scholarly journals Catalytic conversion of alcohol-waste vegetable oil mixtures over aluminosilicate catalysts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Elvis Tinashe Ganda
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Organic Liquid ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Catalytic Conversion ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Relative Crystallinity ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
A Value ◽  
Catalyst Systems

Thermochemical catalytic conversion of ethanol-waste cooking oil (eth-WCO) mixtures was studied over synthesised aluminosilicate catalysts HZSM-5, FeHZSM-5 and NiHZSM-5. The thermochemical reactions were carried out at temperatures of 400° and 450°C at a fixed weight hourly space velocity of 2.5 h-1 in a fixed bed reactor system. Successful conversion of the eth-WCO mixtures was carried out over the synthesised catalyst systems and in order to fully understand the influence of the catalysts, several techniques were used to characterise the synthesised materials which include XRD, SEM, EDS, BET techniques. Results of the catalyst characterisation showed that highly crystalline solid material had been formed as evidenced by the high relative crystallinity in comparison with the commercial HZSM-5 catalyst at 2θ peak values of 7°- 9° and 23°- 24°. The introduction of metals decreased the intensity of the peaks leading to lower values of relative crystallinity of 88% and 90% for FeHZSM-5 and NiHZSM-5, respectively. However this was even slightly higher than the commercial sample which had a value of 86% with respect to HZSM-5 synthesised catalyst taken as reference material. There was no significant change in XRD patterns due to the introduction of metal. Elemental analysis done with energy dispersive spectroscopy showed the presence of the metal promoters (Fe, Ni) and the Si/Al ratio obtained from this technique was 38 compared to the target ratio of 50 set out initially in the synthesis. From the SEM micrographs the morphology of the crystals could be described as regular agglomerated sheet like material. Surface area analysis showed that highly microporous crystals had been synthesised with lower external surface area values ranging from 57.23 m2/g - 100.82 m2/g compared to the microporous surface area values ranging from 195.96 m2/g to 212.51 m2/g. For all catalyst employed in this study high conversions were observed with values of over 93 %, almost total conversion was achieved for some samples with values as high as 99.6 % with FeHZSM-5 catalysts. Despite the high level of conversion the extent of deoxygenation varied with lower values recorded for FeHZSM-5 (25%WCO) at 400°C and NiHZSM-5 (75%WCO) at 450°C with oxygenated hydrocarbons of 19.5% and 19.33% respectively. The organic liquid product yield comprised mostly of aromatic hydrocarbon (toluene, p-xylene and naphthalene) decreased with the introduction of metal promoters with NiHZSM-5 producing higher yields than FeHZSM-5. For the pure waste cooking oil (WCO) feedstock the parent catalyst HZSM-5 had a liquid yield of 50% followed by NiHZSM-5 with 44% and lastly FeHZSM-5 had 40% at 400°C which may be seen to follow the pattern of loss of relative crystallinity. An increase in operating temperature to 450°C lowered the quantity of organic liquid product obtained in the same manner with the HZSM-5 parent catalyst still having the highest yield of 38% followed by Ni-HZSM-5 with 36% and Fe-HZSM-5 having a value of 30% for pure waste cooking oil feedstock which may be attributed to thermally induced secondary cracking reactions. For all catalyst systems with an increase in the content of waste cooking oil from 25% to 100% in the feed mixture there was a linearly increasing trend of the liquid product yield. HZSM-5 catalyst increased from 14% to 50% while FeHZSM-5 increased from 16% to 40% and NiHZSM-5 increased from 12% to 44% at a temperature setting of 400°C with lower values observed at 450°C.Results obtained in this study show the potential of producing aromatics for fuel and chemical use with highly microporous zeolite from waste material such as waste cooking oil forming part of the feedstock.

scholarly journals The Influence of Metal Loading Amount on Ni/Mesoporous Silica Extracted from Lapindo Mud Templated by CTAB for Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil into Biofuel

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Cahyarani Paramesti ◽  
Wega Trisunaryanti ◽  
Savitri Larasati ◽  
Nugroho Raka Santoso ◽  
Sri Sudiono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mesoporous Silica ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Nickel Metal ◽  
Metal Loading ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Loading Amount

