Duplex Stainless Steels: The Versatile Alloys

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/3403 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 500-510
Author(s):  
Roger Francis
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steels ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Corrosion Resistant ◽  
Corrosion Resistant Alloy

Duplex stainless steels were first manufactured early in the 20th century, but it was the invention of argon oxygen decarburization melting and the addition of nitrogen that made the alloys stronger, more weldable, and more corrosion resistant. Today, there is a family of duplex stainless steels covering a range of compositions and properties, but they all share high strength and good corrosion resistance, especially to stress corrosion cracking, compared with similar austenitic stainless steels. This paper briefly reviews the range of modern duplex stainless steels and why they are widely used in many industries. They are the workhorse corrosion-resistant alloy in the oil and gas industry. In this paper, their use in three industries common in Australia and New Zealand is reviewed: oil and gas, mineral processing, and desalination. The corrosion resistance in the relevant fluids is reviewed and some case histories highlight both successes and potential problems with duplex alloys in these industries.

SANICRO 41

Alloy Digest ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Corrosion Resistant ◽  
Corrosion Resistant Alloy ◽  
Nickel Base

Abstract SANDVIK SANICRO 41 is a nickel-base corrosion resistant alloy with a composition balanced to resist both oxidizing and reducing environments. A high-strength version (110) is available for oil and gas production. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, and joining. Filing Code: Ni-475. Producer or source: Sandvik.

scholarly journals Duplex Stainless Steels—Alloys for the 21st Century

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 836
Author(s):  
Roger Francis ◽  
Glenn Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steels ◽  
Corrosion Resistant

Duplex stainless steels were first manufactured early in the 20th century, but it was the introduction in the 1970s of the argon-oxygen decarburisation (AOD) steel making process and the addition of nitrogen to these steels, that made the alloys stronger, more weldable and more corrosion resistant. Today, duplex stainless steels can be categorised into four main groups, i.e., “lean”, “standard”, “super”, and “hyper” duplex types. These groups cover a range of compositions and properties, but they all have in common a microstructure consisting of roughly equal proportions of austenite and ferrite, high strength, good toughness and good corrosion resistance, especially to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) compared with similar austenitic stainless steels. Moreover, the development of a duplex stainless-steel microstructure requires lower levels of nickel in the composition than for a corresponding austenitic stainless steel with comparable pitting and crevice corrosion resistance, hence they cost less. This makes duplex stainless steels a very versatile and attractive group of alloys both commercially and technically. There are applications where duplex grades can be used as lower cost through-life options, in preference to coated carbon steels, a range of other stainless steels, and in some cases nickel alloys. This cost benefit is further emphasised if the design engineer can use the higher strength of duplex grades to construct vessels and pipework of lower wall thickness than would be the case if an austenitic grade or nickel alloy was being used. Hence, we find duplex stainless steels are widely used in many industries. In this paper their use in three industrial applications is reviewed, namely marine, heat exchangers, and the chemical and process industries. The corrosion resistance in the relevant fluids is discussed and some case histories highlight both successes and potential problems with duplex alloys in these industries. The paper shows how duplex stainless steels can provide cost-effective solutions in corrosive environments, and why they will be a standard corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) for many industries through the 21st century.

Numerical Post-Buckling Analysis of Mechanically Lined Corrosion Resistant Alloy Pipes

2017 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiansha Dong ◽  
Fahrettin Ozturk ◽  
Firas Jarrar ◽  
Jamal Y. Sheikh-Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Buckling Analysis ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Corrosion Resistant ◽  
Finite Element Software ◽  
Resistant Alloy ◽  
Post Buckling ◽  
Corrosion Resistant Alloy

As an economical alternative to solid corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) and clad pipes, mechanically lined or sleeved CRA pipes are proven to be effective in the transport of corrosive fluids in oil and gas industry. A major issue with these pipes is that pressure drop or fluctuations may cause buckling of the liner, resulting in irreparable and costly damage. This issue should be resolved in order to fully implement this type of pipes in oil and gas industry. In this study, post-buckling analysis of liner pipe encased in carbon steel outer pipe is carried out following the hydraulic expansion manufacturing process. Commercially available abaqus finite element software is employed. The proposed model is partly verified with an analytical solution and other numerical results under the condition of no residual contact pressure. Results of the parametric study reveal that increasing the residual contact pressure and decreasing the magnitude of geometric imperfection can both contribute to enhancing the buckling resistance.

ALLEGHENY LUDLUM AL 29-4C

Alloy Digest ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Corrosion Resistant ◽  
Resistant Alloy ◽  
Corrosion Resistant Alloy ◽  
Geothermal Power

Abstract AL 29-4C is a highly corrosion resistant alloy with a relatively high strength. This combination allows the use of lighter gage tubes, and has led to its use in the brine heat exchangers of geothermal power plants. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming and joining. Filing Code: SS-554. Producer or source: Allegheny Ludlum Corporation.

FIRTH VICKERS F.I. (A1)

Alloy Digest ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Corrosion Resistant ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Plant Equipment ◽  
Corrosion Resistant Alloy

Abstract FIRTH VICKERS FI (A1) is a chromium type heat and corrosion resistant alloy steel recommended for oil refining and chemical plant equipment. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: SS-236. Producer or source: Firth-Vickers Stainless Steels Ltd.

Production of Metallurgically Cladded Pipes for High End Applications in the Oil and Gas Industry

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thilo Reichel ◽  
Jochem Beissel ◽  
Vitaliy Pavlyk ◽  
Gernot Heigl
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Fem Analysis ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
High Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
High Corrosion ◽  
Manufacturing Procedure ◽  
Longitudinal Welds

The paper describes the different industrially used options to produce a clad pipe and explains in detail the manufacture of metallurgically cladded pipes starting with the production of roll bonded plates. In plate manufacturing the advantages as well as the limitations of thermo-mechanical (TM) rolling are discussed. The TM-technology is shown to improve weldability, HIC-resistance, strength and toughness properties of the carbon steel section of the pipe. Moreover, it also improves corrosion resistance of the CRA layer. The pipe manufacturing procedure, which involves two welding technologies for longitudinal welds is described. The carbon steel parts of the pipe are joined using double-sided multi-pass Submerged-Arc-Welding (SAW). The single-pass Electroslag-Welding (ESW) is subsequently used for recladding of the CRA layer. The multi-pass SAW results in excellent mechanical properties of the weld joint, whereas the ESW technique ensures low dilution of CRA with the carbon steel, a smooth weld bead shape and a high corrosion resistance of the deposited layer. With the aid of thermodynamic modeling and numerical simulations it is shown, that the high corrosion resistance is promoted by an intensive mixing within the ESW weld pool and relatively low segregation level of Cr and Mo during solidification. Furthermore, FEM analysis is applied to examine the plastic deformation and residual stresses distribution in the pipe during forming, welding and final calibration. The obtained information assists in optimization of manufacturing procedure, and can also be included in prediction of resulting pipe fatigue during operation.

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