scholarly journals The consumption of exergy for lignite drying with different technologies: a comparative theoretical study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junjie Yan ◽  
Ming Liu ◽  
Shan Wang ◽  
Rongtang Liu ◽  
Xiaoqu Han
Keyword(s):  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Exergy Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Drying Temperature ◽  
Fluid Bed ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Exergy Consumption ◽  
Exergetic Analysis ◽  
Analysis Models

Pre-drying is an effective method to upgrade lignite and broaden its utilization areas. Various drying technologies could be applied to pre-dry lignite. The drying temperature in these drying technologies are different, which means that energy at different grades is used in these dryers. To analyze the irreversibilities of drying process, the exergetic analysis models are developed in this study. The exergy feeding and consumption rates are defined as the indicators. Various lignite drying technologies are calculated and quantitatively compared. Results show that exergy consumption rate for steam fluid-bed dryer is the smallest, which is 432.6 kJ (kg H2O)-1. Keywords: lignite; drying technologies; exergy analysis; thermodynamics  

scholarly journals Optimization of inulin production process parameters using response surface methodology

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wasim Akram ◽  
Navneet Garud
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface ◽  
Spray Drying ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Process Variables ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Uniform Size ◽  
Drying Temperature ◽  
Yield Value ◽  
Internal Configuration

Abstract Background Chicory is one of the major source of inulin. In our study, Box–Behnken model/response surface analysis (RSM) was used for the optimization of spray drying process variables to get the maximum inulin yield from chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). For this investigation, the investigational plan utilized three process variables drying temperature (115–125 °C), creep speed (20–24 rpm), and pressure (0.02–0.04 MPa). Result The optimal variables established by applying the Box–Behnken model were as follows: drying temperature 119.20 °C, creep speed 21.64 rpm, and pressure 0.03 MPa. The obtained powdered inulin by spray drying was investigated for the yield value, identification, size, and surface morphology of the particle. The inulin obtained from the spray drying process consists of a fine molecule-sized white powder. Instead, the drying methods shows a significant effect on the morphology and internal configuration of the powdered inulin, as the inulin obtained from spray drying was of a widespread and uniform size and shape, with a rough surface on increase in temperature and smoother surface while increasing the creep speed. The findings indicate that the spray drying with optimum parameters resulted in maximum product yield. Conclusion The outcomes of the study concluded that the product yield through spray drying technique under optimized condition is optimal as compared to other drying technique. Hence, this technique may be applied at commercial scale for the production of inulin.

Effects of Drying Temperature on Surface Morphology and Electric Behavior of IGZO Thin Film Prepared by Solution Process

2015 ◽  
Vol 1731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuko Fukuda ◽  
Shintaro Ogura ◽  
Koji Abe ◽  
Hirobumi Ushijima
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Thin Film Transistor ◽  
Solution Process ◽  
Precursor Solution ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Minor Variation ◽  
Drying Temperature ◽  
Metal Nitrates

ABSTRACTWe have achieved a drastic improvement of the performance as thin film transistor (TFT) for solution-processed IGZO thin film by controlling drying temperature of solvents containing the precursor solution. The IGZO-precursor solution was prepared by mixing of metal nitrates and two kinds of organic solvents, 2-methoxyethanol (2ME) and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE). 2ME was used for dissolving metal nitrates. TFE was added as a solvent for reducing surface tension as small as possible, leading to improvement of the wettability of the precursor solution on the surface of the substrate. In order to discuss the relationship between morphology and drying process, the spin-coated IGZO-precursor films were dried at room temperature and 140 °C on a hotplate, respectively. Annealing of the both films was carried out at 300 °C in an electric oven for 60 min after each drying process. Drying at room temperature provides a discontinuous film, resulting in a large variation of the TFT performance. On the other hand, drying at 140 °C provides a continuous film, resulting in the higher TFT performance and a minor variation. The difference in surface morphologies would be derived from the evaporation rate of the organic solvents. The rapid evaporation at 140 °C brings about rapid pinning of the spin-coated precursor layer on the substrate. Preparation process via the drying at 140 °C gave ∼ 1 cm2 V-1 s-1 of the saturated mobility, quite small hysteresis, and 107∼ 108 of the on-off ratio.

scholarly journals Mathematical modeling and determination of thermodynamic properties of jabuticaba peel during the drying process

