scholarly journals An assessment of Information disclosures by Pharmaceutical Industry: Evidence from India

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Rupali Khanna ◽  
Bhupinder Pal Singh Chahal
Keyword(s):  
Voluntary Disclosure ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Checklist Item ◽  
Pharmaceutical Sector ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Checklist Score ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Increasing Trends ◽  
Potential Opportunity

<p>The information disclosed by the companies in their annual reports reveals much about company’s performance and prospects. Investors take the information as base for decision for investment. Under such circumstance, companies choose to disclose beyond what is mandatorily required. Theories like agency theory, capital need theory and signaling theory support the need of voluntary disclosure. This study is about investigating the extent of Voluntary disclosure in pharmaceutical sector of India which is 3<sup>rd</sup> in World in terms of Volume of Trade.</p><p><strong>Objective</strong>: To investigate the extent of voluntary disclosure practices prevailing in pharma sector of India, for the year 2010-11 to 2017-18.</p><p><strong>Significance of the study:</strong> This study aims to explore the corporate aspect of pharmaceutical sector. Any growing avenue is a potential opportunity for investors looking for parking their money to get adequate returns. Thus, Indian Pharma sector has come up in flying colors as an avenue for investors to place their money owing to its 100% FDI . Investors have been looking for more and more information from this sector to ensure the safety of funds. Thus the extent of disclosures is worth studying to place a suggestion for the policymakers to introduce the changes in the present set of disclosure practices in pharmaceutical sector.</p><p><strong>Research Methodology</strong>: To understand the extent of voluntary disclosure, a disclosure checklist is constructed and descriptive statistics are carved out to reach the results. The checklist consists of 55 items which are not mandatory by law. The checklist is based on dichotomous scale of ‘1’ and ‘0’ representing presence and absence of the checklist item respectively. The cross sectional analysis is carried out to investigate the year wise and company wise disclosure for eight years.</p><div><p><strong>Findings:</strong> Though the study observes an increasing trends in the disclosure scores, but the findings are alarming to state that the highest score attained by any company throughout the period of 8 years was 37 (out of 55) not even meeting 80% of the total checklist score. This shows that pharmaceutical sector is not so friendly at disclosures. The probable reasons for such startling results are discussed in the study.</p></div>

scholarly journals Women and Men Were Proportionally Represented Among Speakers at Major National Neurology Conferences in 2017

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mollie McDermott ◽  
James F. Burke ◽  
Haley McCalpin ◽  
Anita V. Shelgikar ◽  
Douglas J. Gelb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Disproportionate Representation ◽  
Primary Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Us ◽  
Medical School Graduation ◽  
School Graduation ◽  
Sectional Analysis

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether speaking roles at five major neurology conferences in 2017 show disproportionate representation by men.MethodsThis study consisted of two cross-sectional analyses. In the first part, we compared speaker characteristics across meetings and by gender using descriptive statistics. In the second part, we linked presenters to the American Medical Association (AMA) Masterfile. For the primary analysis in the second part using linked AMA speaker data, we built models to estimate the influence of gender on speaker roles.Results1493 speakers were identified and included in our cross-sectional analysis. Women made up 28% of presenters from the US and 18% of presenters from other countries. After adjusting for years from medical school graduation and subspecialty, no effect of gender on speaker activity was observed (odds ratio [OR] for women 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77-1.07).ConclusionsFactors aside from national conference speaking activity should be investigated to better understand sex differences in rank at top-ranked academic neurology programs.

scholarly journals Firm Performance and Corporate Disclosure Level of Listed Companies in Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Kennedy Prince Modugu
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Voluntary Disclosure ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Corporate Disclosure

The study investigates the relationship between firm performance (proxied by profitability and liquidity) and corporate disclosure in Nigerian listed firms. The data used in the study were obtained from the annual reports of 60 companies listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange from the various sectors of the country’s economy. The study covers the post International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) adoption period of three years (2012 – 2014). Corporate disclosure (dependent variable) was disaggregated into mandatory, voluntary and total disclosure. The data were analysed using both descriptive statistics and the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression. Findings from the descriptive statistics reveal that, contrary to prior findings, there is a steady improvement in mandatory disclosure by Nigerian companies since the country’s adoption of IFRSs. However, voluntary disclosure still remains relatively low. The regression results show no significant relationship between profitability and the three components of corporate disclosure. But liquidity shows a significant positive relationship with mandatory and total disclosure.  The combined effect of profitability and liquidity shows no significant relationship with any of the components of corporate disclosure. The findings suggest that improved performance of companies does not necessarily induce them to disclosure more information as widely reported by previous researchers. These findings notwithstanding, the decision to disclose sufficiently and timely must be accorded priority attention by companies, considering the critical role of adequate and timely information disclosure in the global marketplace.

