scholarly journals Role of Principal Ionotropic and Metabotropic Receptors in Visceral Pain

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kannampalli ◽  
Jyoti N Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Metabotropic Receptors ◽  
Role Of Principal ◽  
Ionotropic And Metabotropic Receptors

Receiving the Synaptic Message

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy Mason
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Adrenergic Receptors ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Metabotropic Receptors ◽  
Second Messenger Systems ◽  
Psychotropic Effects ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Ionotropic And Metabotropic Receptors

Ionotropic and metabotropic receptors differ in their speed of action, the variety of effects produced after ligand-binding, and in the number of types present in the nervous system. The participation of two ionotropic glutamate receptors in synaptic plasticity is thought to be the cellular basis of learning. The actions of acetylcholine on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors present at the neuromuscular junction are described. The pharmacological profile of the GABAA receptor, central to most neural functions, is introduced. The properties of metabotropic receptors that are coupled to G proteins, termed G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), are detailed. Three canonical second-messenger systems through which GPCRs act are briefly described. An introduction to clinical pharmacology focused on how drugs acting on muscarinic and adrenergic receptors produce peripheral and central psychotropic effects is provided. Finally, the role of connexins and gap junctions in myelination and hearing is introduced.

Pengembangan Minat Baca Peserta Didik : Studi Peran Kepala Sekolah

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Fahrurrrazi Fahrurrrazi
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Role Of Principal ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
Management Functions ◽  
Reading Interest

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh fenomena minat baca siswa dan pengaruh minat baca terhadap pertumbuhan kemampuan belajar siswa pada jenjang-jenjang pendidikan selanjutnya. Kepala sekolah sebagai lokomotif perkembangan mutu pendidikan memiliki peran strategi bagi pengumbuhan dan pengembangan minat baca peserta didik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran kepala madrasah sebagai edukator, manajer, dan innovator dalam pengembangan minat baca peserta didik di MIT Nurul Islam Kota Semarang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif lapangan, data dikumpulkan melalui observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi dan triangulasi, serta dianalisis dengan teknik analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Peran kepala madrasah sebagai edukator dalam pengembangan minat baca peserta didik meliputi meliputi tiga pembinaan, yakni pembinaan mental dan moral, serta pembinaan artistik. 2) Peran kepala madrasah sebagai manajer dalam pengembangan minat baca peserta didik di MIT Nurul Islam meliputi penerapan fungsi-fungsi manajemen dengan didasarkan pada pada kerjasama dengan USAID dan UIN Walisongo Semarang. 3) Peran kepala madrasah sebagai innovator dalam pengembangan minat baca peserta didik di MIT Nurul Islam Kota Semarang meliputi inovasi strategi, pola pikir (mindset) dan struktur. Abstract This research is motivated by the phenomenon of reading interest of students and the influence of reading interest on the growth of students' learning ability in the next level of education. The principal as a locomotive of the development of the quality of education has a strategic role for the growth and development of reading interest of learners. This study aims to determine the role of principal as an educator, manager, and innovator in the development of reading interest of learners in MIT Nurul Islam Semarang City. This research is a qualitative field research, data collected through observation, interview, documentation and triangulation, and analyzed by descriptive analysis technique. The results of this study indicate that: 1) The role of principal as an educator in the development of reading interest of learners includes three activities are coaching, namely mental and moral coaching, and artistic coaching. 2) The role of principal as manager in the development of reading interest of learners at MIT Nurul Islam covers the application of management functions based on cooperation with USAID and UIN Walisongo Semarang. 3) The role of principal as innovator in the development of reading interest of learners at MIT Nurul Islam Semarang City includes innovation strategy, mindset, and structure.

scholarly journals A38 TRPV1 VISCERAL AFFERENTS CONTROL CENTRAL SENSITIZATION IN IBD

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 278-279
Author(s):  
M Defaye ◽  
N Abdullah ◽  
M Iftinca ◽  
C Altier
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Central Sensitization ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Purinergic Signaling ◽  
Designer Drugs ◽  
Visceral Afferents ◽  
Peripheral Sensitization ◽  
Specific Expression

