scholarly journals Aetiological Influences on Stability and Change in Emotional and Behavioural Problems across Development: A Systematic Review

2016 ◽  
Vol a4 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.J. Hannigan ◽  
N. Walaker ◽  
M.A. Waszczuk ◽  
T.A. McAdams ◽  
T.C. Eley
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Adolescent Psychopathology ◽  
Behavioural Problems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Emotional And Behavioural Problems ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Emotional and behavioural problems in childhood and adolescence can be chronic and are predictive of future psychiatric problems. Understanding what factors drive the development and maintenance of these problems is therefore crucial. Longitudinal behavioural genetic studies using twin, sibling or adoption data can be used to explore the developmental aetiology of stability and change in childhood and adolescent psychopathology. We present a systematic review of longitudinal, behavioural genetic analyses of emotional and behavioural problems between ages 0 to 18 years. We identified 58 studies, of which 19 examined emotional problems, 30 examined behavioural problems, and 9 examined both. In the majority of studies, stability in emotional and behavioural problems was primarily genetically influenced. Stable environmental factors were also widely found, although these typically played a smaller role. Both genetic and environmental factors were involved in change across development. We discuss the findings in the context of the wider developmental literature and make recommendations for future research.

Genes, environments and depressions in young people

2015 ◽  
Vol 100 (11) ◽  
pp. 1064-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian M Goodyer
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
The Common ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Among the common mental illnesses in childhood and adolescence, the unipolar depressions are the most concerning. These mental illnesses are aetiologically and clinically heterogeneous and little is known about their pathophysiology. This selected review considers the contribution of genetic and environmental factors in the emergence of these illnesses in the second decade of life.

scholarly journals How Nonshared Environmental Factors Come to Correlate with Heredity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Beam ◽  
Patrizia Pezzoli ◽  
Jane Mendle ◽  
S. Alexandra Burt ◽  
Michael C. Neale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Genetic Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Longitudinal Models ◽  
Behavioral Genetic ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Environment Effects ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Over Time

Conventional longitudinal behavioral genetic models estimate the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to stability and change of traits and behaviors. Longitudinal models rarely explain the processes that generate observed differences between genetically and socially related individuals. We propose that exchanges between people and their environments (i.e., phenotype-environment effects) can explain the emergence of observed differences over time. Such models, however, require violation of the independence assumption of standard behavioral genetic models, that is, uncorrelated genetic and environmental factors (Beam & Turkheimer, 2013; de Kort, Dolan, & Boomsma, 2012; Dolan, De Kort, Van Beijsterveldt, Bartels, & Boomsma, 2014). We review how specification of phenotype-environment effects contributes to understanding observed changes in genetic variability over time and longitudinal correlations among nonshared environmental factors. We then provide an example using 30 days of positive and negative affect scores from an all-female sample of twins. Results demonstrate that the phenotype-environment effects explain how heritability estimates fluctuate as well as how nonshared environmental factors persist over time. We discuss possible mechanisms underlying change in gene-environment correlation over time, the advantages and challenges of including gene-environment correlation in longitudinal twin models, and recommendations for future research.

Genetics of physical activity and physical fitness

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nienke M Schutte ◽  
Meike Bartels ◽  
Eco JC de Geus
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Measurement Instrument ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
Children And Adolescent ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Regular physical activity and fitness are key contributors to children’s health. It is important to understand sources of variation in phenotypes seen among children and adolescents. It is important to calculate the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors to observed individual differences. Heritability estimates of physical activity vary, depending on sample size and measurement instrument, but the overall importance of environmental factors seems to decrease in adolescence, whereas genetic effects become more prominent. Twin and family studies show that individual differences in maximal oxygen uptake, muscle strength, flexibility, and balance are affected by genetic factors. Some evidence is found for specific genes coding for physical activity and fitness, but children and adolescent studies are limited. Future research should prioritize these target groups as knowledge of the source of individual differences in physical activity and fitness at different time points can optimize the choice and timing of exercise intervention.

scholarly journals Cannabis use and psychosis: the origins and implications of an association

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 400-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychotic Illness ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Evidence for the effectiveness of treatment or secondary prevention of psychotic illness such as schizophrenia is often disappointing. This situation reflects our limited understanding of the aetiology of psychosis. There is good evidence that both genetic and environmental factors are implicated but the precise identity of these is unclear. Cannabis use is one candidate as a possible, modifiable environmental influence on both incidence and prognosis of psychosis. Evidence supporting this candidature is exclusively observational, and its strength has perhaps been overestimated and problems related to its interpretation underestimated by some. Nevertheless the possibility that cannabis does cause psychosis remains. Because of this, and because there are other good public health reasons to prevent cannabis use, interventions targeting use need to be evaluated. This evaluation, along with other imaginative approaches to future research, is needed to further our understanding of the determinants of mental illness and how we can most effectively improve the population's mental health.

Bulimia nervosa and major depression: a study of common genetic and environmental factors

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen E. Walters ◽  
Michael C. Neale ◽  
Lindon J. Eaves ◽  
Andrew C. Heath ◽  
Ronald C. Kessler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clinical Diagnoses ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

SynopsisA genetic analysis of the co-occurrence of bulimia and major depression (MD) was performed on 1033 female twin pairs obtained from a population based register. Personal interviews were conducted and clinical diagnoses made according to DSM-III-R criteria.Additive genes, but not family environment, are found to play an important aetiological role in both bulimia and MD. The genetic liabilities of the two disorders are correlated 0·456. While unique environmental factors account for around half of the variation in liability to both bulimia and MD, these risk factors appear to be unrelated, i.e., each disorder has its own set of unique environmental risk factors. Thus, the genetic liability of bulimia and MD is neither highly specific nor entirely nonspecific. There is some genetic correlation between the two disorders as well as some genetic and environmental risk factors unique to each disorder. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.

