scholarly journals CO2 EMISSIONS SAVINGS PRODUCED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN UPGRADED FREIGHT RAIL CORRIDOR. APPLICATION TO EXTREMADURA

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Francisco Coloma Miró ◽  
Marta García García
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
The Road ◽  
Railway Line ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Area Of Influence

Human activity since the industrial revolution through the use of fossil fuels is changing the natural composition of the atmosphere increasing the so called Greenhouse Gases (GHG). Extremadura’s government decided to react actively towards the predicted climatic variations and for that the “Strategy for Climatic Change for Extremadura” (2009-2012) was approved, which marked the strategies to follow regarding the mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Among the strategies some concrete measures are included like developing annual inventories of GHG emissions and contributing to the development and demonstration of innovative approaches, technology methods and instruments. With this objective in mind, we develop this investigation where data and conclusions dealing with the savings of CO2 emissions are given through a comparison of the actual freight transport in the area of influence of the line Badajoz-Puertollano with various scenarios of exploitation for the new planned infrastructures. The savings of the emissions will be caused by: -       The lowering of the emission factors (kg CO2/t·km) in the upgraded railway line in respect to the actual one. -       The commissioning of the upgraded line will reduce the number of lorries circulating on roads, whose emission factors in unitary terms are far more superior to those ones which will be produced by the use of the new railways. The research concludes that the commissioning of the corridor will delete 863,000 transport operations on lorries for a five-year period, reducing the CO2 emissions in relation with the road: a 59% if the traction is diesel and an 82% if it is electric.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3505 

scholarly journals CO2 Valorization and Its Subsequent Valorization

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 500
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio Cecilia ◽  
Daniel Ballesteros Plata ◽  
Enrique Vilarrasa García
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
World Population ◽  
Anthropogenic Co2 ◽  
The World ◽  
Co2 Valorization

After the industrial revolution, the increase in the world population and the consumption of fossil fuels has led to an increase in anthropogenic CO2 emissions [...]

scholarly journals Select but diverse countries are reducing both climate vulnerability and CO2 emissions

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Grecequet ◽  
Eri Saikawa ◽  
Jessica J. Hellmann
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Climate Change Policy ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Vulnerability Reduction ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Change Policy ◽  
Climate Vulnerability ◽  
Per Capita

Mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and adaptation to climate risk are two essential ingredients of climate change policy. Both are needed and co-benefits may exist. Yet, mitigation and adaptation are not usually pursued together. Part of remedying this shortcoming is understanding the relationship between GHG emissions and climate vulnerability reduction and recognizing when and where they trend together. Here, we compare changes in fossil fuel CO2 emissions per capita and in climate vulnerability scores over the past two decades in 179 countries. We use climate vulnerability scores from the well-established ND-GAIN Country Index, a composite metric constructed from thirty-six indicators covering three components of vulnerability (exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity). We find that 69% of the countries decreased climate vulnerability, while increasing their per capita fossil fuel CO2 emissions. These countries are successfully reducing climate vulnerability but are increasing their GHG emissions and thus failing in mitigation efforts. In contrast, 23% of the countries have been successful in simultaneously reducing per capita CO2 emissions and climate vulnerability. Furthermore, in highly vulnerable countries, increasing CO2 emissions are not correlated with decreasing climate vulnerability. These findings underscore that climate vulnerability reduction may be due only partly to economic development. This finding also changes our prevailing view that increases in CO2 emissions are associated with vulnerability reduction. Finally, examining mitigation and climate-vulnerability reduction by sector, we show that a majority of countries are able to reduce vulnerability in ecosystem services. Those countries and sectors with positive trends provide examples for others to follow, as solutions at the mitigation-climate vulnerability reduction interface are essential for sustainable economic development.