Abstract Background Long-lasting changes in neural pain circuits precipitate the transition from acute to chronic pain in patients living with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). While significant improvement in IBD therapy has been made to reduce inflammation, a large subset of patients continues to suffer throughout quiescent phases of the disease, suggesting a high level of plasticity in nociceptive circuits during acute phases. The establishment of chronic visceral pain results from neuroplasticity in nociceptors first, then along the entire neural axis, wherein microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, are critically involved. Our lab has shown that spinal microglia were key in controlling chronic pain state in IBD. Using the Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) model of colitis, we found that microglial G-CSF was able to sensitize colonic nociceptors that express the pain receptor TRPV1. While TRPV1+ nociceptors have been implicated in peripheral sensitization, their contribution to central sensitization via microglia remains unknown. Aims To investigate the role of TRPV1+ visceral afferents in microglial activation and chronic visceral pain. Methods We generated DREADD (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs) mice in which TRPV1 sensory neurons can be inhibited (TRPV1-hM4Di) or activated (TRPV1-hM3Dq) in a time and tissue specific manner using the inert ligand Clozapine-N-Oxide (CNO). To test the inhibition of TRPV1 neurons in DSS-induced colitis, TRPV1-hM4Di mice were treated with DSS 2.5% or water for 7 days and received vehicle or CNO i.p. injection twice daily. To activate TRPV1 visceral afferents, TRPV1-hM3Dq mice received vehicle or CNO daily for 7 days, by oral gavage. After 7 days of treatment, visceral pain was evaluated by colorectal distension and spinal cords tissues were harvested to measure microglial activation. Results Our data validated the nociceptor specific expression and function of the DREADD in TRPV1-Cre mice. Inhibition of TRPV1 visceral afferents in DSS TRPV1-hM4Di mice was able to prevent the colitis-induced microglial activation and thus reduce visceral hypersensitivity. In contrast, activation of TRPV1 visceral afferents in TRPV1-hM3Dq mice was sufficient to drive microglial activation in the absence of colitis. Analysis of the proalgesic mediators derived from activated TRPV1-hM3Dq neurons identified ATP as a key factor of microglial activation. Conclusions Overall, these data provide novel insights into the mechanistic understanding of the gut/brain axis in chronic visceral pain and suggest a role of purinergic signaling that could be harnessed for testing effective therapeutic approaches to relieve pain in IBD patients. Funding Agencies CCCACHRI (Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute) and CSM (Cumming School of Medicine) postdoctoral fellowship

scholarly journals Tetrodotoxin: A New Strategy to Treat Visceral Pain?

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 496
Author(s):  
Ana Campos-Ríos ◽  
Lola Rueda-Ruzafa ◽  
Salvador Herrera-Pérez ◽  
Paula Rivas-Ramírez ◽  
José Antonio Lamas
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Channel Blocker ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Visceral Hypersensitivity ◽  
Afferent Neurons ◽  
Sodium Channel Blocker ◽  
Voltage Gated Sodium Channels ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Specific Receptors

Visceral pain is one of the most common symptoms associated with functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Although the origin of these symptoms has not been clearly defined, the implication of both the central and peripheral nervous systems in visceral hypersensitivity is well established. The role of several pathways in visceral nociception has been explored, as well as the influence of specific receptors on afferent neurons, such as voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs). VGSCs initiate action potentials and dysfunction of these channels has recently been associated with painful GI conditions. Current treatments for visceral pain generally involve opioid based drugs, ≠≠which are associated with important side-effects and a loss of effectiveness or tolerance. Hence, efforts have been intensified to find new, more effective and longer-lasting therapies. The implication of VGSCs in visceral hypersensitivity has drawn attention to tetrodotoxin (TTX), a relatively selective sodium channel blocker, as a possible and promising molecule to treat visceral pain and related diseases. As such, here we will review the latest information regarding this toxin that is relevant to the treatment of visceral pain and the possible advantages that it may offer relative to other treatments, alone or in combination.

scholarly journals The Effects of N-Acetylcysteine on the Rat Mesocorticolimbic Pathway: Role of mGluR5 Receptors and Interaction with Ethanol

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 593
Author(s):  
Sandra Fernández-Rodríguez ◽  
Claudia Esposito-Zapero ◽  
Teodoro Zornoza ◽  
Ana Polache ◽  
Luis Granero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Activation ◽  
Ethanol Administration ◽  
Metabotropic Receptors ◽  
Negative Allosteric Modulator ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Cell Expression ◽  
Mucolytic Agent ◽  
Different Doses

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a prodrug that is marketed as a mucolytic agent and used for the treatment of acetaminophen overdose. Over the last few decades, evidence has been gathered that suggests the potential use of NAC as a new pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder (AUD), although its mechanism of action is already being debated. In this paper, we set out to assess both the potential involvement of the glutamate metabotropic receptors (mGluR) in the possible dual effect of NAC administered at two different doses and NAC’s effect on ethanol-induced activation. To this aim, 30 or 120 mg/kg of NAC was intraperitoneally administered to rats with the presence or absence of the negative allosteric modulator of mGluR5 (MTEP 0.1 mg/kg). Thereafter, the cFOS IR-cell expression was analyzed. Secondly, we explored the effect of 120 mg/kg of NAC on the neurochemical and behavioral activation induced by intra-VTA ethanol administration (150 nmol). Our results showed that the high NAC dose stimulated cFOS expression in the NAcc, and that this effect was suppressed in the presence of MTEP, thus suggesting the implication of mGluR5. Additionally, high doses could attenuate the ethanol-induced increase in cFOS-expression in the NAcc, probably due to a phenomenon based on the long-term depression of the MSNs. Additional experiments are required to corroborate our hypothesis.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Teachers’ Somatic Burden, Stress, and Emotional Exhaustion: Examining the Role of Principal Leadership and Workplace Buoyancy

