scholarly journals Pharmacognostic Investigation of Leaves and Bark of Cochlospermum Religiosum Linn

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrakar Ramling G ◽  
◽  
Bhusnure Omprakash G ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Xylem Vessel ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
Sodium Calcium ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Analytical Standards

Cochlospermum religiosum (Linn.) Alston. (Bixaceae) otherwise known as Yellow silk cotton tree.Traditionally, the plant is used in the treatment of cough, asthma, jaundice, tuberculosis, inflammation, gonorrhea, fever and dysentery. In the present studymicromorphological investigations and the physicochemical analysis of Cochlospermum religiosumleaves and stem bark were carried out.The macromorphological examination indicated simple, palmately lobed, alternate distichous leaves possessing the prominent parallel venation, acute apices and crenate margin. Similarly, smooth, fibrous, ash coloured bark containing an orange-coloured gummy exudate observed. The microscopy of leaves presented a dorsiventral lamina, long filamentous unicellular uniseriate covering trichomes, anomocytic stomata, annulated lignified xylem vessel, mucilaginous brown matter, starch grains and prisms of calcium oxalate whereas the microscopic examination of the bark indicated lignified cork cells, thick-walled lignified sclereids, bundles of lignified fibres, rounded starch grains, elongated cellulosic medullary rays, tetragonal and rosette crystals of calcium oxalate. Thequalitative analysis of inorganic elementsexhibited the presence of aluminium, sodium, calcium, chlorides and ironin leaves and the bark ofCochlospermum religiosum.The present investigation on pharmacognostic characters and analytical standards of Cochlospermum religiosumwill provide a diagnostic tool in the authentication and the assessment of its quality.

Pharmacognostic Studies of the Stem Bark of Enantia chlorantha Oliver (Annonaceae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 122-125
Author(s):  
TL Ohemu ◽  
A Agunu ◽  
DG Dafam ◽  
PN Olotu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Antiulcer Agents ◽  
Physiochemical Parameters ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Wall Materials ◽  
Cell Wall Materials

Enantia chlorantha Oliver (Annonaceae) is commonly known as African yellow wood used as hepatoprotective, antiviral, antimalarial, antibacterial and antiulcer agents. The study was aimed to investigate the pharmacognostic and physiochemical parameters of E. chlorantha stem bark. The macroscopy, microscopy and chemomicroscopy of E. chlorantha were carried out using standard methods. Cell wall materials, cell inclusions and other diagnostic characters, which can aid in the easy and proper identification of the plant, were identified. The microscopic studies revealed the presence of sclereids, fibres, medullary ray, and calcium oxalate prisms. The physiochemical evaluation of was done, in order to ascertain quality and purity. This study provides additional useful information needed for determination of its identity and quality that can be added as enrichment of the pharmacopoeia of the plant.Keywords: Pharmacognostic, Stem Bark, Enantia chlorantha

Macro-microscopic Atlas on Heartwood of Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. (Red sandalwood)

2021 ◽  
pp. 3927-3930
Author(s):  
Susikumar S ◽  
Nartunai G ◽  
Ilavarasan R
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
South India ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
Herbal Formulation ◽  
Pterocarpus Santalinus

Background: Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. (Fam. Leguminosae) is a medium sized, deciduous tree distributed in South India mainly in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The heartwood is highly prized and medicinally useful. The heartwood is used in Indian system of medicine for leucorrhoea, piles, syphilis, vomiting, fever, thirst, purifying blood and in wound healing. Pterocarpus santalinus is one of the ingredients in many Siddha and Ayurvedic formulations namely Cintil Ney, Senchandana Manapagu, Candana Bala, Laksadi Taila and Candanadi lauha. Objective: The present study brings out macro-microscopic atlas on heartwood of medicinal plant Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. Materials and Methods: Sections and powder were observed and photographed under different magnifications with the help of Olympus BX51 Microscopic unit fitted with Olympus Camera. Results: Macroscopically colour, odour and taste; microscopically tyloses, needle eye end fibres, forked fibres with pegged and sharp end, pitted and border pitted vessels, uni-seriate medullary rays, Reddish brownish content, oil globules, simple starch grains, crystal fibres and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate are the unique diagnostic characters reported. Conclusion: The finding of the present study is believed to be helpful in identifying the genuineness of the heartwood in crude raw drug and also in standardization of herbal formulation containing red sandalwood as ingredient.

scholarly journals A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CYTOLOGIC EVALUATION BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL METHOD & LIQUID BASED CYTOLOGY IN PLEURAL, PERICARDIAL & PERITONEAL FLUIDS

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
R. P. Siddiqui ◽  
Mohd. Jafar Memon ◽  
Shraddha Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Conventional Method ◽  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Malignant Cells ◽  
Diagnostic Efficacy ◽  
Neoplastic Lesions ◽  
Liquid Based Cytology ◽  
Diagnostic Detection