The synthesis and characterization of Ni/mesoporous silica (Ni/MS) catalysts from Lapindo mud with various metal loading for the hydrocracking of waste cooking oil into biofuel has been conducted. The MS was synthesized by the hydrothermal method using CTAB as a template. The nickel-metal of 4, 6, and 8 wt% was loaded into the MS using salt precursors of Ni(NO3)2.6H2O via wet impregnation, produced the Ni(4)/MS, Ni(6)/MS, and Ni(8)/MS catalysts, respectively. The materials produced were then characterized by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Surface Area Analyzer (SAA), and Absorption Atomic Spectrophotometry (AAS). The catalytic activity test was carried out for hydrocracking of waste cooking oil and the resulted liquid product was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the specific surface area of Ni(4)/MS, Ni(6)/MS, and Ni(8)/MS catalysts are 63.08, 91.45, and 120.45 m2/g, respectively. The liquid products of the hydrocracking using Ni(4)/MS, Ni(6)/MS, and Ni(8)/MS catalysts were 80.57, 74.63, and 75.77 wt%, where the total biofuel produced was 55.46, 50.93, and 54.05 wt%, respectively. Based on these results, Ni(4)/MS material was successfully used as the most potent catalyst in the hydrocracking of waste cooking oil into the biofuel. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 

scholarly journals The Utilization of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) as A Mixture of Polyol Sourcein. The Production of Polyurethane Using Toluene Diisocyanate

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-227
Author(s):  
Maulida Lubis ◽  
Mara Bangun Harahap ◽  
Iriany Iriany ◽  
Muhammad Hendra S. Ginting ◽  
Iqbal Navissyah Lazuardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Toluene Diisocyanate ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
A Value ◽  
Stirring Time

Cooking oil waste that has been disposed could contamine the environment. However, if it is processed well, it can potentially become a raw material of polyurethane. The aim of this study was to determine the best polyurethane on the tensile strength, impact strength, elongation at break, water absorption, characterization of Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) and the characterization of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The variables used in this study were ambient process temperature with 440 rpm stirring speed, 1-minute stirring time, the ratio of polyoland WCO was 7:3 (% w/w), and the ratio of Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and WCO was 1:1; 1:2; 1:3; 1:4 (% w/w). The results obtained from the analysis of the best tensile strength against the polyurethane synthetic was in the 1:1 ratio of mixed variations between oil and TDI with a value of 0.403 MPa. The best impact strength was in the ratio of mixed variations between oil and TDI with 1:4 (% w/w) with a value of 600.975 J/m2. The best elongation at break against polyurethane foam synthetic was in the 1:3 ratio of mixture variations of oil and TDI with a value of 4.506%.

scholarly journals The Characterization of Synthetic Zeolite for Hydrocracking of Waste Cooking Oil into Fuel

REAKTOR ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Siti Salamah ◽  
Agus Aktawan ◽  
Ilham Mufandi
Keyword(s):  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Synthetic Zeolite ◽  
Zeolite A ◽  
Hydrogen Flow ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Hydrocracking Process ◽  
Hydrocracking Catalyst ◽  
Pore Properties

Zeolite A was used as hydrocracking catalyst to convert cooking oil into potential renewable fuels. The experiment was performed by characterize the diffraction, and pore properties the synthetic zeolite and it was confirmed the synthetic zeolite was zeolite A. The hydrocracking process of waste cooking oil was carried out in semi-fixed batch reactor system at 450° C for 2 hours, under the hydrogen flow of 20 ml/minute. The diffractogram and Si/Al ratio, 1.6, were matched to zeolite A properties, with the surface area, pore diameter, and pore volume were, 1.163 m2/g, 3.93 nm, and 0.001 cc/g, respectively. Liquid product from hydrocracking process of cooking oil consisted of 28.99% alkane and alkene 26.59% that are potential as renewable fuels.Keywords: waste cooking oil; zeolite A; hydrocracking

scholarly journals KRITERIA RUMAH MAKAN SUPPLIER MINYAK JELANTAH DALAM RANGKA PERENCANAAN BAHAN BAKU BIODIESEL

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
D.U.M. Susilo ◽  
Th. Candra Wasis A.S. ◽  
Zakwan .
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
A Value ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
The City