scholarly journals Influence of Intellectual Capital Investment, Risk, Industry Membership and Corporate Governance Mechanisms on the Voluntary Disclosure of Intellectual Capital by UK Listed Companies

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Walter P. Mkumbuzi
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Voluntary Disclosure ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Industry Membership

<p>This research examines the cross-sectional effect of intellectual capital investment, financial measures of market and company specific risk, industry membership and corporate governance on the extent of voluntary disclosure of intellectual capital (VDIC) in a sample of 443 FTSE All Share Index company annual reports for the year 2003/2004. The extent of disclosure is measured by a disclosure index (DI) based on intellectual capital (IC) attributes included in the narratives and illustrations of the annual reports. The research predicts that agency costs are mitigated by VDIC and that the benefits of signalling IC may outweigh competitive and proprietary costs that may be more prevalent in innovative and technological companies; furthermore, that effective corporate governance measures enhance VDIC particularly in those companies found to have a higher level of intangible assets (IA) in their resource base. The results suggest that companies associated with less financial risk, reduced debt, higher levels of liquidity and accompanied by growth are characterised with higher levels of VDIC. Although less significant, the results on market risk indicate a positive influence on VDIC. Furthermore, the extent of VDIC in annual reports is enhanced when large companies operating in high-tech and innovative industries are characterised by investments in employees; in contrast, companies associated with research and development processes tend to be more secretive with respect to VDIC. The results suggest that companies that are able to maintain adequate governance systems through segregation of executive and non-executive duties and to a less extent through the presence of experienced non-executive directors exhibit higher levels of disclosure.</p>

scholarly journals Organization Features and Profitability: Implications for a Sample of Emerging Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Tariq Tawfeeq Yousif Alabdullah ◽  
Essia Ries Ahmed ◽  
Ramyar Rzgar Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inconsistent Result ◽  
Board Of Director ◽  
The Board Of Directors ◽  
Sectional Analysis

A huge number of prior works has tested the link between control mechanisms and organization profitability. Several methods are used by such works to enhance the notion that there is an inconsistent result in the link between the board feature and organization profitability.  However, there is unpredictability of this link shown by the prior works. Thus, the current work aims at testing the board features as internal control mechanisms represented by the size of both organization and the board of directors in their impact on organization profitability in the non-financial companies in Jordan, which was selected from a sample of Emerging Countries. Data were collected from the annual reports for 65 organizations for the year 2019 from the website of ASE via utilizing a cross-sectional analysis study. After testing the hypothesis of the current work, the findings revealed that the size of the board of director has a significant impact on the organization profitability of nonfinancial companies in Jordan. However, this work showed that organization size has an insignificant impact on organization profitability. The current work might help policymakers in Emerging Countries in general, and Jordanian non-financial sector in particular, deliberate policies related to using robust control mechanisms to enhance directors' commitment toward utilizing internal control mechanisms for the ultimate aim in promoting organization profitability

scholarly journals Organizational Culture and Voluntary Disclosure Practices of Listed Firms in Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. p51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nyahas Samson Iliya ◽  
Joseph M. Ntayi ◽  
Nixon Kamukama ◽  
John C. Munene
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Voluntary Disclosure ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this paper is to test the relationship between organizational culture and voluntary disclosure by listed firms in Nigeria. The research design for the study is survey design that is cross-sectional nature to examine the relationship among the study variables. Data for organizational culture were obtained from administration of questionnaire while that for voluntary disclosure were from financial reports of 92 listed companies. To test our main hypotheses, we used Structural Equation Model (SEM) especially PLS-SEM. The results indicate that both ritualism and opportunism dimensions of organizational culture are positively associated with voluntary disclosure. This implies that, firms’ emphasis on rules as well as flexibility in response to changing environmental needs promote the practice of voluntary disclosure in annual reports. This study concludes that voluntary disclosure is associated with flexibility in policies and disclosure rules as well as strict adherence to laid down guideline for the identification and measurement of disclosure items.

scholarly journals Increasing trends in mental health problems among Chinese young adolescents: results from repeated cross-sectional data in Changsha 2016-2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhipeng Wu ◽  
Biao Wang ◽  
Zhulin Zou ◽  
Zhening Liu ◽  
Xudong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Emotional Disturbance ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Academic Stress ◽  
Chinese Adolescents ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Increasing Trends

AbstractThis study performed a repeated cross-sectional analysis to explore possible trends in mental health problems among Chinese adolescents during 2016-2020. A total of 2837 seventh-grade students from Changsha city were surveyed in three waves in 2016, 2019 and 2020. The results showed that obsessive–compulsive tendencies, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, academic stress and emotional disturbance problems were significantly increased in surveyed adolescents during 2016-2020. Moreover, positive rates of most of these problems were higher in females than males, and were significantly increased in only females. These results highlight the importance of focusing on mental health among Chinese adolescents, especially girls.