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 576-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian F. Costa ◽  
Paulo C. Corrêa ◽  
Jaime D. B. Vanegas ◽  
Fernanda M. Baptestini ◽  
Renata C. Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Drying Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Nutritional Qualities ◽  
Forced Air ◽  
Air Circulation ◽  
Best Fit

ABSTRACT Jabuticaba is a fruit native of Brazil and, besides containing many nutritional qualities, it also has a good field for use in products such as flour for cakes and biscuits, juice, liqueur, jelly and others. This study aimed to model the drying kinetics and determine the thermodynamic properties of jabuticaba peel at different drying air temperatures. Ripe fruits of jabuticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba) were collected and pulped manually. Drying was carried out in a forced-air circulation oven with a flow of 5.6 m s-1 at temperatures of 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C. Six mathematical models commonly used to represent the drying process of agricultural products were fitted to the experimental data. The Arrhenius model was used to represent the drying constant as a function of temperature. The Midilli model showed the best fit to the experimental data of drying. The drying constant increased with the increment in drying temperature and promoted an activation energy of 37.29 kJ mol-1. Enthalpy and Gibbs free energy decreased with the increase in drying temperature, while entropy decreased and was negative.

Estimating oxygen consumption rates of arteriolar walls under physiological conditions in rat skeletal muscle

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (1) ◽  
pp. H295-H300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Shibata ◽  
Shigeru Ichioka ◽  
Akira Kamiya
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Tone ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Vascular Wall ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Phosphorescence Quenching ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
First Order ◽  
Vascular Walls ◽  
Consumption Rates

To examine the effects of vascular tone reduction on O2 consumption of the vascular wall, we determined the O2 consumption rates of arteriolar walls under normal conditions and during vasodilation induced by topical application of papaverine. A phosphorescence quenching technique was used to quantify intra- and perivascular Po2 in rat cremaster arterioles with different branching orders. Then, the measured radial Po2 gradients and a theoretical model were used to estimate the O2 consumption rates of the arteriolar walls. The vascular O2 consumption rates of functional arterioles were >100 times greater than those observed in in vitro experiments. The vascular O2 consumption rate was highest in first-order (1A) arterioles, which are located upstream, and sequentially decreased downstream in 2A and 3A arterioles under normal conditions. During papaverine-induced vasodilation, on the other hand, the O2 consumption rates of the vascular walls decreased to similar levels, suggesting that the high O2 consumption rates of 1A arterioles under normal conditions depend in part on the workload of the vascular smooth muscle. These results strongly support the hypothesis that arteriolar walls consume a significant amount of O2 compared with the surrounding tissue. Furthermore, the reduction of vascular tone of arteriolar walls may facilitate an efficient supply of O2 to the surrounding tissue.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of a Powerplant Life Consumption Rate When Installed in Two Different Aircraft Variants

Aerospace ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 327
Author(s):  
Ioannis Templalexis ◽  
Ioannis Lionis ◽  
Nikolaos Christou
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Rotor Blades ◽  
Parameter Method ◽  
Great Level ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Life Consumption ◽  
Mission Profile ◽  
Engine Life

The Hellenic Air Force (HAF) operates both EMB-145 and EMB-135 LR versions of Embraer aircraft, used in surveillance and civil missions respectively. These aircraft are equipped with the same version of Rolls Royce, AE 3007 turbofan engine. This study aims to quantify and compare the life consumption rate of this engine when installed in each of the two aircraft variants. Two typical missions, one for each variant, were constructed based on mission profile data dictated by the aircraft commanders. For each mission profile segment, corresponding engine data were matched out of the engine recordings archives held by the Hellenic Air Force. The life consumption rate was based on the Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) and creep cumulative detrimental effect on the rotor blades of the 1st High-Pressure Turbine stage. For the LCF, the rainflow method was used to determine the respective loading cycles, whereas the Larson - Miller parameter method was used to determine the consumed life fractions due to creep. The main conclusion of the study was that the engine when installed in the EMB-145 military variant, is much more loaded. Despite the fact absolute life consumption values could hide a great level of uncertainty, the comparative outcomes wherein errors are, to a certain extent, cancelled out, could be used as a rule of thumb when monitoring engine life consumption rates.

