scholarly journals Discourse coherence and the interpretation of accented pronouns

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-104
Author(s):  
Mindaugas Mozuraitis ◽  
Daphna Heller
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
Alternative Interpretation ◽  
Minimal Change ◽  
Comprehension Task ◽  
Discourse Coherence ◽  
Coherence Relations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Recent Experimental Work

It has long been argued that accenting or stressing a pronoun (i.e., making it prosodically prominent) changes its interpretation as compared to its unaccented counterpart. However, recent experimental work demonstrated that this generalization does not apply when the alternative interpretation of the pronoun is not plausible (Taylor et al., 2013). In a series of three experiments that use an offline comprehension task, we show, first, that the lack of reversal is observed when plausibility is controlled for. We furthermore show that a new generalization cannot be formed by excluding cases where the bias towards the unmarked interpretation is strong or cases where the character in the alternative interpretation is low in salience. Instead, we conclude that what constrains the interpretation of accented pronouns is coherence relations, with parallel discourses exhibiting reversal and result discourses not exhibiting reversal. We propose that the difference between coherence relations should be viewed in what would be the minimal change in order to create a ‘surprising’ or expected’ event, which is the characteristic of accenting more generally.

scholarly journals Fractionation Corrections in Radiocarbon Dating

Radiocarbon ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
T M L Wigley ◽  
A B Muller
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
B Values ◽  
Radiocarbon Age ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Recent Experimental Work

Recent experimental work has suggested that the relative fractionation of 14C to 13C may differ from the accepted value of b = 2. In order to explore the implications of this possibility, the standard formulae for correcting radiocarbon dates for fractionation effects are rederived, but without making any of the usual assumptions or approximations. A generalized dating equation is derived (where ASN and AON are normalized sample and standard activities, β is a factor which reflects changes in atmospheric 13C and 14C content, {RST(o)/RST}b accounts for post-depositional changes in sample 13C ratio, and tcal is calendar age in years before ad 1950. The errors in calculated ages which might arise from different b values are estimated and shown to be small relative to other dating uncertainties. The effect of b ≠ 2 may be important in the calibration of radiocarbon dates using tree-ring samples of known age. A theoretical analysis suggests that b ≠ 2 effects may result in a correlation between age anomaly (ie, the difference between radiocarbon age and calendar age) and sample 13C data. However, an analysis of published data reveals no meaningful correlation. This result, while not eliminating the possibility that b ≠ 2, highlights its unimportance even in this high-precision application of radiocarbon dating.

Taxonomic studies on Archigetes Leuckart, 1878 (Cestoda: Caryophyllaeidae)

Parasitology ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Keneedy
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Nature Conservancy ◽  
The Family ◽  
Single Genus ◽  
Biological Characters ◽  
Taxonomic Studies ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Recent Experimental Work ◽  
The Relationship

Recent experimental work has indicated that species of Archigetes are capable of infecting and maturing in fishes in addition to tubificids.The genus Archigetes is re-defined on the basis of morphological and biological characters, with particular emphasis on recent life history studies. All species capable of neotenic development have been re-united in a single genus.A description of all species of Archigetes together with a key for their identification are included. New synonomies are discussed.The relationship of Archigetes to other genera of the family is briefly considered, and it is concluded that it forms the terminal stage in a series showing the attainment of neotenic development.I wish to thank Professor R. J. Pumphrey in whose Department the work was carried out, and Dr J. C. Chubb for advice and help in the preparation of this manuscript. I am also grateful to Professor K. Berg and Dr R. L. Calentine for the loan of specimens. The work was carried out during the tenure of a Nature Conservancy Research Studentship.

Are Venous Circulatory Abnormalities Important in the Pathogenesis of Hemorrhagic and/or Ischemic Cerebral Injury?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 705-711
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M. Perlman ◽  
Joseph J. Volpe
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Perfusion Pressure ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Ischemic Injury ◽  
Minimal Change ◽  
Cerebral Injury ◽  
Muscle Paralysis ◽  
The Difference

The venous circulatory changes in 12 intubated premature infants with fluctuations or elevations in arterial BP were studied. The objectives of the study were to determine whether important alterations in venous pressure occur in infants with fluctuations in arterial BP or with elevations in arterial BP associated with suctioning. Venous and arterial catheters were present in all infants. Perfusion pressure was derived from the difference between mean arterial BP and venous pressure. At rest, minimal change in arterial BP, venous pressure, and perfusion pressure was observed. Elevations in arterial BP were accompanied by pronounced changes in venous pressure. However, because the magnitude and the direction of the changes in venous pressure were not consistent, pronounced changes in perfusion pressure resulted. Fluctuations in arterial BP were associated with fluctuations in venous pressure, which also resulted in pronounced and continuous alterations in perfusion pressure. Induced muscle paralysis in two infants obliterated the changes in arterial BP, venous pressure, and perfusion pressure associated with suctioning. These data demonstrate that marked venous circulatory changes accompany common arterial circulatory abnormalities; such alterations on the venous side of the circulation may be important in the pathogenesis of neonatal hemorrhagic and/or ischemic injury.