scholarly journals A measurement scale for assessing intellectual capital disclosure

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mpho D. Magau ◽  
Gerhard Roodt ◽  
Gerhardus Van Zyl
Keyword(s):  
Information Asymmetry ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Voluntary Disclosure ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Financial Information ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Internal Reliability ◽  
Cross Sectional

Orientation: Intellectual capital disclosure (ICD) including structural capital (SC), human capital (HC), and relational capital (RC) of non-financial information creates a shareholder value. Conflicting evidence on this voluntary disclosure suggests the need to develop an ICD measurement scale for reducing information asymmetry in the annual financial reporting.Research purpose: The main aim of this study was to develop a multi-dimensional measurement scale consisting of groups of items for critically examining the extent of ICD in the corporate annual reports or integrated reports to build investor confidence.Motivation for the study: The lack of voluntary disclosure on intellectual capital (IC) increases information asymmetry and negatively affects investor decision-making. An ICD measurement scale is expected to facilitate the reliable extraction of non-financial information from the annual reports or integrated reports.Research approach/design and method: A quantitative cross-sectional study was used with an ICD measurement scale for extracting information from 150 annual reports of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) listed companies. The measurement scale was subjected to exploratory factor analysis (EFA).Main findings: The ICD measurement scale yielded one factor structures across all three dimensions with internal reliability statistics (Cronbach alphas) of SC (0.849), HC (0.806) and RC (0.749), after the second level factor analysis.Practical/managerial implications: The ICD measurement scale will enable the market participants to understand how non-financial information can be extracted reliably from the annual reports and use to assess the value of intangible assets.Contribution/value-add: The novel contribution of the study is the construction of a measurement scale for assessing ICD.

Ultramicrotomy as a Technique for Materials Specimen Preparation

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
S.R. Glanvill
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Surfaces And Interfaces ◽  
Beam Analysis ◽  
Flat Embedding ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
Sectional Analysis

This paper summarizes the application of ultramicrotomy as a specimen preparation technique for some of the Materials Science applications encountered over the past two years. Specimens 20 nm thick by hundreds of μm lateral dimension are readily prepared for electron beam analysis. Materials examined include metals, plastics, ceramics, superconductors, glassy carbons and semiconductors. We have obtain chemical and structural information from these materials using HRTEM, CBED, EDX and EELS analysis. This technique has enabled cross-sectional analysis of surfaces and interfaces of engineering materials and solid state electronic devices, as well as interdiffusion studies across adjacent layers.Samples are embedded in flat embedding moulds with Epon 812 epoxy resin / Methyl Nadic Anhydride mixture, using DY064 accelerator to promote the reaction. The embedded material is vacuum processed to remove trapped air bubbles, thereby improving the strength and sectioning qualities of the cured block. The resin mixture is cured at 60 °C for a period of 80 hr and left to equilibrate at room temperature.

Twitter Usage Using Common Reference to Tinnitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-217
Author(s):  
Jianyuan Ni ◽  
Monica L. Bellon-Harn ◽  
Jiang Zhang ◽  
Yueqing Li ◽  
Vinaya Manchaiah
Keyword(s):  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Common Reference ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Twitter Users ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Share Information

Objective The objective of the study was to examine specific patterns of Twitter usage using common reference to tinnitus. Method The study used cross-sectional analysis of data generated from Twitter data. Twitter content, language, reach, users, accounts, temporal trends, and social networks were examined. Results Around 70,000 tweets were identified and analyzed from May to October 2018. Of the 100 most active Twitter accounts, organizations owned 52%, individuals owned 44%, and 4% of the accounts were unknown. Commercial/for-profit and nonprofit organizations were the most common organization account owners (i.e., 26% and 16%, respectively). Seven unique tweets were identified with a reach of over 400 Twitter users. The greatest reach exceeded 2,000 users. Temporal analysis identified retweet outliers (> 200 retweets per hour) that corresponded to a widely publicized event involving the response of a Twitter user to another user's joke. Content analysis indicated that Twitter is a platform that primarily functions to advocate, share personal experiences, or share information about management of tinnitus rather than to provide social support and build relationships. Conclusions Twitter accounts owned by organizations outnumbered individual accounts, and commercial/for-profit user accounts were the most frequently active organization account type. Analyses of social media use can be helpful in discovering issues of interest to the tinnitus community as well as determining which users and organizations are dominating social network conversations.

Evaluation of the prevalence and nutritional and social determinants of overweight in a population of schoolchildren: a cross-sectional analysis of 5,037 children

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 472-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Filla Rosaneli ◽  
Flavia Auler ◽  
Carla Barreto Manfrinato ◽  
Claudine Filla Rosaneli ◽  
Caroline Sganzerla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Determinants ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Analysis ◽  
Sectional Analysis
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