Background- The diagnostic detection of malignant cells in effusions serves as a mainstream diagnostic tool and a predictor of the spread of diseases. Aim-To compare diagnostic efficacy of liquid based cytology (LBC) with conventional cytopreparatory techniques of pleural, peritoneal and pericardial fluids. Methodology - 110 peritoneal, pleural and pericardial effusions were received from indoor of various departments, microscopic examination was carried out by conventional and SurePath LBC method. For each case scoring was done for cellularity, cell morphology, distribution and background. They were classified as Non-neoplastic, suspicious for malignancy and malignant. Results - LBC showed better cell yield, morphology, distribution and background. Non-neoplastic lesions were maximum in number and constituted 78 (70.9%) cases, 8 (7.3%) cases were suspicious for malignancy, 22 (20%) malignant cases and 2 cases were unsatisfactory for evaluation. Conclusion- compared to conventional method, LBC was superior in making diagnosis.

PHARMACOGNOSTIC STANDARDIZATION OF JACARANDA MIMOSIFOLIA LEAVES AND STEM BARK

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (06) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
R. G. Patrakar ◽  
◽  
O. G. Bhusnure
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Basic Criterion ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Entire Margin ◽  
Jacaranda Mimosifolia

pharmacognostic standardization is a basic criterion to assure authenticity and quality of any medicinal plant. In the present study micromorphological examinations along with proximate analysis, fluorescence and elemental analysis of Jacaranda mimosifolia leaves and stem bark were carried out. Morphological examination indicated compound, bipinnate and alternately arranged leaves having several pairs of leaflets. The leaflets were oblong ellipsoidal in shape with parallel venation, acute apex and entire margin. The stem bark was concavely curved, greyish brown colored with conical shaped buds on the surface. Microscopic examination of leaves presented dorsiventral lamina, unicellular pointed trichomes, vascular bundle, collenchyma tissues and calcium oxalate crystals while bark indicated cork, stone cells, lignified fibres, calcium oxalate prisms, starch grains and medullary rays. Elemental analysis revealed the presence of aluminum, chlorides and iron in leaves and bark of Jacaranda mimosifolia. The present study will assist as an important source of information in identification and further investigation of this plant.

scholarly journals PHARMACOGNOSTIC STANDARDISATION AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC FINGERPRINTING OF LEAVES AND FRUITS OF ZANTHOXYLUM RHETSA

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Rashmi Mallya ◽  
Milind J. Bhitre
Keyword(s):  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Who Guidelines ◽  
Chromatographic Fingerprint ◽  
Fibrovascular Tissue ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Physicochemical Evaluation ◽  
Crude Drugs ◽  
Chromatographic Fingerprinting

Objective: To conduct pharmacognostic standardisation and chromatographic fingerprinting of leaves and fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa.Methods: The macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical evaluation of the crude drugs were conducted as per I. P and WHO guidelines. The chromatographic fingerprint was also developed for the leaves and fruits.Results: The microscopic characteristics of leaves exhibited anomocytic stomata, fibrovascular tissue, lignfied pericyclic fibers and pitted xylem vessels. The fruits exhibited pericarp, oil cells, stone cells, xylem and endosperm. The physicochemical analysis was also conducted. The leaf and fruit powders complied with WHO prescribed limits for microbial load NMT 1× 105 CFU/ml and were found to be free from pathogenic organisms. The HPTLC fingerprint was established for methanol extract of leaves and fruits using Dichloromethane: chloroform: ethanol (4:4:1) as solvent and 10% methanolic sulphuric acid as spray reagent.Conclusion: The present work provides referential information for the correct identification and standardisation of the plant.

scholarly journals Evalution of Substitution of Bark With Small Branches of Stereospermum Chelonoides DC and Quantitative Estimation of Lapachol By HPLC

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Kumar Meena ◽  
Ilavarasan R. ◽  
Om Prakash ◽  
Ayyam Perumal ◽  
Ravindra Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Quality Control Purpose

Abstract Background: Stereospermum chelonoides DC, also known as padhri, is a medicinal plant that belongs to the Bignoniaceae family and is commonly used in herbal medicine. Natural materials separated from a variety of traditional herbal plants have been claimed to have had a significant impact on the development of numerous lead compounds used in the treatment of health issues in communities all over the world. The plant stem bark and small branches is used in traditional and folklore medicine to treat a variety of ailments. The aim of this study is to assess the pharmacognostic and physicochemical analysis of Stereospermum chelonoides stem bark and small branches. The stem is used for the study of characters; whereas physicochemical parameters such as pH, total ash content, acid insoluble ash, water soluble extractive, alcohol soluble extractive, loss on drying are determined. Results: Preliminary phytochemical studies of ethanolic and aqueous extract of Stereospermum chelonoides DC ascertained the presence of flavonoids, saponins, Coumarins, Alkaloids, Furanoids, phenolic, Quinones, Reducing sugars, Sugars (Carbohydrate), triterpenoids, and tannins. The findings of the present study lay down standards which could be useful to detect the authenticity and for detailed evaluation and investigation of this plant. Lapachol which is indicated in the High Performance Liquid Chromatography, further studies may be conducted on the method validation by High Performance Liquid Chromatography to quantify in formulations, extracts and raw materials for quality control purpose. Conclusion: The stem bark and small branches of this plant useful in the future as it will not have any harmful effect to the plant so its small branches are more important than stem bark in the formulation of drugs which will derive from Stereospermum chelonoides DC.

