Experimental and statistical evaluation of the performance of Chitosan as a coagulant in the treatment of sugar refinery effluents

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.51415/10321/1372 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Ritha-Lorette Luti Pambi

Keyword(s):

New Technologies ◽

Sugar Industry ◽

Low Cost ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Good Method ◽

Settling Time ◽

Simultaneous Increase ◽

Water Recovery ◽

Dissolved Solids ◽

Sugar Refinery

The implementation of new water regulations from the local government has been a motivation for most industries to treat the effluent before disposal or reuse within the plant, in order to save costs and avoid sanctions. Tongaat-Huletts sugar refinery has therefore invested in this collaborative research with the Durban University of Technology in order to investigate new technologies for wastewater treatment and water recovery using an organic coagulant called chitosan. Chitosan is a natural non-toxic polymer extracted from the exoskeleton of crustaceans. Chitosan has gained extensive attention as a coagulant in the treatment of wastewaters from various industries. However, no attention has been given to the coagulation of effluents from the sugar industry using this polymer. In this work, chitosan coagulant (CCo) was prepared by dissolution of known amounts of chitosan powder in aqueous acid at 50℃. The solution was diluted to desired concentrations using distilled water at room temperature. The removal of impurities using chitosan was investigated for two effluent streams from the sugar refinery, namely the final effluent (FE) and the resin effluent (RE) by applying the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method. The optimum chitosan loading was found to be 138 mg/l for the RE and 7.41 mg/l for the FE, beyond which the efficiency of the coagulant decreased. The coagulation of FE removed 97% of the total suspended solids (TSS), 61% colour and 35% chemical oxygen demand (COD). The treatment of RE resulted in the removal of 68% TSS, 30% colour and 15% COD due to its high content of impurities. Therefore, RE was not considered for statistical studies. The Box-Behnken (BBD) design, which is a statistical response surface methodology (RSM) model was used to study the simultaneous effect of pH, coagulant loading and settling time on the removal of the COD, TSS and colour, with the help of an overlay plot for the FE. The optimum values from the overlay plot were 92% for TSS, 83% for colour and 29% for COD. The model equations generated by the BBD for individual responses involved all the manipulated variables contrary to the OFAT which only considered one manipulated parameter per response. Moreover, the BBD allowed the simultaneous analysis of all the parameters and the identification of interactions which occur when the effect of one factor is dependent on the level of another. The most important interaction for the removal of TSS was the combination of the variation in pH and coagulant dosage. The COD removal was mostly affected by the interaction between the coagulant loading and the settling time. The colour removal increased with the simultaneous increase of the pH and the settling time. A comparative study between the wastewaters from the sugar industry, the brewery industry and milk processing industry revealed that the performance of the chitosan was also affected by the amount of total dissolved solids (TDS) in the wastewater. A model was developed relating the TSS, COD and TDS from all these wastewaters, and was used to predict the TSS removal for the effluent from the olive oil mills and the wastewater from the winery. Chitosan can be considered as a good alternative to inorganic and synthetic coagulants for the pre-treatment of the FE due to its ability to efficiently remove the levels of TSS and colour. Furthermore, the production of chitosan from crustacean shells is a good method of reducing pollution from the fishery industry. Chitosan can be produced locally at low cost due to both the abundance of crustacean shells in the coastal regions of South Africa and the simplicity of its preparation process. It is recommended that a mathematical model be developed to accurately predict the influence of chitosan on all types of effluent. Such a model will provide an indication of the performance of the chitosan and guide experimenters. It is further recommended that the effect of the use of organic coagulants on the destabilization of dissolved solids in wastewater be given greater attention.