The Behavioural Genetics of Personality Development in Adulthood—Classic, Contemporary, and Future Trends

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiebke Bleidorn ◽  
Christian Kandler ◽  
Avshalom Caspi
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Personality Stability

Behavioural genetic research has led to important advances in the field of personality psychology. When carried out on longitudinal data, behavioural genetic studies also offer promising ways to examine the genetic and environmental origins of personality stability and change. Here, we review the findings of longitudinal twin studies, discuss their implications for our understanding of adult personality development, and point out open questions that need to be addressed by future research. Three general conclusions stand out. First, there is a strong and relatively stable genetic foundation of individual differences in personality throughout the adult life span; second, environmental influences become more important and contribute to an increasing rank–order stability of personality traits from early to middle adulthood; and third, both genetic and nonshared environmental influences contribute to both stability and change in personality traits. Equipped with this knowledge, the most urgent tasks for the next generation of behavioural genetic studies on personality development will be to (i) identify measurable environmental factors that matter and (ii) to capture the interplay between genetic and environmental influences on personality stability and change throughout adulthood. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology

Interaction Between Experience Seeking and Genetic and Environmental Influences on General Cognitive Ability

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna A. E. Vinkhuyzen ◽  
Sophie van der Sluis ◽  
Danielle Posthuma
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
General Cognitive Ability ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Environmental Causes ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Adult Twins

Although it is well established that experience seeking behavior (ES) is positively related to cognitive functioning, the mechanisms underlying this association are not clearly understood. In a large sample of adult twins and siblings (N = 864, age range 23–75), we studied the causes of covariation between ES and general cognitive ability and we studied whether ES moderates the genetic and environmental causes of variation in general cognitive ability. Results demonstrate a phenotypic correlation of .17 (p <.001) between general cognitive ability and ES, with a common genetic and common environmental background. Moreover, the extent to which genetic and environmental factors are shared between general cognitive ability and ES is increased in individuals with either lower or higher levels of ES. In addition, the extent to which genetic and environmental factors influence individual differences in general cognitive ability in adults partly depended on ES. Standardized influences of additive genetic factors on general cognitive ability ranged from 13% to 99%, with lower estimates in higher levels of ES, while standardized estimates of environmental factors ranged from almost 1% to 87%, with higher estimates in higher levels of ES. Hence, ES and cognitive ability are not only associated through common genetic and environmental factors, but also via moderating effects of genetic and environmental influences on cognitive ability by ES. These findings have implications for future studies on the association between ES and general cognitive ability, and for future research on the genetics of cognitive ability.

scholarly journals Teacher-reported emotional and behavioural problems and ethnic background associated with children’s psychosocial care use: a longitudinal population-based study

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. M. Eijgermans ◽  
H. Raat ◽  
P. W. Jansen ◽  
E. Blok ◽  
M. H. J. Hillegers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unmet Need ◽  
Psychosocial Care ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Ethnic Background ◽  
Behavioural Problems ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Emotional And Behavioural Problems ◽  
Need For Care ◽  
Internalising Problems

AbstractApproximately, 15% of children in Western countries suffer from emotional and behavioural problems. However, not all children receive the psychosocial care they need, especially children with a non-Western background experience an unmet need for care. This might be because parents of non-Western children report a lower need for care than parents of Western children, unrelated to the actual need. This study examined the association between teacher-reported problems and psychosocial care use, independent of mother-reported problems. Further, the role of ethnic background in this association was investigated. The study sample of 9-year-old children was retrieved from the Generation R Study (N = 3084), a prospective, population-based cohort of children born in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Teacher- and mother-reported problems were measured via questionnaire when the children were  6/7 years old. Psychosocial care use was mother-reported at the research centre when children were 9 years old (8.1%). Hierarchical logistic regressions showed significant positive associations between teacher-reported total, externalising and internalising problems and later psychosocial care use. These associations were independent of mother-reported problems. Children with a non-Western background used less care, but ethnic background did not moderate the association between teacher-reported problems and care use. Our findings suggest that teachers might have an important role, next to parents, in the identification of problems and children’s access to care. This may be particularly important for non-Western children, as they use less psychosocial care than Western children, despite other research showing that they generally display higher levels of problems. Directions for future research and implications are discussed.

Parenting behaviors, parenting styles, and non-suicidal self-injury in young people: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
pp. 135910452110550
Author(s):  
Zhi Hui Fong ◽  
Wan Ning Charisse Loh ◽  
Ying Jie Fong ◽  
Hui Ling Michelle Neo ◽  
Tji Tjian Chee
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Young People ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Parental Support ◽  
Psychological Control ◽  
Adolescent Psychopathology ◽  
Parenting Behaviors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Self Injury

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a worrying phenomenon that is prevalent among young people. Prior theorizing and empirical evidence suggest that parenting may play a role in the etiology of NSSI. Thus, we conducted a systematic review to examine the association between parenting behaviors and parenting styles with NSSI in young people. Methods: The following databases were searched for relevant articles in July 2020: PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, and PsycINFO. Studies were included if they sampled young persons aged 10–25 years old with a history of NSSI, assessed parenting behavior or style, and tested associations between parenting and NSSI outcomes. Results: A total of 26 studies were included in this review. Among parenting behaviors, low parental support, high psychological control, and high reactive control were more consistently associated with NSSI. Conversely, the evidence for behavioral control is equivocal. There is some evidence that invalidating parenting is also associated with NSSI. Conclusion: Consistent with the wider adolescent psychopathology literature, parenting that is perceived to be supportive, less psychologically controlling and reactive/punitive were less likely to be associated with NSSI. However, these results were largely based on child reports of parenting. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.

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