scholarly journals Standardisation of Holarrhena floribunda (G. Don) Durand & Schinz: pharmacognostic evaluation and HPLC profiling of some of its steroidal alkaloids as chemical markers

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽  
pp. 2710-2725
Author(s):  
Amponsah Kingsley I ◽  
Ampofo Kwesi E ◽  
Oppong Bekoe S ◽  
Harley Kingsley B ◽  
Armah Ackah F ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
World Health ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Chemical Markers ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Steroidal Alkaloids ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization has encouraged the development of medicinal plant monographs in various countries. The present study therefore aimed at developing pharmacognostic standards for the quality evaluation of Holarrhena floribunda (G. Don) Durand & Schinz, used as anti-infective in folklore medicine. The macromorphological and micromorphological features, physicochemical, phytochemical and thin layer chromatograms of the leaves and stem bark were evaluated using standard methods. An HPLC method was also developed and validated to profile some steroidal alkaloids of the stem bark. The plant has simple, glaborous leaves, broadly lanceolate to ovate in shape and opposite in arrangement. The leaves were hypostomatic with paracytic and anomocytic stomata on the abaxial surface. The flat stem bark is light brown on the inner surface. Three alkaloids were profiled as chemical markers for the quality control of the stem bark of H. floribunda, to aid its correct identification for research and industry.

scholarly journals Pharmacognostic and physicochemical evaluation, HPLC analysis and antiproliferative properties of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 410-428
Author(s):  
O.T. Fatokun ◽  
L. Omorogbe ◽  
A. Adamu ◽  
K.B. Esievo ◽  
S.E. Okhale
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Ferulic Acid ◽  
Caffeic Acid ◽  
Hplc Analysis ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Oxalate Crystals

Introduction/Objective of study: Kigelia africana (Bignoniaceae) is enriched with bioactive constituents and has thus found various uses in African folklore. This study aims to evaluate the pharmacognostic, physicochemical, chromatographic and antiproliferative properties of K. africana.Methodology: Standard methods were used to determine the qualitative microscopy, moisture content, ash and extractive value. Furthermore, HPLC analysis was conducted on the samples in order to detect and quantify some phenolic compounds (gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, ferulic acid, caffeic acid and quercetin). The Sorghum bicolor model was used for the antiproliferative assay. All experiment was carried out in triplicates.Results: Microscopy revealed amphistomata with the presence of non-glandular unicellular, uniseriate trichomes on K. africana leaf. Cellulose, tannins, calcium oxalate crystals on the leaf and stem bark, while the roots lacked calcium oxalate crystals. Ash contents were leaf (21.8 ± 0.1) %w/w, stem bark (4.8 ± 0.03)%w/w and root (3.9 ± 0.2)%w/w. Moisture content was (10.5 ± 0.5) %w/w and (9.5 ± 0.2) %w/w for the root and leaf parts, respectively. All values were within WHO limits for crude drugs. The stem bark and root parts contained more water-soluble constituents than alcohol soluble constituents. From the results of HPLC analysis the leaf, stem bark and root extracts gave 24 peaks, 16 peaks and 30 peaks, respectively, a few peaks matched with reference compounds- quercetin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and rutin. Results of antiproliferative assay showed that methotrexate was significantly (p ˂ 0.05) more effective than the stem bark (from 2-64 mg/mL) with inhibitions ranging from 72.0 ± 1.4% - 90.0 ± 2.4% and root extracts (from 4 – 64 mg/mL) that had inhibitions ranging from 50.3 ± 1.5% - 97.7 ± 0.4% but comparable with leaf extract (from 16 mg/mL - 64 mg/mL) with inhibitions ranging from 68.4 ± 0.8% - 99.0 ± 0.1%.Conclusion: Further information which can be included in an official monograph of the plant for its proper identification and quality control has been provided by this study. Kigelia africana exhibited effective antiproliferative activities and the presence of phenolic compounds.

The electron microscope as a diagnostic tool for skeletal muscle disease

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 372-373
Author(s):  
J. E. Bilbao ◽  
R. A. Turner ◽  
R. T. King ◽  
J. C. Stinson
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Pathologic Physiology ◽  
Reaction Patterns

Time and experience has proven that striated muscle has only a limited number of reaction patterns. However, the electron microscopic examination has given information about the ultrastructural reaction of muscle fibers and about the pathologic physiology of diseased muscle. Although specific abnormalities are not useful when present individually. When present in a combination they may be diagnostic.

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