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Olive Mill Wastewater: From a Pollutant to Green Fuels, Agricultural Water Source, and Bio-Fertilizer. Part 2: Water Recovery

Water ◽

10.3390/w11040768 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 768 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Patrick Dutournié ◽

Mejdi Jeguirim ◽

Besma Khiari ◽

Mary-Lorène Goddard ◽

Salah Jellali

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Water Source ◽

Water Shortage ◽

Convective Drying ◽

Water Yield ◽

Phase System ◽

Water Recovery ◽

Agriculture Sector ◽

Olive Mill

Water shortage is a very concerning issue in the Mediterranean region, menacing the viability of the agriculture sector and in some countries, population wellbeing. At the same time, liquid effluent volumes generated from agro-food industries in general and olive oil industry in particular, are quite huge. Thus, the main aim of this work is to suggest a sustainable solution for the management of olive mill wastewaters (OMWW) with possible reuse in irrigation. This work is a part of a series of papers valorizing all the outputs of a three-phase system of oil mills. It deals with recovery, by condensation, of water from both OMWW and OMWW-impregnated biomasses (sawdust and wood chips), during a convective drying operation (air velocity: 1 m/s and air temperature: 50 °C). The experimental results showed that the water yield recovery reaches about 95%. The condensate waters have low electrical conductivity and salinities but also acidic pH values and slightly high chemical oxygen demand (COD) values. However, they could be returned suitable for reuse in agriculture after additional low-cost treatment.

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Parallel operation of ultrafiltration and aerobic membrane bioreactor treatment systems for mechanical newsprint mill whitewater at 55°C

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1998.0653 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 38 (4-5) ◽

pp. 307-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

C. S. F. Ragona ◽

E. R. Hall

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Biological System ◽

Membrane Bioreactor ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Water Recovery ◽

Parallel Operation ◽

Dissolved Solids ◽

Recovery Fraction ◽

Removal Efficiencies ◽

Time Required

An ultrafiltration system and a membrane biological reactor were operated in parallel to compare the removal efficiencies achieved for total and dissolved solids and chemical oxygen demand, from a simulated, low water-use, mechanical newsprint mill whitewater at 55°C. The ultrafiltration system was operated at water recovery fractions (Y) of 0.9, 0.95 and 0.983, while the membrane biological system was operated at water recovery fractions of 0.95, 0.975 and 0.983. In all cases, the membrane biological reactor exhibited higher removal efficiencies than the ultrafiltration system alone. The MBR demonstrated 48–58% removal of total COD, 35–45% removal of dissolved COD, 25–35% removal of total solids and 20–30% removal of dissolved solids. Maximum flux through the membranes was highest at lower water recovery fractions for both the ultrafiltration system and the membrane biological reactor. Fouling time, based on the time required for a 20% loss of flux, increased with increasing water recovery for the membrane biological reactor and decreased with water recovery fraction for the ultrafiltration system.

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Resource-saving environmentally friendly technologies and waste processing as a key to improve the sugar beet production efficiency

BIO Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/bioconf/20213700115 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 ◽

pp. 00115

Author(s):

Ivan Saltyk ◽

Yulia Bolokhontseva

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Production Efficiency ◽

New Technologies ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Sugar Industry ◽

Low Cost ◽

Resource Saving ◽

Investment Policies ◽

Food And Feed ◽

The Government

The world experience shows that in the 21st century, the sustainable development of the Russian beet production and sugar industry is impossible without scientific achievements. It requires low-cost resource-saving technologies that can save resources and increase the efficiency of sugar beet production. It was found that in order to increase the profitability of the sugar beet production industry, the following technologies should be used: intensive (application of herbicides); resource-saving (strip post-emergence application of herbicides); environmental protection (production of beets without herbicides, but with the use of manual labor). The intensification of sugar beet processing entails the use of new technologies that can reduce the volume of waste. The waste-free production makes it possible to strengthen the role of secondary resources as raw materials in the manufacture of various products. Secondary raw materials are used as raw materials. Structural and investment policies pursued by the government do not stimulate their processing. Therefore, beet-sugar agro-associations themselves should solve these issues. Their efforts should be aimed at ensuring the comprehensive processing of sugar beets to produce high-quality valuable food and feed products from production waste.