AERA Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 233285842098618
Author(s):  
Rebecca J. Collie
Keyword(s):  
Principal Leadership ◽  
Emotional Exhaustion ◽  
Work Situation ◽  
Supportive Leadership ◽  
Personal Resource ◽  
Role Of Principal

The role of two leadership factors (autonomy-supportive and autonomy-thwarting leadership) and one personal resource (workplace buoyancy) were examined as predictors of three teacher outcomes: somatic burden, stress related to change, and emotional exhaustion. Data were collected from 325 Australian teachers in May, 2020 during the first wave of COVID-19. During this time, many Australian children were being taught remotely from home, while other students were attending schools in-person. Findings showed that autonomy-supportive leadership was associated with greater buoyancy and, in turn, lower somatic burden, stress related to change, and emotional exhaustion (while controlling for covariates, including COVID-19 work situation). Autonomy-thwarting leadership was positively associated with emotional exhaustion. In addition, autonomy-supportive leadership was indirectly associated with the outcomes. The findings provide understanding of factors that may be harnessed to support teachers during subsequent waves of COVID-19 and other future disruptions to schooling that may occur.

scholarly journals Animal models of visceral pain and the role of the microbiome

2021 ◽  
pp. 100064
Author(s):  
Christine West ◽  
Karen-Anne McVey Neufeld
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Visceral Pain

Guiding Principals: Middle-Manager Coaching and Human-Capital Reform

2020 ◽  
Vol 122 (10) ◽  
pp. 1-50
Author(s):  
Susan Bush-Mecenas ◽  
Julie A. Marsh ◽  
Katharine O. Strunk
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Think Aloud ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Role Of Principal

Background/Context School leaders are central to state and district human-capital reforms (HCRs), yet they are rarely equipped with the skills to implement new evaluation, professional development, and personnel data systems. Although districts increasingly offer principals coaching and training, there has been limited empirical work on how these supports influence principals’ HCR-related practices. Purpose Drawing on a two-year, mixed-methods study in the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD), this article examines the role of principal supervisors in HCRs. We ask: What role did principal supervisors (Instructional Directors [IDs]) play in the implementation of human-capital reforms? What did high-quality coaching on the part of IDs look like in this context? Research Design Our two-part analysis draws upon survey and interview data. First, we conducted descriptive analyses and significance testing using principal and ID survey data to examine the correlations among principals’ ratings of ID coaching quality, ID coaching practices, and principals’ implementation of HCRs. Second, we conducted in-depth interviews, using a think-aloud protocol, with two sets of IDs—those consistently highly-rated and those with mixed ratings—who were identified using principals’ reports of coaching quality. Following interview coding, we created various case-ordered metamatrix displays to analyze our qualitative data in order to identify patterns in coaching strategy and approach across IDs, content, and contexts. Findings First, our survey data indicate that receiving high-quality coaching from IDs is correlated with stronger principal support for and implementation of HCRs. Our survey findings further illustrate that IDs support a wide range of principals’ HCR activities. Second, our think-aloud interviews with case IDs demonstrate that coaching strategy and approach vary between consistently highly-rated and mixed-rated coaches: Consistently highly-rated IDs emphasize the importance of engaging in, or defining HCR problems as, joint work alongside principals, while mixed-rated IDs often emphasize the use of tools to guide principal improvement. We find that, on the whole, the consistently highly-rated IDs in our sample employ a nondirective approach to coaching more often than mixed-rated coaches. Conclusions These findings contribute to a growing literature on the crucial role of principal supervisors as coaches to improve principals’ instructional leadership and policy implementation. While exploratory, this study offers the first steps toward building greater evidence of the connections between high-quality coaching and policy implementation, and it may have implications for the design and implementation of professional development for principal supervisors and the selection and placement of supervisors with principals.

scholarly journals Reputation and Loan Contract Terms: The Role of Principal Customers

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Cen ◽  
Sudipto Dasgupta ◽  
Redouane Elkamhi ◽  
Raunaq S. Pungaliya
Keyword(s):  
Role Of Principal ◽  
Loan Contract
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