The Modality of Judgments

2019 ◽  
pp. 145-165
Author(s):  
Uygar Abacı
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Interpretation ◽  
Pure Reason ◽  
Critique Of Pure Reason ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
Cognitive Faculty ◽  
Conceptual Representations ◽  
Coherence Relations

This chapter focuses on Kant’s account of the modal functions of judgments in the Critique of Pure Reason. There are two current strands of interpreting this account. The first understands the modality of a given judgment in terms of the judger’s attitude toward its content, based on their epistemic or psychological states. The second understands it solely in terms of its location in a syllogistic context. On the alternative interpretation defended in this chapter, Kant construes the modalities of judgments as instantiating relative logical modalities and expressing logical coherence relations between a judgment and a set of background judgments. This interpretation not only fits well with Kant’s revolutionary program of redefining modality as a feature of the relation between the conceptual representations of things and the cognitive faculty of the judger, but also captures the formal-logical infrastructure of his account of real modality in the rest of the Critique.

Acceptability ratings cannot be taken at face value

2020 ◽  
pp. 189-214
Author(s):  
Carson T. Schütze
Keyword(s):  
Rate Of Convergence ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Rates Of Convergence ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
True Rate ◽  
Acceptability Judgments ◽  
Critical Words ◽  
Recent Experimental Work

This chapter addresses how linguists’ empirical (syntactic) claims should be tested with non-linguists. Recent experimental work attempts to measure rates of convergence between data presented in journal articles and the results of large surveys. Three follow-up experiments to one such study are presented. It is argued that the original method may underestimate the true rate of convergence because it leaves considerable room for naïve subjects to give ratings that do not reflect their true acceptability judgments of the relevant structures. To understand what can go wrong, the experiments were conducted in two parts. The first part had visually presented sentences rated on a computer, replicating previous work. The second part was an interview where the experimenter asked the participants about the ratings they gave to particular items, in order to determine what interpretation or parse they had assigned, whether they had missed any critical words, and so on.

scholarly journals ROTATIONAL TUNNELLING SPECTROSCOPY WITH NEUTRONS

1993 ◽  
Vol 07 (16n17) ◽  
pp. 3113-3151 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. CARLILE ◽  
M. PRAGER
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Instrument Performance ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Recent Experimental Work ◽  
Fruitful Field

Neutron tunnelling spectroscopy has been a very fruitful field for almost two decades and is still expanding into new areas, both experimentally and theoretically. The development of the topic is reviewed from the theoretical point of view, highlighting new approaches, and selected examples of more recent experimental work are presented. A brief discussion of instrument performance and experimental requirements is given.

Numerical Prediction of Various Cavitation Erosion Mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacijo Biluš ◽  
Marko Hočevar ◽  
Matevž Dular ◽  
Luka Lešnik
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cavitation Erosion ◽  
Cavitating Flow ◽  
Numerical Prediction ◽  
Quantitative Prediction ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Erosion Mechanisms ◽  
Recent Experimental Work ◽  
Collapse Phase

Abstract Numerical prediction of cavitation erosion is a great scientific and technological challenge. In the past, many attempts were made—many successful. One of the issues when a comparison between a simulation and erosion experiments is made, is the great difference in time scale. In this work, we do not attempt to obtain quantitatively accurate predictions of erosion process but concentrate qualitatively on cavitation mechanisms with quantitative prediction of pressure pulses which lead to erosion. This is possible, because of our recent experimental work on simultaneous observation of cavitating flow and cavitation erosion by high speed cameras. In this study, the numerical simulation was used to predict details of the cavitation process during the vapor collapse phase. The fully compressible, cavitating flow simulations were performed to resolve the formation of the pressure waves at cavitation collapse. We tried to visualize the mechanisms and dynamics of vapor structures during collapse phase at the Venturi geometry. The obtained results show that unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) simulation of cavitation is capable of reproducing four out of five mechanisms of cavitation erosion, found during experimental work.

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation of the Prestrike Characteristics of a Double-Break Vacuum Circuit Breaker under DC Voltages

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3217
Author(s):  
Yun Geng ◽  
Xiaofei Yao ◽  
Jinlong Dong ◽  
Xue Liu ◽  
Yingsan Geng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Circuit Breaker ◽  
Circuit Breakers ◽  
Vacuum Circuit Breaker ◽  
In Series ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Single Break

The prestrike phenomenon in vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) is interesting but complicated. Previous studies mainly focus on the prestrike phenomenon in single-break VCBs. However, experimental work on prestrike characteristics of double-break VCBs cannot be found in literature. This paper aims to experimentally determine the probabilistic characteristics of prestrike gaps in a double-break VCB consisting of two commercial vacuum interrupters (VIs) in series under direct current (DC) voltages. As a benchmark, single-break prestrike gaps were measured by short-circuiting one of the VIs in a double break. The experimental results show that the 50% prestrike gap d50 of each VI in a double break, which is calculated with the complementary Weibull distribution, was significantly reduced by 25% to 72.7% compared with that in a single break. Due to the voltage-sharing effect in the double-break VCB, scatters in prestrike gaps of each VI in a double break was smaller than that in a single break. However, without the sharing-voltage effect, d50 of the low-voltage side in the double break was 65% higher than that of the same VI in the single break, which could be caused by the asynchronous property of mechanical actuators, the difference of the inherent prestrike characteristics of each VI and the unequal voltage-sharing ratio of VIs.

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