scholarly journals Application of Advanced Drying Technologies for Obtaining Bioactive Beer Yeast and Grape Seed Extract Powders

1970 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina NICULA ◽  
Alexandru. T. NICULA ◽  
Carmen SOCACIU ◽  
Pierre DuBREUCQ
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Grape Seed Extract ◽  
Grape Seed ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Outlet Temperature ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Fluid Bed ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Beer Yeast

As the food industry is interested to recuperate the valuable waste such as beer yeast (Saccharomyces cervisiae) and grape seed (Vitis vinifera), both with high nutritional and health promotion effects, new products and processes are expected to be released on the market. The new modern drying technologies used to process natural compounds and extracts aim a protected evaporation under controlled temperatures and immobilization on matrices, in order to keep high concentrations of bioactive compound in the final products. One of the most important technological parameter during the drying process is the Inlet and Outlet Temperature Using Spray Drying (SD) and Fluid Bed Drying (FBD) optimized technologies we obtained beer yeast (BY) and the grape seed extract (GSE) solid forms, demonstrating that functionality is well preserved (by determination of vitamins B and phenolics, respectively) in the final products comparing with the initial, genuine extracts. Beer yeast and grape seed concentrated forms (stabilized powders and granulated formulas) have emerging consequences in this context and attract the modern consumer for their positive action on health.

scholarly journals Design and Analysis of a Modified-atmosphere Package for Minimally Processed Romaine Lettuce

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 722-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin I. Segall ◽  
Martin G. Scanlon
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Modified Atmosphere Packaging ◽  
Modified Atmosphere ◽  
Packaging Film ◽  
Romaine Lettuce ◽  
Minimally Processed ◽  
Headspace Gas ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Critical Choice

The first goal of this study was to determine the packaging film O2 permeability required to maintain a steady-state O2 concentration of 3% in modified-atmosphere packaging (MAP) of minimally processed romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The second goal of the study was to determine the extent to which MAP could preserve lettuce quality and consequently extend product shelf life. Oxygen consumption rates of commercially prepared lettuce samples were determined in a closed system for each of three atmospheres (3% O2 combined with either 6%, 10%, or 14% CO2). Enzymatic, quadratic, and linear mathematical models were compared to determine which best described the respiratory data. The linear model was the most suitable and was used to predict the O2 consumption rate of the minimally processed romaine lettuce under the desired package headspace gas concentrations. The predicted O2 consumption rate was used to calculate the necessary O2 permeability for the packaging film. Packages (21.6 × 25.4 cm) were constructed from a polypropylene-polyethylene-laminate film with the appropriate O2 permeability. Packaged samples were stored under three modified atmospheres (MAs) (3% O2 combined with either 6%, 10%, or 14% CO2) for 20 days, and headspace gas concentrations, lettuce appearance, and color were evaluated every other day. Growth of pectinolytic and lactic acid bacteria was also studied. The O2 consumption rate of the lettuce decreased with increasing CO2 levels. The O2 levels in the MA packages equilibrated at 7% to 11%. Compared to a control atmosphere of air, MAP delayed the development of tissue discoloration. Preliminary results indicated no effect of MAP on microbial growth. Of the three CO2 levels, 10% was slightly more effective than 6% and 14%. Critical choice of packaging permeabilities combined with MAP maintained the quality of minimally processed romaine lettuce and thereby increased shelf life by about 50%.

Performance evaluation of throat type updraft biomass gasifier using different biomass fuels

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (03) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
D. K. Vyas ◽  
J. Sravankumar ◽  
J. J. Chavda
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Chemical Process ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Producer Gas ◽  
Saw Dust ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Maize Cobs ◽  
Agro Residues