The using of biodiesel as an environmentally friendly fuel has received attention from consumers to producers. So, a lot of research was done on the potential raw material to become biodiesel. One of the raw materials for biodiesel was waste cooking oil. Pontianak City have many sources including waste cooking oil from restaurants. Therefore restaurants in the city of Pontianak might be used as suppliers of waste cooking oil in biodiesel production. This study aims to determine the priority of criteria and sub-criteria for restaurants as suppliers and determine good restaurants as suppliers of used cooking in Pontianak City . Purposive technique sampling using a sample of 61 house dining, interviewed to obtain alternative data suppliers. Expert survey questionnaire contains priority weighting of criteria and supplier criteria, analyzed using AHP ( Analytic Hierarchy Process ). Grouping of restaurants based on alternative supplier values ​​is used to determine good restaurants to be suppliers. The priority criteria for restaurants as consecutive suppliers are experience (0.289), quality (0.279), capacity (0.231), service (0.148) and price (0.053). Sub-criteria priority of restaurants as suppliers in a row is the time span of used cooking oil sold(0.161), length of time used cooking oil (0.155), income (0.129), type of cooking oil (0.107), type of fried food products (0.092), volume of cooking oil (0.090), frying volume (0.085), transaction convenience (0.082), subject to used cooking oil (0.056), used cooking oil price (0.030) and ease of payment (0.013). A value of ≥ 0.325 is a dining value that shows a very better priority as a supplier. The number of restaurants as suppliers is 8 % of the population of restaurants in the city of Pontianak..

scholarly journals Modification of CaO Catalyst with Impregnation Method Using KoH in Biodiesel Synthesis from Waste Cooking Oil

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Syarifuddin Oko ◽  
Andri Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Catalyst Activity ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Wet Impregnation ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Eds Analysis ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Egg Shells

Chicken eggshells can be used as raw material in the manufacture of CaO catalysts. Increased CaO catalyst activity can be done by the impregnation method. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of %K on the wet impregnation of CaO catalyst using KOH and to find out the impregnation catalyst (CaO / K2O) on the biodiesel yield. Prepared chicken egg shells were calcined at 900oC for 3 hours. Then the CaO obtained was impregnated using KOH with a variation of % K (5%, 7%, 9% and 12% (w / w)) while heated at 85oC. The impregnation product was calcined at 600oC for 5 hours. The impregnation catalyst (CaO K2O) was applied to the biodiesel synthesis through a transesterification reaction with a mole ratio of 1:12 waste cooking oil: methanol, the amount of catalyst was 1.5% at a reaction temperature of 70°C for 2.5 hours. Based on the results of SEM-EDS analysis, the highest K2O at 7% K was 21.99%), while the highest CaO content was at 9% K by 81.53%. For the highest surface area analysis at 7% K with a surface area of 71.22 m2 / g, alkalinity was 2.59 mmol / g. The best biodiesel was obtained with a yield of 87.17%, kinematic viscosity of 2.89 cSt, water content of 0.032%, density of 0.819 g/ml, methyl ester level of 99.39%.

Successive desilication and dealumination of HZSM-5 in catalytic conversion of waste cooking oil to produce aromatics

2017 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
pp. 100-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Wang ◽  
Zhaoping Zhong ◽  
Kuan Ding ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Aidong Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Conversion ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Cooking Oil

scholarly journals Effect of Activator Type on Activated Carbon Characters from Teak Wood and The Bleaching Test for Waste Cooking Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
Sriatun Sriatun ◽  
Shabrina Herawati ◽  
Icha Aisyah
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Cooking Oil

