Atomic Emission Spectroelectrochemistry: Real-Time Rate Measurements of Dissolution, Corrosion, and Passivation

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/3336 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (12) ◽  
pp. 1398-1419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Ogle

Atomic emission spectroelectrochemistry (AESEC) is a relatively novel technique that gives real-time elemental dissolution rates for a material/electrolyte combination, either reacting spontaneously or with electrochemical polarization. This methodology gives direct insight into questions such as how specific elements of an alloy interact with one another, or how specific additives in a surface treatment solution will affect different alloying elements or different phases. This paper discusses AESEC instrumentation and presents the basic quantitative relationships between the electrochemical and spectroscopic measurements. A wide range of applications are used to illustrate these relationships including the surface pretreatment of aluminum alloys (etching and deoxidation) and the passivation of Fe-Cr and Ni-Cr alloys. The focus is on the use of in-line inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), although a brief discussion of similar techniques using in-line inductively coupled mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) is included.

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 336
Author(s):  
Laura Matarredona ◽  
Mónica Camacho ◽  
Basilio Zafrilla ◽  
Gloria Bravo-Barrales ◽  
Julia Esclapez ◽  
...  

Haloarchaea can survive and thrive under exposure to a wide range of extreme environmental factors, which represents a potential interest to biotechnology. Growth responses to different stressful conditions were examined in the haloarchaeon Haloferax mediterranei R4. It has been demonstrated that this halophilic archaeon is able to grow between 10 and 32.5% (w/v) of sea water, at 32–52 °C, although it is expected to grow in temperatures lower than 32 °C, and between 5.75 and 8.75 of pH. Moreover, it can also grow under high metal concentrations (nickel, lithium, cobalt, arsenic), which are toxic to most living beings, making it a promising candidate for future biotechnological purposes and industrial applications. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis quantified the intracellular ion concentrations of these four metals in Hfx. mediterranei, concluding that this haloarchaeon can accumulate Li+, Co2+, As5+, and Ni2+ within the cell. This paper is the first report on Hfx. mediterranei in which multiple stress conditions have been studied to explore the mechanism of stress resistance. It constitutes the most detailed study in Haloarchaea, and, as a consequence, new biotechnological and industrial applications have emerged.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 70-78
Author(s):  
T. K. Nurubeyli ◽  

The paper discusses the possibilities and limitations of the method of mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma on the example of elemental analysis of natural and drinking waters, soils and grounds. It is shown that the combination of this method with the simpler atomic emission method makes it possible to expand the range of determined elements, simplify the mass-spectral analysis and increase its reliability. It is shown that the use of the ICP-MS method in the analysis of various objects makes it possible to determine the majority of elements with extremely low detection limits. The reason for the manifestation of matrix effects is the positive space charge formed between the interface and the extractor, the composition of which is determined by the composition of singly charged argon ions. The increase in the concentration of ions in this region is the appearance of a matrix element, which facilitates the scattering of ions from this region. It was found that the heavier the ions of the matrix element, the more the space charge density increases and the scattering occurs. A serious limitation of the method is associated with interferences due to the presence of a certain amount of two and three-charged ions in the plasma. These ions, which have approximately the same mass as the isotopes of the element being determined, are formed as a result of various plasma-chemical reactions and interfere with the determination.


Author(s):  
Sayyed Mohammad Ali Noori ◽  
Mohammad Hashemi ◽  
Sajjad Ghasemi

Abstract: Saffron is one of the most expensive spices in the world, and its popularity as a tasty food additive is spreading rapidly through many cultures and cuisines. Minerals and heavy metals are minor components found in saffron, which play a key role in the identification of the geographical origin, quality control, and food traceability, while they also affect human health. The chemical elements in saffron are measured using various analytical methods, such as techniques based on spectrometry or spectroscopy, including atomic emission spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The present study aimed to review the published articles about heavy metals and minerals in saffron across the world. To date, 64 chemical elements have been found in different types of saffron, which could be divided into three groups of macro-elements, trace elements, and heavy metals (trace elements with a lower gravity/greater than five times that of water and other inorganic sources). Furthermore, the chemical elements in the saffron samples of different countries have a wide range of concentrations. These differences may be affected by geographical condition such as physicochemical properties of the soil, weather and other environmental conditions like saffron cultivation and its genotype.


Author(s):  
Mark Golitko ◽  
Laure Dussubieux

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a versatile technique capable of measuring nearly every element on the Periodic Table down to extremely low concentrations. Using liquid sampling, it is a powerful method for bulk compositional characterization but has been only sporadically applied to archaeological ceramic studies. With laser ablation sampling, ICP-MS can be used to produce spatially resolved chemical information and has a wide range of archaeological applications including the analysis of ceramic surface treatments, paste composition, temper composition, and identification of post-burial chemical alteration. ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS are particularly valuable when used in conjunction with bulk and mineralogical characterization techniques to elucidate which potential cultural, geological, or environmental effects are responsible for bulk compositional patterning, as well as providing complimentary compositional provenance information for individual phases of ceramic paste.


