Theory of Dielectric Properties of Heterogeneous Substances Applied to Water in a Paint Film

CORROSION ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Lindqvist
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Paint Film ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Empirical Expression ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Red Lead ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The water content of 12 paints on steel substrate, exposed to 0.1M sodium chloride at 25 C for 24 h, was calculated from impedance measurements and compared with gravimetric determinations. Brasher's empirical expression was compared with five mixture formulas derived from the theory of dielectric properties of heterogeneous substances by Boettcher, Bruggeman, Looyenga, Wagner, and Rayleigh. The 12 paints were based on two grades of red lead and iron oxide in epoxy, chlorinated rubber, alkyd, and linseed oil binders. The significance of the results for cyclic wet/dry paint tests according to (1) the difference between the water absorption and desorption rates of a single paint and (2) the testing of different types of paints in the same cycle test program are exemplified. A possible explanation is given for the poor correlation often found between the results of cyclic wet/dry tests and those obtained in practical applications.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Wear Behaviour in Metallic Binders Employed in Diamond Tools for Cutting Stone

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 3988
Author(s):  
Fátima Ternero ◽  
Pedro M. Amaral ◽  
Jorge Cruz Fernandes ◽  
Luís Guerra Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Wear Behaviour ◽  
Empirical Expression ◽  
Testing Conditions ◽  
Diamond Tools ◽  
Test Methodology ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Stone Material ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Wear Tests

A type of disc-on-plate test methodology was used to determine the wear behavior of metallic binders employed in the manufacturing of diamond impregnated tools. The disc consists of a special circular wheel that allows the binder materials alone (i.e., without diamond, but sintered under conditions identical to those of the complete tool) to be tested against a plate of stone material under pre-determined testing conditions. The testing conditions are intended to be equivalent to those used in the industrial processes. Using plates of five types of granite and one type of marble, this work comprises wear tests of 15 different types of metallic binders and two sintering modes conducted under, at least, three different values of contact-force. The analysis of the results demonstrated that the wear of the binders can be related to their mechanical properties through an empirical expression. The larger the difference between the characteristics of the tribological pair (binder versus stone), the higher is the correlation between the experimental wear data and the values given by the empirical expression. The relationships presented in this work allow predicting the wear behavior of the binder, and therefore may help in the design process of diamond tools. There was a clear difference between the wear behavior of metallic binders when they were employed against the two main classes of stone under analysis (marble and granite).

scholarly journals A Dynamic Distance Measure of Picture Fuzzy Sets and Its Application

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 436
Author(s):  
Ruirui Zhao ◽  
Minxia Luo ◽  
Shenggang Li
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Distance Measure ◽  
Distance Measures ◽  
Numerical Comparison ◽  
Mathematical Tool ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Fuzzy Point ◽  
Point Operator ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Picture Fuzzy Sets

Picture fuzzy sets, which are the extension of intuitionistic fuzzy sets, can deal with inconsistent information better in practical applications. A distance measure is an important mathematical tool to calculate the difference degree between picture fuzzy sets. Although some distance measures of picture fuzzy sets have been constructed, there are some unreasonable and counterintuitive cases. The main reason is that the existing distance measures do not or seldom consider the refusal degree of picture fuzzy sets. In order to solve these unreasonable and counterintuitive cases, in this paper, we propose a dynamic distance measure of picture fuzzy sets based on a picture fuzzy point operator. Through a numerical comparison and multi-criteria decision-making problems, we show that the proposed distance measure is reasonable and effective.

scholarly journals Investigation of Color Reproduction on Linen Fabrics when Printing with Mimaki TX400-1800D Inkjet with Pigment TP250 Dyes

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 354
Author(s):  
Tim Tofan ◽  
Rimantas Stonkus ◽  
Raimondas Jasevičius
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Color Reproduction ◽  
Related Effect ◽  
Color Characteristics ◽  
Fabric Density ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Printing Parameters ◽  
Linen Fabric

The aim of this research is to investigate related effect of dyeability to linen textiles related to different printing parameters. The study investigated the change in color characteristics when printing on linen fabrics with an inkjet MIMAKI Tx400-1800D printer with pigmented TP 250 inks. The dependence of color reproduction on linen fabrics on the number of print head passes, number of ink layers to be coated, linen fabric density, and different types of linen fabric was investigated. All this affects the quality of print and its mechanical properties. The change in color characteristics on different types of linen fabrics was determined experimentally. We determine at which print settings the most accurate color reproduction can be achieved on different linen fabrics. The difference between the highest and the lowest possible number of head passages was investigated. The possibilities of reproducing different linen fabric colors were determined.

scholarly journals Polytetrafluoroethylene Films in Rigid Polyurethane Foams’ Dielectric Permittivity Measurements with a One-Side Access Capacitive Sensor

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1173
Author(s):  
Ilze Beverte ◽  
Ugis Cabulis ◽  
Sergejs Gaidukovs
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
Dielectric Permittivity ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Capacitive Sensor ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Active Area ◽  
Ptfe Film ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Permittivity Measurements ◽  
The Impact

As a non-metallic composite material, widely applied in industry, rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams require knowledge of their dielectric properties. In experimental determination of PUR foams’ dielectric properties protection of one-side capacitive sensor’s active area from adverse effects caused by the PUR foams’ test objects has to be ensured. In the given study, the impact of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films, thickness 0.20 mm and 0.04 mm, in covering or simulated coating the active area of one-side access capacitive sensor’ electrodes on the experimentally determined true dielectric permittivity spectra of rigid PUR foams is estimated. Penetration depth of the low frequency excitation field into PTFE and PUR foams is determined experimentally. Experiments are made in order to evaluate the difference between measurements on single PUR foams’ samples and on complex samples “PUR foams + PTFE film” with two calibration modes. A modification factor and a small modification criterion are defined and values of modifications are estimated in numerical calculations. Conclusions about possible practical applications of PTFE films in dielectric permittivity measurements of rigid PUR foams with one-side access capacitive sensor are made.