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Advanced Treatment of Coking Wastewater by Oxidation Process Using Pyrite and Hydrogen Peroxide

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2521 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 726-731 ◽

pp. 2521-2525

Author(s):

Zhi Yong Zhang ◽

De Li Wu

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Oxidation Process ◽

Low Cost ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Utilization Efficiency ◽

Advanced Treatment ◽

Coking Wastewater ◽

Second Stage ◽

Potential Alternative ◽

High Utilization

Coking wastewater is a kind of recalcitrant wastewater including complicate compositions. Advanced treatment of coking wastewater by Fenton-Like reaction using pyrite as catalyst was investigated in this paper. The results show that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of coking wastewater decreased significantly by method of coagulation combined with two-stage oxidation reaction. COD of wastewater can decrease from 250mg/l to 45mg/l after treatment, when 2g/L pyrite was used in each stage oxidation and the dosage of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is 0.2ml/l for first stage treatment, 0.1ml/l for second stage treatment respectively. The pyrite is effective to promote Fenton-Like reaction with low cost due to high utilization efficiency of H2O2, moreover, catalyst could be easily recovered and reused. The Fenton-Like reaction might be used as a potential alternative to advanced treatment of recalcitrant wastewater.

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IoT Platform for Energy Sustainability in University Campuses

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21020357 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 357

Author(s):

Pedro Moura ◽

José Ignacio Moreno ◽

Gregorio López López ◽

Manuel Alvarez-Campana

Keyword(s):

Energy Demand ◽

New Technologies ◽

Low Cost ◽

Sustainable Use ◽

High Energy ◽

Appropriate Technology ◽

Monitoring And Control ◽

Energy Sustainability ◽

University Campuses ◽

Iot Platform

University campuses are normally constituted of large buildings responsible for high energy demand, and are also important as demonstration sites for new technologies and systems. This paper presents the results of achieving energy sustainability in a testbed composed of a set of four buildings that constitute the Telecommunications Engineering School of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. In the paper, after characterizing the consumption of university buildings for a complete year, different options to achieve more sustainable use of energy are presented, considering the integration of renewable generation sources, namely photovoltaic generation, and monitoring and controlling electricity demand. To ensure the implementation of the desired monitoring and control, an internet of things (IoT) platform based on wireless sensor network (WSN) infrastructure was designed and installed. Such a platform supports a smart system to control the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and lighting systems in buildings. Furthermore, the paper presents the developed IoT-based platform, as well as the implemented services. As a result, the paper illustrates how providing old existing buildings with the appropriate technology can contribute to the objective of transforming such buildings into nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEB) at a low cost.

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Design and Adoption of Low-Cost Point-of-Care Diagnostic Devices: Syrian Case

Micromachines ◽

10.3390/mi12080882 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 882

Author(s):

M. Munzer Alseed ◽

Hamzah Syed ◽

Mehmet Cengiz Onbasli ◽

Ali K. Yetisen ◽

Savas Tasoglu

Keyword(s):

Civil Wars ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

New Technologies ◽

Point Of Care ◽

Low Cost ◽

Healthcare Services ◽

Efficient Solutions ◽

Humanitarian Crises ◽

Technology Experience ◽

The Cost

Civil wars produce immense humanitarian crises, causing millions of individuals to seek refuge in other countries. The rate of disease prevalence has inclined among the refugees, increasing the cost of healthcare. Complex medical conditions and high numbers of patients at healthcare centers overwhelm the healthcare system and delay diagnosis and treatment. Point-of-care (PoC) testing can provide efficient solutions to high equipment cost, late diagnosis, and low accessibility of healthcare services. However, the development of PoC devices in developing countries is challenged by several barriers. Such PoC devices may not be adopted due to prejudices about new technologies and the need for special training to use some of these devices. Here, we investigated the concerns of end users regarding PoC devices by surveying healthcare workers and doctors. The tendency to adopt PoC device changes is based on demographic factors such as work sector, education, and technology experience. The most apparent concern about PoC devices was issues regarding low accuracy, according to the surveyed clinicians.