A biomass gasifier converts solid fuel such as wood waste, saw-dust briquettes and agro-residues into a gaseous fuel through a thermo-chemical process and the resultant gas can be used for thermal and power generation applications. The present research aims to evaluate the updraft biomass gasifier using different biomass for thermal application. The capacity of updraft gasifier was a 5-10 kg.h-1 and three types of biomass: maize cobs, sized wood and saw dust briquettes were used as fuel for producing producer gas by thermal application. The maximum carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2) and Methane (CH4) found were 14.8, 12.7 and 3.9%, 14.6, 13.7 and 3.9 % and 14.2, 13.5 and 3.9% at 5 kg.h-1 biomass consumption rate, respectively using maize cobs, sized wood and saw dust briquettes as fuel. The maximum and minimum producer gas calorific value was found 1120 and 1034 kcal.m-3; 1139 and 1034 kcal.m-3 and 1123 and 1036 kcal.m-3 at biomass consumption rate of 5 and 10 kg.h-1 using maize cobs, sized wood and saw dust briquettes as fuel respectively. The maximum gasifier efficiency of 77.94, 70.26 and 69.60% was found at the biomass consumption rate of 5 kg.h-1 using maize cobs, sized wood and saw dust briquettes as fuel, respectively. The minimum gasifier efficiency of 72.72, 64.49 and 64.90 % was found at the biomass consumption rate of 10 kg.h-1 using maize cobs, sized wood and saw dust briquettes as fuel in the system, respectively. The maximum overall thermal efficiency of 29.60, 30.65 and 23.69 % were found at the biomass consumption rates of 8, 7 and 7 kg.h-1 using maize cobs, sized wood and saw dust briquettes, respectively.

A comparison of the gill physiology of two euryhaline crab species, Callinectes sapidus and Callinectes similis: energy production, transport-related enzymes and osmoregulation as a function of acclimation salinity

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Piller ◽  
R Henry ◽  
J Doeller ◽  
D Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Callinectes Sapidus ◽  
Crab Species ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Cytochrome Content ◽  
Mitochondrial Cytochromes

Callinectes sapidus and C. similis co-occur in estuarine waters above 15 salinity. Callinectes sapidus also inhabits more dilute waters, but C. similis is rarely found below 15 . Previous work suggests that C. sapidus may be a better hyperosmoregulator than C. similis. In this study, energy metabolism and the levels of transport-related enzymes in excised gills were used as indicators of adaptation to low salinity. Oxygen consumption rates and mitochondrial cytochrome content of excised gills increased in both species as acclimation salinity decreased, but to a significantly greater extent in C. similis gills. In addition, C. similis gills showed the same levels of carbonic anhydrase and Na+/K+-ATPase activities and the same degree of enzyme induction during low-salinity adaptation as has been reported for C. sapidus gills. However, hemolymph osmolality and ion concentrations were consistently lower in C. similis at low salinity than in C. sapidus. Therefore, although gills from low-salinity-acclimated C. similis have a higher oxygen consumption rate and more mitochondrial cytochromes than C. sapidus gills and the same level of transport-related enzymes, C. similis cannot homeostatically regulate their hemolymph to the same extent as C. sapidus.

Do methanotrophs drive phosphorus mineralization in soil ecosystem?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santosh Ranjan Mohanty ◽  
Adarsh Kumar ◽  
Rakesh Parmar ◽  
Garima Dubey ◽  
Ashok Kumar Patra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Organic P ◽  
Soil Ecosystem ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Sodium Phytate ◽  
Feeding Cycle ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Phosphorus Mineralization ◽  
Absolute Control ◽  
P Sources

Experiments were carried out to elucidate linkage between methane consumption and mineralization of P from different phosphorous sources. The treatments were no CH4 no P amendment absolute control, with CH4 no P amendment control, with CH4 + inorganic P as Ca3(PO4)2 and with CH4 + organic P (sodium phytate). P sources were added at 25 µg P g-1 soil. Soils were incubated to undergo three repeated CH4 feeding cycle referred as feeding cycle I, feeding cycle II, and feeding cycle III. CH4 consumption rate k (µg CH4 consumed g-1 soil d-1) was 0.297 ± 0.028 in no P amendment control, 0.457±0.016 in Ca3(PO4)2, and 0.627 ± 0.013 in sodium phytate. Rate k was stimulated by 2 to 6 times over CH4 feeding cycles and followed the trend of sodium phytate > Ca3(PO4)2 > no P amendment control. CH4 consumption stimulated P solubilization from Ca3(PO4)2 by a factor of 2.86. Acid phosphatase (µg paranitrophenol released g-1 soil h-1) was higher in sodium phytate than no P amendment control. Abundance of 16S rRNA and pmoA genes increased with CH4 consumption rates. The study suggested that CH4 consumption drive mineralization of unavailable inorganic and organic P sources in the soil ecosystem.

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