scholarly journals The Role of Gut Microbiota in Autism Spectrum Disorder

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burcu Ersoz Alan ◽  
Fulya Gulerman
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder

scholarly journals Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Gut Microbiota in Children: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navya Bezawada ◽  
Tze Hui Phang ◽  
Georgina L. Hold ◽  
Richard Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Extensive Literature Search

Introduction: Differences in microbiota composition in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to unaffected siblings and healthy controls have been reported in various studies. This study aims to systematically review the existing literature concerning the role of the gut microbiota in ASD. Methods: An extensive literature search was conducted using MEDLINE and EMBASE databases to identify studies (January 1966 through July 2019). Results: A total of 28 papers were included. The studies ranged from 12 to 104 participants who were aged between 2 and 18 years from various geographical areas. Majority of studies included faecal samples; however, 4 studies examined mucosal biopsies from different sites. The heterogeneity in ASD diagnostic methodology, gut site sampled and laboratory methods used made meta-analysis inappropriate. Species reported to be significantly higher in abundance in autistic children included Clostridium, Sutterella, Desulfovibrio and Lactobacillus. The findings are however inconsistent across studies. In addition, ­potential confounding effects of antimicrobial use, gastrointestinal symptoms and diet on the gut microbiota are unclear due to generally poor assessment of these factors. Conclusion: It is clear that the gut microbiota is altered in ASD, although further exploration is needed on whether this is a cause or an effect of the condition.

scholarly journals Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Clinical and Preclinical Evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léa Roussin ◽  
Naika Prince ◽  
Paula Perez-Pardo ◽  
Aletta D. Kraneveld ◽  
Sylvie Rabot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Potential Implication ◽  
Gi Symptoms

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 1 in 160 people in the world. Although there is a strong genetic heritability to ASD, it is now accepted that environmental factors can play a role in its onset. As the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms is four-times higher in ASD patients, the potential implication of the gut microbiota in this disorder is being increasingly studied. A disturbed microbiota composition has been demonstrated in ASD patients, accompanied by altered production of bacterial metabolites. Clinical studies as well as preclinical studies conducted in rodents have started to investigate the physiological functions that gut microbiota might disturb and thus underlie the pathophysiology of ASD. The first data support an involvement of the immune system and tryptophan metabolism, both in the gut and central nervous system. In addition, a few clinical studies and a larger number of preclinical studies found that modulation of the microbiota through antibiotic and probiotic treatments, or fecal microbiota transplantation, could improve behavior. Although the understanding of the role of the gut microbiota in the physiopathology of ASD is only in its early stages, the data gathered in this review highlight that this role should be taken in consideration.

scholarly journals Critical review on role of Microbiota transfer therapy in Autism spectrum disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 2095-2114
Author(s):  
Hemalakshmi R ◽  
Pavithra Amritkumar
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
The Brain

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that affects behaviour and communication. It can be diagnosed at any age, although the symptoms generally appear in the first two years of life. Autism is also known as a "spectrum" disorder because there is wide variation in the severity and type of patient experience. Intestinal dysbiosis remains a risk factor for several neuron-developmental disorders and physiological diseases such as ASD. The gut microbiome in human influence the total metabolomic profile and thus has an impact on the overall health of human. The brain-intestinal axis concept demonstrates the interaction between the brain and the diverse gut microbial population. Recent findings show that ASD symptoms in affected individuals are linked with the altered intestinal microbiome. The current treatment modality for the symptoms of ASD are limited to Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) and FDA approved medications like Risperidone and Aripiprazole. Individuals with ASD appear to be susceptible to adverse effects of these medications. Current accumulating studies indicate that Microbiota Transfer Therapy (MTT) is a promising technique for treating ASD. MTT involves in vitro batch culture of gut microbiota, which is viewed as a quick and accessible method. It has provided encouraging results by improving ASD-related gastrointestinal (GI) and behavioural symptoms in affected individuals. The present review focuses on the link between gut dysbiosis and ASD, analyses the available clinical studies related to various treatment options and describes the role of MTT as a promising therapy of bringing back the healthy gut microbiota composition in treating ASD.

scholarly journals Beyond a gut feeling: How the immune system impacts the effect of gut microbiota in neurodevelopment

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atiqah Azhari ◽  
Farouq Azizan ◽  
Gianluca Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Microbial Dysbiosis ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbes ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Hooks et al. posit that gastrointestinal microbes alter the end state of development indirectly. Here, we present the immune system as the link that facilitates communication between the gut and the brain. Illustrating the case of autism spectrum disorder, we explicate the role of the immune system in responding to microbial dysbiosis by inducing an inflammatory state that affects neurodevelopment. We propose two models: directly, within the infant, and indirectly, via maternal and infant systems.

scholarly journals Gene variations in autism spectrum disorder are associated with alteration of gut microbiota, metabolites and cytokines

Gut Microbes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Zhi Liu ◽  
Xuhua Mao ◽  
Zhou Dan ◽  
Yang Pei ◽  
Rui Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder

scholarly journals A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on metaphor comprehension in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: Do task properties matter?

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1421-1454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Kalandadze ◽  
Valentina Bambini ◽  
Kari-Anne B. Næss
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Response Format ◽  
Metaphor Comprehension ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIndividuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often experience difficulty in comprehending metaphors compared to individuals with typical development (TD). However, there is a large variation in the results across studies, possibly related to the properties of the metaphor tasks. This preregistered systematic review and meta-analysis (a) explored the properties of the metaphor tasks used in ASD research, and (b) investigated the group difference between individuals with ASD and TD on metaphor comprehension, as well as the relationship between the task properties and any between-study variation. A systematic search was undertaken in seven relevant databases. Fourteen studies fulfilled our predetermined inclusion criteria. Across tasks, we detected four types of response format and a great variety of metaphors in terms of familiarity, syntactic structure, and linguistic context. Individuals with TD outperformed individuals with ASD on metaphor comprehension (Hedges’ g = −0.63). Verbal explanation response format was utilized in the study showing the largest effect size in the group comparison. However, due to the sparse experimental manipulations, the role of task properties could not be established. Future studies should consider and report task properties to determine their role in metaphor comprehension, and to inform experimental paradigms as well as educational assessment.

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