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A Cyanobacteria-Based Biofilm System for Advanced Brewery Wastewater Treatment

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11010174 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 174

Author(s):

Konstantinos P. Papadopoulos ◽

Christina N. Economou ◽

Athanasia G. Tekerlekopoulou ◽

Dimitris V. Vayenas

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Biomass Production ◽

Low Cost ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Surface Hydrophobicity ◽

Reactor Performance ◽

Brewery Wastewater ◽

Kjeldahl Nitrogen ◽

Supporting Materials

Algal/cyanobacterial biofilm photobioreactors provide an alternative technology to conventional photosynthetic systems for wastewater treatment based on high biomass production and easy biomass harvesting at low cost. This study introduces a novel cyanobacteria-based biofilm photobioreactor and assesses its performance in post-treatment of brewery wastewater and biomass production. Two different supporting materials (glass/polyurethane) were tested to investigate the effect of surface hydrophobicity on biomass attachment and overall reactor performance. The reactor exhibited high removal efficiency (over 65%) of the wastewater’s pollutants (chemical oxygen demand, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, orthophosphate, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen), while biomass per reactor surface reached 13.1 and 12.8 g·m−2 corresponding to 406 and 392 mg·L−1 for glass and polyurethane, respectively, after 15 days of cultivation. The hydrophilic glass surface favored initial biomass adhesion, although eventually both materials yielded complete biomass attachment, highlighting that cell-to-cell interactions are the dominant adhesion mechanism in mature biofilms. It was also found that the biofilm accumulated up to 61% of its dry weight in carbohydrates at the end of cultivation, thus making the produced biomass a suitable feedstock for bioethanol production.

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Performance and Water Consumption of the Solar Steam-Injection Gas Turbine Cycle

Journal of Solar Energy Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.4007687 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 135 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Maya Livshits ◽

Abraham Kribus

Keyword(s):

Gas Turbine ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Power Plants ◽

Solar Power ◽

Low Cost ◽

Steam Injection ◽

Water Recovery ◽

Solar Power Plants ◽

Improved Model ◽

Hybrid Cycle

Solar heat at moderate temperatures around 200 °C can be utilized for augmentation of conventional steam-injection gas turbine power plants. Solar concentrating collectors for such an application can be simpler and less expensive than collectors used for current solar power plants. We perform a thermodynamic analysis of this hybrid cycle, focusing on improved modeling of the combustor and the water recovery condenser. The cycle's water consumption is derived and compared to other power plant technologies. The analysis shows that the performance of the hybrid cycle under the improved model is similar to the results of the previous simplified analysis. The water consumption of the cycle is negative due to water production by combustion, in contrast to other solar power plants that have positive water consumption. The size of the needed condenser is large, and a very low-cost condenser technology is required to make water recovery in the solar STIG cycle technically and economically feasible.

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Virtual medical learning: a comprehensive study on the role of new technologies

Kybernetes ◽

10.1108/k-10-2020-0671 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Mi Tang ◽