Brazilian Climate Change Law

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Alvarenga Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Policy ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Change Policy

This chapter examines the climate change policy of Brazil. In 2010 at the Sixteenth Conference of Parties in Cancún, Brazil announced its voluntary national target of significantly reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions between 36.1 per cent and 38.9 per cent of projected emissions by 2020. These targets were defined in the Brazilian National Policy on Climate Change (PNMC). The PNMC establishes principles, guidelines, and economic instruments for reaching the national voluntary targets. It relies on sectoral plans for mitigation and adaptation to climate change in order to facilitate the move towards a low-carbon economy. The PNMC defined various aspects related to the measurement of goals, formulation of sectoral plans and of action plans for the prevention and control of deforestation in all Brazilian biomes, and governance structure.

scholarly journals Policy Considerations for Zero-Emission Vehicle Infrastructure Incentives: Case Study in Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azadeh Maroufmashat ◽  
Michael Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
The Road ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Zero Emission ◽  
Government Grant ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Electric Powertrains

Transportation accounts for more than 20% of the total Greenouse Gas (GHG) emissions in Canada. Switching from fossil fuels to more environmentally friendly energy sources and to Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) is a promising option for future transportation but well to wheel emission and charging/refuelling patterns must also be considered. This paper investigates the barriers to and opportunities for electric charging and hydrogen refueling infrastructure incentives in Ontario, Canada and estimates the number of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs) that would be offset by infrastructure incentives. The paper also assesses the potential of electric and hybrid-electric powertrains to enable GHG reductions, explores the impact of the electricity supply mix for supporting zero-emission vehicles in different scenarios and studies the effect of the utility factor for PHEVs in Ontario. The authors compare the use of electric vehicle charging infrastructures and hydrogen refueling stations regarding overall GHG emission reductions for an infrastructure incentive funded by a 20-million-dollar government grant. The results suggest that this incentive can provide infrastructure that can offset around 9000 ICEVs vehicles using electricity charging infrastructure and 4000–8700 when using hydrogen refuelling stations. Having appropriate limitations and policy considerations for the potential 1.7 million electric-based vehicles that may be in use by 2024 in Ontario would result in 5–7 million tonne GHG avoidances in different scenarios, equivalent to the removal of 1–1.5 million ICEVs from the road.

scholarly journals CO2 emissions and mitigation policies for urban road transportation: Sao Paulo versus Shanghai

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 143-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evaldo Costa ◽  
Julia Seixas ◽  
Patrícia Baptista ◽  
Gustavo Costa ◽  
Thomas Turrentine
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Emissions Mitigation ◽  
Mitigation Policies

Abstract This paper compares the energy consumption, CO2 emissions and public policies of two mega-cities, Sao Paulo (SP) and Shanghai (SH), in order to identify their GHG emissions mitigation policies. Both cities have experienced rapid growth of the automotive sectors resulting in sizable pollution and CO2 emission challenges. SP has successfully implemented the ethanol and encouraged the growth of the fleet of light-duty vehicles. SH has coal-based power generation and restricted the ownership of the vehicles in an attempt to reduce GHG emissions, invested in public transportation and electric mobility. Tabular analysis of secondary data was adopted in this study, revealing also that SP has considerably expanded individual transportation. Despite investments in ethanol, the city could not contain the increase in CO2 emissions from road transportation. SH invested in public transportation and inhibited individual transportation, but also failed to contain CO2 emissions. Mitigation policies and measures taken were not sufficient to prevent growth of CO2 emissions in both cities. To reduce CO2 emissions in transportation, SP and SH should focus on public policies to encourage public and clean transportation and limit the burning of fossil fuels.

Synergies between the mitigation of, and adaptation to, climate change in agriculture

2010 ◽  
Vol 148 (5) ◽  
pp. 543-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. SMITH ◽  
J. E. OLESEN
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Soil Carbon Storage ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Mitigation Potential ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Change Context ◽  
Reduce Emissions

