growth (7), and in group II is S. aureus (10) followed by E.coli (7). The average rate of granulation in group I on day 7th is 27.63 ± 23.23, on day 14th it increased to 35.92 ± 25.75, and on day 21st it further increased to 65.6 ± 15.20. The average rate of granulation in group II on day 7th is 31.34 ± 18.22, on day 14th it is increased to 57.4 ± 17.55, and on day 21st it further increased to 75.16 ± 6.732. Group I had higher number of complications (8) in comparison to group II (6). There is no complication in 44 patients of group II and 42 patients of group I. Conclusion: In our present study it was concluded that the rate of granulation tissue formation was better in the VAC group in comparison to the conventional dressing group. Vacuum assisted closure dressing was found to be totally safe, although technically demanding. Thus, we conclude that the surgeon’s discretion is very much needed in VAC being the choice of dressings in certain wounds and where there is much difficulty in performing VAC dressings, the conventional dressings should be the choice. Keywords: wound, vacuum, moist & outcome.

A Clinical Evaluation of Deproteinization and Different Cavity Designs on Resin Restoration Performance in MIH-Affected Molars: Two-Year Results

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 336-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayriye Sönmez ◽  
Sinem Saat
Keyword(s):  
Group Iv ◽  
Retention Rates ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Molar Incisor Hypomineralization ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group Ii

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effects of deproteinization of the hypomineralized enamel and different cavity designs on the performance of the composite resin restorations(CRRs) placed into the cavities of MIH (molar incisor hypomineralization)-affected molars. Study design: 95 MIH-affected permanent first molars (PFMs) and 31 caries but not MIH-affected PFMs (126 teeth in total) were included in the study. The MIH-affected molars were divided into three groups. In Group I, all hypomineralized tissue was removed until healthy enamel was reached. In Group II, carious and cheesy hypomineralized tissue was removed until a reasonable resistance was detected in the hypomineralized tissue. In Group III, cavities designed as Group II, differently from this group deproteinization of the left hypomineralized tissue was performed prior to the placement of CRRs. Group IV served as the control group consisting of unaffected carious PFMs. Restorations were evaluated according to modified USPHS criteria for 24 months. Results: The retention rates were 93.7% for Group I, 80.7% for Group II, 93.5% for Group III and 100% for Group IV. The success rate for the restorations in Group II proved significantly lower (p&lt;0.05) than that of the other three groups. No significant difference in success rates was observed between Group I, Group III and Group IV (p&gt;0.05) at the end of 24 months. Conclusions: Failure of the restorations was predominant in the group that the hypomineralized tissue was left surrounding the cavities. Deproteinization of the hypomineralized enamel was found to enhance the retention rates of CRRs.

scholarly journals A comparative study of temporalis fascia versus tragal perichondrium graft in myringoplasty

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 1154
Author(s):  
Arun A. Jose ◽  
Nirmal C. Venkataramanujam ◽  
Padmanabhan Karthikeyan ◽  
Ramiya R. Kaipuzha ◽  
Davis Thomas Pulimoottil
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Temporalis Fascia ◽  
Suppurative Otitis Media ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Fascia Graft ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Male To Female ◽  
Better Than

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> This study aimed to compare the efficacy of temporalis fascia and tragal perichondrium grafts in myringoplasty and to assess the hearing improvement following surgery.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This was a clinical prospective study involving 50 patients of chronic suppurative otitis media inactive mucosal disease who were assigned to two groups. Group I was temporalis fascia group and group II was tragal perichondrium group and subsequently underwent myringoplasty. Patients were followed up at 3 and 6 months.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> There was a preponderance of ear disease among children, with a male to female ratio of 1:1.63. Preoperative dry ear for 1-6 months was associated with 82.9% success rate (group I 76.5%, group II 87.5%). Patients with cellular mastoids were associated with 100% success rate.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> In this study we found that patients with cellular mastoids and dry ear for 1-6 months were associated with higher success rates. The study also revealed that in terms of hearing gain postoperatively, the temporalis fascia graft fared slightly better than the tragal perichondrium graft. Tragal perichondrium and temporalis fascia grafts appear to have almost similar graft take rates.</p>

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of different prophylatic methods on primary teeth enamel roughness

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 335
Author(s):  
Marcelo Fava ◽  
Alexandre Viana Frascino ◽  
Ivan Balducci ◽  
Carolina Judica Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Primary Teeth ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Enamel Surface ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Treatment Comparison ◽  
Enamel Roughness ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Rotary Instrument

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this study was to perform an experimental quantitative comparison of primary teeth enamel alterations under three commonly prophylaxis surface polishing treatments. <strong>Material and </strong><strong>Methods: </strong>36 healthy primary teeth naturally exfoliated were selected and randomly separated in three groups. Group I was treated with a rotary instrument set at a low speed, rubber cup and a mixture of water and pumice; group II with a rotary instrument set at a low speed, rubber cup and prophylaxis paste Herjos-F (Vigodent S/A Indústria e Comércio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil); and group III with sodium bicarbonate spray Profi II Ceramic (Dabi Atlante Indústrias Médico Odontológicas Ltda, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil). All procedures were performed by the same operator for ten seconds, and samples were rinsed and stored in distilled water. Pre-and post-treatment surface evaluation was completed using a surface profilometer Mitutoyo SJ400. <strong>Results: </strong>The results of this study were statistically analyzed with the GraphPad PRISM (version 6, 2010). The pumice and water led to significantly rougher surfaces than other groups in Tukey’s test (Group I: 1.22 Ra; Group II 0.38 Ra; Group III: 1.01 Ra). Pre-and post-treatment comparison revealed significantly rougher enamel surface with pumice. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on this study, it can be concluded that there was an increased enamel surface roughness when teeth were treated with pumice and water in comparison to bicarbonate spray and prophylaxis paste.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p><strong></strong>Dental enamel; Dental prophylaxis; Jet abrasive system; Enamel roughness; Primary teeth.<strong> <br clear="all" /> </strong></p>

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