scholarly journals Tunable Adhesion of a Bio-Inspired Micropillar Arrayed Surface Actuated by a Magnetic Field

2018 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingji Li ◽  
Zhilong Peng ◽  
Yazheng Yang ◽  
Shaohua Chen
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Applied Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Particles ◽  
Rotation Angle ◽  
Adhesion Force ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Section Shape ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Large Elastic Deformation ◽  
The Difference

Bio-inspired functional surfaces attract many research interests due to the promising applications. In this paper, tunable adhesion of a bio-inspired micropillar arrayed surface actuated by a magnetic field is investigated theoretically in order to disclose the mechanical mechanism of changeable adhesion and the influencing factors. Each polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micropillar reinforced by uniformly distributed magnetic particles is assumed to be a cantilever beam. The beam's large elastic deformation is obtained under an externally magnetic field. Specially, the rotation angle of the pillar's end is predicted, which shows an essential effect on the changeable adhesion of the micropillar arrayed surface. The larger the strength of the applied magnetic field, the larger the rotation angle of the pillar's end will be, yielding a decreasing adhesion force of the micropillar arrayed surface. The difference of adhesion force tuned by the applied magnetic field can be a few orders of magnitude, which leads to controllable adhesion of such a micropillar arrayed surface. Influences of each pillar's cross section shape, size, intervals between neighboring pillars, and the distribution pattern on the adhesion force are further analyzed. The theoretical predictions are qualitatively well consistent with the experimental measurements. The present theoretical results should be helpful not only for the understanding of mechanical mechanism of tunable adhesion of micropillar arrayed surface under a magnetic field but also for further precise and optimal design of such an adhesion-controllable bio-inspired surface in future practical applications.

scholarly journals LOGICAL REASONING ANALYSIS BASED ON HIPPOCRATES PERSONALITY TYPES

Aksioma ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-73
Author(s):  
Nurdin Nurdin ◽  
Ita Sarmita Samad ◽  
Sardia Sardia
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Mathematical Problem ◽  
Logical Reasoning ◽  
Personality Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mathematical Problem Solving ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ways Of Thinking ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Abstract: The theory distinguishes human based on four different personality types such as: sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic. Different types of personality caused by differences in the dominant fluid in the body. These differences will result in terms of behavior, ways of thinking and to get along. The type of this research that is descriptive qualitative which it is describing the logical reasoning based on Hippocrates personality types. The logical reasoning is analyzed through the four types of personality in relation to mathematical problem solving. The Analysis is done based on the logical reasoning indicator/ subindicator and the steps of problem solving stated by Polya. The result shows that there is a reasoning difference on each type of personalities. The difference can be terms of the strenght or the weakness. Sanguine is quicker in understanding problems and communicating results, choleric is more accelerated in work, melancholic is more perfect at work, and  phlegmatic is superior in terms of accuracy. Keywords: Logical reasoning, Hippocrates, sanguine, choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic

scholarly journals Philosophies of interreligious dialogue: Practice in search of theory

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oddbjørn Leirvik
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
Emmanuel Levinas ◽  
Interreligious Dialogue ◽  
Interfaith Dialogue ◽  
Faith Communities ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mutual Change

In this article, I discuss how insights from Martin Buber’s and Emmanuel Levinas’ philosophies of dialogue have enlightened my own experience of inter-faith dialogue in Norway. Central perspectives here are Buber’s notion of ’the realm of the between’ and Levinas’ emphasis on asymmetry and vulnerability. Some other philosophers’ reasonings about dialogue are also considered, from the overall perspective of ’practice in search of theory’. In connection with a distinction be-tween different types of dialogue (’spiritual’ and ’necessary’), the difference between government initiated ’dialogue’ and initiatives originating from the faith communities (i.e., civil society) are discussed. The last part of the article analyses the notion of ’(mutual) change’ which is often brought forward when discussing the aims of interfaith dialogue. In this connection, religious education in school is also considered as a possible arena for dialogue—and ’change’.

scholarly journals The effect of different irrigation techniques on the quality of cleaning of root canal walls

2008 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-228
Author(s):  
Violeta Pavlovic ◽  
Slavoljub Zivkovic
Keyword(s):  
Root Canal ◽  
Smear Layer ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite Solution ◽  
Efficient Removal ◽  
Human Teeth ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Group I ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Difference

Aim: To evaluate the effect of irrigation techniques, i.e. different types of irrigation needles, on the quality of cleaning of root canal walls using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Material and Method: The study was conducted on 16 extracted, single-rooted, human teeth. The samples were allocated to two experimental groups depending on the type of the irrigation needle. Conventional needles were used for the irrigation of Group I and laterally perforated ones for Group II. All root canals were instrumented using K files and the Step-back technique. During instrumentation, all samples were irrigated with 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite solution followed by final irrigation with 17 % EDTA for 1 min. After that, all samples were irrigated with 10 ml of distilled water. The roots were, then, sectioned longitudinally and middle one third of each root canal was analyzed using SEM. Quantitative analysis was based on criteria by H?lsmann et al. Results: The obtained results showed that the more efficient removal of debris and the smear layer was accomplished in the group of samples irrigated using laterally perforated needles than conventional needles. The difference between the investigated irrigation techniques were statistically significant (p<0.01). Conclusion: The use of laterally perforated needles for irrigation allows more efficient cleaning of root canal walls, i.e. the removal of debris and the smear layer.

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