Hongmei Zhou ◽

Qingyan Yan ◽

Ruoyu Li ◽

Hui Lu

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

New Technologies ◽

Low Cost ◽

Access Point ◽

Learning Technologies ◽

Learning Technology ◽

Content Type ◽

Services Delivery ◽

Medical Learning ◽

Intellectual Knowledge

PurposeHealthcare employs informatics to offer its services through information technology where the social network can aid virtual medical learning. Since the usage of the internet and other electronic tools for medical services delivery is at the initial stage, it is essential to examine the factors that condition patients and medical elements in a virtual environment can develop relationship models on the health services. So, the authors have systematically reviewed virtual medical learning and offered some suggestions for the upcoming works. The authors have also discovered gaps in the state-of-the-art papers and provided solutions for them.Design/methodology/approachNumerous novel advancements have changed the old exercise of therapeutic and analytic learning. Virtual spaces have quickly turned into a section of the learning technology vision. Given the importance of its achievements and endless low-cost expansion of the educational system, virtual education has been considered as one of the issues raised by the information communities. Medicine and health are some of the most important fields in virtual technologies. Hence, in this paper, we have used a systematic literature review to deeply examine virtual medical learning. After establishing exclusion and inclusion criteria, an independent systematic search in Google Scholar, ACM, Scopus, Eric, Science Direct, Springer link, Emerald, Global ProQuest and IEEE for relevant studies have been performed, and 21 papers have been analyzed. Detailed data have been mined out of the papers.FindingsThe authors have found that virtual medical learning improves and expands the knowledge core and meaningfully affects the exercise. Virtual learning (VL) has been used in many therapeutic zones, like therapeutic learning, surgery, diagnosing, combining and regularizing processes. It has presented a fundamental access point and a referral mechanism for all of a course's component communities. It can also simplify communicative education, allowing learners to get abilities before applying them in a real-world situation. Also, the communicative characteristics of different VL programs can somehow be like direct teaching.Research limitations/implicationsSome excellent work may be removed owing to applying the filters to select the primary papers. Surveying all the documents on the topic of virtual medical learning is impossible, too. Nevertheless, the authors have tried to present a perfect survey of virtual medical learning. The results will be helpful for scholars to propose better virtual medical learning techniques.Practical implicationsE-learning has become an indispensable additional learning tool in medical education. The introduction of new learning technologies, the exponential growth of Internet usage and the advent of the World Wide Web can change the face of higher education. The results will be helpful for scholars for the upcoming works. The application of a literature review of partial least squares theory was useful for offering comprehensive literary coverage and completing the knowledge development analysis. The authors have backed scholars and experts for better understanding the development of virtual medical learning systems via presenting comparative data and scrutinizing the present advances.Originality/valueThe paper enhances intellectual knowledge by improving the conception of virtual medical learning. It informs the development, use of virtual medical learning and the upcoming works. The lack of comprehensive papers in this field has increased the importance of this paper. The present paper can handle the pace of publications.

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DECOLOURIZATION OF TRIPHENYLMETHANE DYES AND DYE INDUSTRY EFFLUENT BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM DYE CONTAMINATED SITE

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2016v8i9.13438 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 258 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. Sandhiya ◽

K. Sumaiya Begum ◽

D. Charumathi

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Suspended Solids ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Total Suspended Solids ◽

Dye Decolorization ◽

Total Dissolved Solids ◽

Biological Oxygen Demand ◽

Dyeing Wastewater ◽

Triphenylmethane Dyes ◽

Dissolved Solids

Objective: The objectives of the present study were a) to isolate and screen bacteria for dye removal from synthetic solution b) to optimize various variables such as pH, static/shaking and initial dye concentration on degradation of triphenyl methane dyes namely basic violet 3 and basic green 4 by isolated Staphylococcus aureus c) to analyse enzymes involved in the biodegradation of triphenylmethane dyes d) to treat real leather dyeing wastewater with newly isolated strain of Staphylococcus aureus e) to characterize untreated and treated leather dyeing wastewater f) to study the effects of real and treated effluent on plants and Rhizobium.Methods: Isolation of bacteria from sludge was carried out by spread plate method and the bacteria was identified by morphological and biochemical characterization. The isolated bacterium was screened for dye decolorization potential of triphenylmethane dyes basic violet 3 and basic green 4 The effects of parameters were studied by varying pH (from 3 to 9), temperature (from 15-45 °C), and initial dye concentration (from 10-500 mg/l). The enzyme involved in biodegradation was studied in intracellular extract. Real leather dyeing wastewater was treated with the bacteria and characterized. The treated wastewater was tested on plants and Rhizobium for toxicity. Results: Dye decolorization potential of bacteria Staphylococcus aureus isolated from wastewater for leather dyes basic violet 3 and basic green 4 were evaluated. Dye decolorization using bacteria was found to be dependent on physicochemical parameters (shaking, pH and initial dye concentration). Enzymes NADH-DCIP reductase and MG reductase were found to play dominant role during biodegradation of synthetic dyes. Application oriented studies using growing bacteria in pure cultures were carried out with leather dyeing wastewater collected from DKS prime tanners. Analysis of raw leather dyeing wastewater showed high pollution load in terms of color, Total solids, Total suspended solids, Total dissolved solids and Biological oxygen demand whereas the leather dyeing wastewater treated with pure culture of Staphylococcus aureus showed considerable decrease in Total solids, Total suspended solids, Total dissolved solids and Biological oxygen demand values which were within the permissible limits. Phytotoxicity and microbial toxicity studies confirmed the non-toxic nature of treated leather dyeing wastewater. Conclusion: Our study proved that Staphylococcus aureus can serve as a potential remediation agent for the treatment of leather dyeing wastewater.

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