SUMMARYThere is a very significant, cost effective greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potential in agriculture. The annual mitigation potential in agriculture is estimated to be 4200, 2600 and 1600 Mt CO2 equiv/yr at C prices of 100, 50 and 20 US$/t CO2 equiv, respectively. The value of GHG mitigated each year is equivalent to 420 000, 130 000 and 32 000 million US$/yr for C prices of 100, 50 and 20 US$/t CO2 equiv, respectively. From both the mitigation and economic perspectives, we cannot afford to miss out on this mitigation potential.The challenge of agriculture within the climate change context is two-fold, both to reduce emissions and to adapt to a changing and more variable climate. The primary aim of the mitigation options is to reduce emissions of methane or nitrous oxide or to increase soil carbon storage. All the mitigation options, therefore, affect the carbon and/or nitrogen cycle of the agroecosystem in some way. This often not only affects the GHG emissions but also the soil properties and nutrient cycling. Adaptation to increased variability of temperature and rainfall involves increasing the resilience of the production systems. This may be done by improving soil water holding capacities through adding crop residues and manure to arable soils or by adding diversity to the crop rotations.Though some mitigation measures may have negative impacts on the adaptive capacity of farming systems, most categories of adaptation options for climate change have positive impacts on mitigation. These include: (1) measures that reduce soil erosion, (2) measures that reduce leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus, (3) measures for conserving soil moisture, (4) increasing the diversity of crop rotations by choices of species or varieties, (5) modification of microclimate to reduce temperature extremes and provide shelter, (6) land use change involving abandonment or extensification of existing agricultural land, or avoidance of the cultivation of new land. These adaptation measures will in general, if properly applied, reduce GHG emissions, by improving nitrogen use efficiencies and improving soil carbon storage.There appears to be a large potential for synergies between mitigation and adaptation within agriculture. This needs to be incorporated into economic analyses of the mitigation costs. The inter-linkages between mitigation and adaptation are, however, not very well explored and further studies are warranted to better quantify short- and long-term effects on suitability for mitigation and adaptation to climate change. In order to realize the full potential for agriculture in a climate change context, new agricultural production systems need to be developed that integrate bioenergy and food and feed production systems. This may possibly be obtained with perennial crops having low-environmental impacts, and deliver feedstocks for biorefineries for the production of biofuels, biomaterials and feed for livestock.

scholarly journals GHG emissions offset of a combined-cycle natural gas-fired thermopower plant in Northeastern Brazil

DYNA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 88 (217) ◽  
pp. 200-210
Author(s):  
Gabriela Wechi Benedet ◽  
Kárys Cristina Diederichs Prado ◽  
Rebecca Draeger de Oliveira ◽  
Gerd Brantes Angelkorte ◽  
André Chame Lins de Mello
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Emissions Mitigation ◽  
Wide Range

Anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have caused unprecedented climate change. Both mitigation and adaptation actions have thus become crucial. The combustion of fossil fuels is the leading cause of GHG emissions. Within this context, this work explores several options to offset GHG emissions from a combined-cycle natural gas-fired thermopower plant by 2050. Termopernambuco, in Northeastern Brazil, provides a case study that can be used as a reference for other projects. Therefore, after making an inventory and designing a scenario up to 2050 of its GHG emissions, mitigation actions and offset options are assessed, including a photovoltaic system, fuel mix options, a CO2 capture and storage (CCS) facility, and livestock-forest integration systems. Such measures are individually evaluated and bundled in five scenarios. Overall results indicate a wide range of offset costs, with livestock-forest integration systems at the lowest end with 37 USD/tCO2e up to a level of 180 USD/tCO2e for CCS.

scholarly journals An Overview of Environmental Policies for Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change and Application of Multilevel Regression Analysis to Investigate the CO2 Emissions over the Years of 1970 to 2018 in All Brazilian States

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 9175
Author(s):  
Anny Key de Souza Mendonça ◽  
Silvio Aparecido da Silva ◽  
Luísa Zeredo Pereira ◽  
Antonio Cezar Bornia ◽  
Dalton Francisco de Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
The Public ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Stabilized Methods ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Background: Brazil, one of the largest greenhouse gas emitting countries in the world, emitted approximately 2 billion gigatonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) in 2018. This data is practically the same recorded in the previous year, suggesting that the country’s trajectory of CO2 emissions is stabilized. Methods: This study presents an overview of environmental protection and climate change mitigation policies adopted in Brazil, as well as makes use the multilevel regression modeling technique to investigate the relationship between economic activities variables in relation to CO2 emissions over the years of 1970 to 2018 in all Brazilian states. Results: The results show that the CO2 emissions in the states have the same behavior as the timeline of the change in land use. Conclusions: The public policies and actions by society and the private sector were fundamental to the reduction verified from the year of 2004 that followed until 2010, both in CO2 emissions and in the change in land use and forests. As of this year, there has been a trend towards stability in CO2 emissions. Another important characteristic is that even with a drop in the number of deforestation, the production variables continued to grow, which shows that there may be an increase in production activities, while there is a reduction in deforestation and in CO2 emissions.

ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND EMISSIONS FROM THE ROAD TRANSPORT IN SPAIN: A CONCEPTUAL APPROACH

Transport ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro José Pérez-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Total Emission ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
The Road ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Technological Improvements

The interurban road transport is one of the largest sources of emissions within all the economical sectors of Spain and accounts for 30% of the total energy consumption and subsequent CO2emissions. Fuel consumption, mostly gasoline and diesel, has decreased by −0.7% between 2004 and 2009 despite the increase of vehicle fleet (14.7%) and related travelled performances (3.1%). The paper estimates the energy consumption and subsequent emissions of CO2 and pollutants, CO, NOx, PM and NMVOC, of the interurban road transport in Spain for the period 2004–2009 by the use of a conceptual procedure. This procedure makes an effort to allocate the fuel sales, liters of diesel and gasoline, across different categories of vehicles (ages and technologies) operating on the interurban Spanish roads. In order to elaborate the inventory of energy consumption and emissions, the procedure uses the emission factors from the Copert process-based model, optimized for the Spanish interurban driving conditions. According to the inventory, total CO2 emissions have decreased from 68.0 Mt of CO2in 2004 to 66.9 Mt (−1.6%). This trend is due to diesel road vehicles. The CO2 emissions of gasoline vehicles and the total emission of related pollutants followed a downward trend due to technological improvements of vehicles and decrease of gasoline consumption. The CO2 emissions of diesel vehicles and the total emission of related pollutants followed an upward trend due to the increase of diesel consumption despite technological improvements of vehicles. Better estimates of energy consumption and emissions are possible in the future by using specific emission factors for different vehicle categories based on telemetric systems.

scholarly journals Plano Setorial de Mitigação e Adaptação às Mudanças Climáticas para Consolidação da Economia de Baixa Emissão de Carbono na Agricultura – PLANO ABC (Sectoral Plan for Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change for a Consolidation Economy Low Carbon...)

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Deckers Amaral ◽  
Luiz Adriano Maia Cordeiro ◽  
Paulo Roberto Galerani
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Climate Scenario ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Technologies ◽  
Brazilian Government ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation

A crescente concentração atmosférica de alguns Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE) é comprovadamente a principal responsável pelo aquecimento global. Isto tem levado vários países a se preocuparem com as consequências desse fenômeno. O aquecimento da atmosfera está ocorrendo de forma não natural e por interferência humana, o que pode levar a mudanças no clima. Nas últimas décadas, tem sido observado aumento na frequência e intensidade de secas, inundações, ciclones, derretimento de geleiras, aumento do nível do mar, etc. Esta nova realidade climática pode afetar negativamente a agricultura e outras atividades econômicas. Muitas propostas têm sido apresentadas para atenuar os efeitos deste problema. No caso da agricultura, tecnologias sustentáveis podem ser adotadas para mitigar emissões de GEE, e ao mesmo tempo promoverem a retenção de carbono na biomassa e no solo. Durante a COP-15, em Copenhague, Dinamarca, o governo brasileiro assumiu um compromisso voluntário de redução das emissões de GEE projetadas para 2020, entre 36,1% e 38,9%, estimando assim uma redução da ordem de 1 bilhão de Mg de CO2 eq. Palavras - chave: Agricultura sustentável, política pública, agricultura de baixa emissão de carbono.  Sectoral Plan for Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change for a Consolidation Economy Low Carbon Agriculture - ABC PLAN  ABSTRACTThe greenhouse gases (GHG) concentration in the atmosphere are increasing and this process is the principal  cause of the Global Warming. The consequence of this phenomenon has worried many countries. The atmospheric warming is occurring by non-naturally means due to human interference and it can lead to climate change. In the last decades, it has been observed increasing intensity of dry seasons, floods, cyclones, tornadoes, melting glaciers, increase in sea level, etc. This new climate scenario can adversely affect agriculture and other economic activities. A lot of proposals have been presented to mitigate the effects of Global Warming. In agriculture, sustainable technologies can be adopted to mitigate GHG emissions, while promoting the retention of carbon in biomass and soil. In the last COP-15, in Copenhagen, Denmark, the Brazilian government committed to reducing GHG intensity by 36.1% and 38.9% by the year 2020. It is estimated that about 1 billion Mg CO2 equivalent will be sequestered from the atmosphere.  Keywords: sustainable agriculture, public policy, agriculture in low-carbon.

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