The starting material for activated carbon was biomass from teak woodcutting, which consists of 47.5% cellulose, 14.4% hemicellulose, and 29.9% lignin. The surface area and iodine number of activated carbons are the factors determining the adsorption ability. This study aims to determine the effect of the activator type on activated carbon characters and test the absorption ability for waste cooking oil. The synthesis stages include carbonization, chemical activation, and then physics activation. The activation process consists of two steps. Firstly, the chemical activation via adding H2SO4, and H3PO4 at room temperature for 24 hours, the second, physical activation by heating at various temperatures of 300, 400, and 500 °C for two hours. The characterizations of activated carbon include water content, ash content, iodine number, functional groups, and surface area. Furthermore, the activated carbon was used as an adsorbent for waste cooking oil for 60 minutes at 100 °C with a stirring of 500 rpm. The results were analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a maximum wavelength of 403 nm. The iodine numbers of activated carbon ranged 481.1-1211.4 mg/g and 494.8-1204 mg/g for H3PO4 and H2SO4, respectively.Activated carbon with H3PO4 of 15% and an activation temperature of 400 °C has the highest surface area of 445.30 m2/g.  The H2SO4 dan H3PO4 activators can be used to improve the quality of activated carbon in absorbing dyes in waste cooking oil, where the optimum concentration is 10-15% (v/v). The H3PO4 activator tends to produce a higher bleaching percentage than H2SO4. 

scholarly journals Pengaruh Perbandingan Katalis ZSM-5 dengan Katalis Alumina terhadap Pembentukan Biofuel dengan Bahan Baku Minyak Jelantah

FLUIDA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
Paqih Purnama Alam ◽  
I Wayah Adithama Nugraha ◽  
Mukhtar Ghozali ◽  
Dian Ratna Suminar
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Cracking Process ◽  
Very High ◽  
Average Consumption

The average consumption rate of cooking oil in Indonesia on 2019 was 61 million litre. Because of that makes the waste cooking oil produces very high to. To prevent the consument littering the waste cooking oil, we can recycle it to be biofuel with many fraction such as biodiesel, biogasoline, and biokerosene. There are many ways to process the waste cooking oil to be, biofuel one of them is catalytic cracking. This study is induct by observe the biofuel that form from the catalytic cracking process with cooking oil as the base material using a hybrid catalyst ZSM-5/Alumina. The purpose of this study is to observe the influence of ZSM-5 and Alumina ratio as heterogenic catalyst and also the used of the catalyst frequently. The highest conversion of liquid product was produce with value 41,67%  at alumina variation of 17,5%. The used of catalyst frequently will affect the decrease amount of liquid product that produce. The analysis of chemical properties using GC-MS obtained the amount of kerosene 29,917 %; gasoline 3,996 %; and diesel 10,1 %. The other product was carboxylics acids,alcohol, and unidentified compound.   Keyword : Cooking oil, biofuel, ZSM-5, Alumina, catalytic cracking

scholarly journals Purification of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil Using Bentonite as Dry Washing Agent

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanda Suriaini ◽  
Tika Thalia Febriana ◽  
Andesta Yulanda ◽  
Adisalamun Adisalamun ◽  
Yanna Syamsuddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Operation Condition ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Bet Method ◽  
Activated Bentonite ◽  
Biodiesel Purification

The process of biodiesel purification is an important step in getting biodiesel products that meet specifications as a substitute for fossil-based fuels. Dry washing method has been developed to achieve an effective purification strategy in order to produce high-quality biodiesel. Bentonite can be used as dry washing agent because it has a good adsorbing properties as well as a large pore and surface area therefore can attract polar substances such as glycerol and methanol. The purpose of this research is to know the capability of activated bentonite as dry washing agent for purification of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil. The activation process of bentonite was carried out using sulfuric acid with concentration 1.5 M. Characterization of the bentonite was conducted using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) for minerals content and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method for surface area. Bentonite was used as dry washing agent for biodiesel purification by varying washing time (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 minutes) and adsorbent amount (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%). The experimental results showed that purification of biodiesel by dry washing using activated bentonite resulted in a better yield and quality than wet washing and dry washing using non-activated bentonite, except the acid number. The best operation condition resulted from this research is at 10 minutes washing time and 1% adsorbent with yield of 94.1%; acid number of 0.4208 mg KOH/gram; density of 0.8838 gram/cm3, viscosity of 3.0617 mm2/s and water content of 1.17%.

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