Agrociencia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-434
Author(s):  
Juliana Padilla-Cuevas ◽  
Hernani T. Yee-Madeira ◽  
Agustín Merino-García ◽  
Claudia Hidalgo ◽  
Jorge D. Etchevers

Las técnicas para analizar los elementos esenciales o tóxicos para las plantas y los seres humanos, ha experimentado un acelerado desarrollo en los últimos tiempos, tanto en las convencionales o clásicas, que requieren la solubilización de la muestra, como en otras emergentes que no la requieren. Las técnicas convencionales avanzadas y las no destructivas se usan poco por los investigadores en genética, agronomía, nutrición, fisiología, biología, para evaluar la composición y calidad nutrimental de alimentos, cuantificar elementos metálicos esenciales y tóxicos, diagnosticar el estado nutrimental de los cultivos y estudiar alimentos funcionales. Estas técnicas analíticas se pueden aplicar, además, a suelos, abonos y fertilizantes. El objetivo de este ensayo es difundir las posibilidades de aplicación y los principios básicos de estas técnicas analíticas emergentes. La espectrometría de emisión por atomización con plasma inductivamente acoplado (ICP, Inductively coupled plasma) y la de ICP masas (ICP-MS, Mass spectrometry with inductive coupling plasma) tienen mayor interés que las técnicas clásicas usadas en los laboratorios de los países de escaso desarrollo, como las espectrometrías de emisión (AES, Atomic emission spectrometry) y absorción atómica (AAS, Atomic absorption spectrometry), que requieren solubilización de la matriz. La ICP-MS y la ICP tienen ventajas para el análisis simultáneo de contenidos totales de la mayoría de los elementos esenciales para el crecimiento de los vegetales. Entre las técnicas no destructivas de la matriz, la mayoría de las consideradas en este ensayo se basan en la interacción de los rayos X con la materia, como fotoemisión de rayos X (XPS, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry), emisión de rayos X inducida por partículas (PIXE, Particle induced X-ray emission), fluorescencia de rayos X (XRF, X-ray fluorescence) y espectrometría de dispersión de energía de rayos X (EDS, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), similares en sus fundamentos. Estas técnicas, a diferencias de las anteriores, no requieren solubilizar la muestra o su preparación es mínima. Otras ventajas son su rapidez, la realización de análisis multielemental simultáneo, tamaño pequeño de muestra, adquisición de la distribución de elementos químicos en la muestra y generar mapas en dos dimensiones. Las cuatro técnicas descritas más arriba analizan contenidos totales. PIXE y XRF presentan mayor sensibilidad que las otras dos para cuantificar elementos traza en concentraciones de partes por millón, y estas dos más EDS se pueden acoplar a microscopios ad hoc para obtener la distribución de elementos químicos y hacer mapeos. La técnica XPS permite analizar fracciones iónicas en estudios de estados de oxidación de los elementos, pero las concentraciones en las muestras deben ser superiores a 0.1% en peso. Las aplicaciones de las técnicas no destructivas generan información complementaria a las clásicas y aportan conocimiento básico. Otras ventajas es que la preparación de las muestras requiere menos tiempo, excepto cuando se requieren mapeos. Su capacidad para ejecutar multianálisis permite reducir costos. En México y otros países hay grupos de investigación especializados en estas técnicas, pero es necesario desarrollar e implementar aplicaciones para realizar análisis de matrices biológicas como vegetales (semillas, hojas, etc.), alimentos, abonos y matriz orgánica de los suelos. Un conocimiento más profundo de estas técnicas permitirá la interacción de grupos de investigación y generar información para estudios de ciencia básica en agronomía y alimentos.


2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1152-1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohua Zhang ◽  
John A. Koropchak

Thermospray (TSP) coupled with inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) or inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been developed as a non-chromatographic method for chromium speciation to quantitatively separate and determine two chromium oxidation states: Cr(III) and Cr(VI). The limits of detection can reach 0.5 ng/mL with ICP-AES detection and 50 pg/mL with ICP-MS detection. The basis for this speciation method is that Cr(III) can selectively and nearly quantitatively deposit inside a thermospray system as Cr2O3, while Cr(VI) does not. To fully understand the mechanism of this deposition process, four questions were investigated: is aerosol formation necessary for the reaction to occur? Does the deposition occur in the aerosol or liquid regime? Does the deposit tend to be retained on the surface of the fused silica capillary? Can the reaction be predicted from thermodynamic calculations? These studies show that this reaction happens before solvent evaporates (i.e., the liquid regime). The high temperature inside the thermospray system is the major factor triggering this reaction. At the same time, the high pressure is important for its influence on the solvent boiling point, which affects the residence time (the time that the analyte spends in the solution before the solvent evaporates) and the kinetics of the reaction. The effects of the other parameters (vaporizer length, heating length, drawn tip, etc.) on the efficiency of the deposition reaction, represented as background residual signal (BRS), were also studied.


2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanko Ilić Popov ◽  
Trajče Stafilov ◽  
Robert Šajn ◽  
Claudiu Tănăselia ◽  
Katerina Bačeva

A systematic study was carried out to investigate the distribution of fifty-six elements in the water samples from river Vardar (Republic of Macedonia and Greece) and its major tributaries. The samples were collected from 27 sampling sites. Analyses were performed by mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS) and atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-AES). Cluster and R mode factor analysis (FA) was used to identify and characterise element associations and four associations of elements were determined by the method of multivariate statistics. Three factors represent the associations of elements that occur in the river water naturally while Factor 3 represents an anthropogenic association of the elements (Cd, Ga, In, Pb, Re, Tl, Cu, and Zn) introduced in the river waters from the waste waters from the mining and metallurgical activities in the country.


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