scholarly journals Penetration Evaluation of Explosively Formed Projectiles Through Air and Water Using Insensitive Munition: Simulative and Experimental Studies

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 913-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ahmed ◽  
A. Q. Malik ◽  
S. A. Rofi ◽  
Z. X. Huang
Keyword(s):  
Formation Flying ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Jet Formation ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Steel Target ◽  
Great Reliability ◽  
Polymer Bonded Explosives ◽  
The Difference

The process of formation, flying, penetration of explosively-formed projectiles (EFP) and the effect of water on performance of the charge for underwater applications is simulated by Ansysis Autodyn 2D-Hydro code. The main objective of an explosively formed projectile designed for underwater applications is to disintegrate the target at longer standoff distances. In this paper we have simulated the explosively formed projectile from OFHC-Copper liner for 1200 conical angle. The Affect of water on the penetration of EFP is determined by simulations from Ansysis Autodyn 2-D Hydrocode and by varying depth of water from 1CD-5CD. The depth of penetration against steel target is measured experimentally. Flash X-Ray Radiography (FXR) is used to capture EFP jet formation and its penetration against target is measured by depth of penetration experiments. Simulation results are compared with experimental results. The difference in simulated and experimental results for depth of penetration is about 7 mm, which lies within favorable range of error. The jet formation captured from FXR is quite clear and jet velocity determined from Flash X-ray radiography is the same as the ones obtained by using other high explosives. Therefore, it is indicated that Insensitive Munition (8701) can be utilized instead of Polymer Bonded Explosives (PBX) for air and underwater environments with great reliability and without any hazard.

Penetration Performance of Shaped Charge Jets Using Insensitive Munition: Simulative and Experimental Studies

2015 ◽  
Vol 1102 ◽  
pp. 119-123
Author(s):  
Mukhtar Ahmed ◽  
Zheng Xiang Huang ◽  
A.Q. Malik ◽  
Xu Dong Zu ◽  
Qiang Qiang Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Shaped Charge ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Jet Formation ◽  
Steel Target ◽  
Image Capturing ◽  
Detonation Method ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
A Charge

The simulation and experimental studies of the Jets obtained from different conical liners from a charge having 56mm-diameter is presented in this paper. An OFHC copper liner of thickness 1 mm and 54 mm-diameters is used for jet formation analysis. Charge ignition is made by using Point detonation method. The simulation results are obtained from Ansysis Autodyn 2-D hydrocode. Experiments are conducted for a charge having 600 conical liner. Flash X-ray Radiography is used for image capturing. The performance capacity of standard shaped charge is predicted by its penetration against steel target. It is observed that kinetic energy of the jet decreases as angle increases, also total energy of the explosive increases and hence the Ratio of the K.E of the jet to the total energy of the explosive decreases as the angle increases. Simulation results are compared with the experimental results. It is observed that simulation results are in favorable agreement within acceptable range of error with the experimental results.

scholarly journals The sensitivity of atomic analysis by X-rays

1932 ◽  
Vol 135 (828) ◽  
pp. 637-656 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Number ◽  
Target Material ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Constituent Element ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Atomic Analysis

In a previous paper it was shown that 0·0007 per cent, of 29 Cu and 0·0003 per cent, of 26 Fe could be detected in 30 Zn by atomic analysis by X-ray spectroscopy. This sensitivity is greater than that which was claimed by Noddack, Tacke, and Berg, who set the limit at about 0·1 per cent, for non-metals, and by Hevesy, who stated it to be about 0·01 per cent, for an element present in an alloy. It was later suggested by Hevesy that the high value of the sensitivity which we found might result from the fact that some of the alloys we had used were composed of elements of almost equal atomic number, and that the sensitivity would be smaller for a constituent of low atomic number mixed with a major constituent of high atomic number. To elucidate these disagreements we have made further observations of the sensitivity with elements of different atomic number and have investigated the conditions which can influence the sensitivity. The Factors Determining Sensitivity . The detection of one element in a mixture of elements depends upon the identification of its K or L lines in the general spectrum emitted by the mixture under examination. The intensity with which these lines are excited in the target (“excited intensity”) is proportional to the number of atoms of the constituent element excited, i. e ., to its concentration and to the volume of the target in which the cathode ray energy is absorbed. The depth of penetration of the cathode rays is determined by the density of the target material and by their velocity ( i. e ., by the voltage applied to the X-ray tube). Schonland has shown that the range of homogeneous cathode rays in different elements, expressed as a mass per unit area, is approximately constant and is independent of the atomic number of the absorbing element. When their velocity is increased, the cathode rays will penetrate to a greater depth, and therefore a greater number of atoms of all constituents will be ionised. This will increase the “excited intensity” of the lines due to the particular constituent sought equally with those lines of the other elements present. The intensity of a line further depends upon the difference between the voltage applied to the X-ray tube and that necessary to excite the series. For these reasons, a high applied voltage is required for a high sensitivity.

scholarly journals Study on Penetration Performance of Rear Shaped Charge Warhead

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 6526
Author(s):  
Yanan Du ◽  
Guanglin He ◽  
Yukuan Liu ◽  
Zhaoxuan Guo ◽  
Zenghui Qiao
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Experimental Verification ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Shaped Charge ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Target Plate ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
Steel Target ◽  
Shaped Charge Jet ◽  
Control Cabin

In guided munitions, the shaped charge jet (SCJ) warhead is located behind the simulation compartment (including the control cabin, the steering gear cabin, and the guidance cabin). Therefore, the order of penetration of the SCJ is the simulation cabin and the target. To study the penetration performance of the SCJ to the target plate, the numerical simulation method is used to study the penetration performance of the designed warhead for the steel target at different standoffs, and the depth of penetration (DOP) at the best standoff is obtained, that is, the DOP of the steel target is about 128 mm. Additionally, the penetration performance of the SCJ warhead to target is studied by numerical simulation and experimental verification. Numerical simulation and experimental results show that the DOP of the SCJ warhead to the steel target is 50 mm without the simulation cabin, and about 30 mm with the simulation cabin. The results show that the penetration performance of SCJ is greatly weakened under the condition of non-optimal standoff, but the rear shaped charge warhead still has a strong penetration performance after completing the penetration of the simulated cabin.

scholarly journals Effect of the Surface Roughness of Tungsten on the Sputtering Yield under Helium Irradiation: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1532
Author(s):  
Hyeonho Kim ◽  
Joongseok Kwon ◽  
Kunok Chang
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Sputtering Yield ◽  
The Difference

Sputtering in a divertor is one of the key phenomena that affects plasma purity and temperature. In previous experimental studies, the term sputtering yield has been used to refer to net sputtering yield, which is defined as the difference between primary sputtering yield and re-deposition. Our simulations using molecular dynamics have confirmed that both primary sputtering yield and re-deposition are affected by particle curvature. In this study, the effect of particle curvature on the net sputtering yield was quantitatively evaluated, the results were compared to existing experimental studies, and the discrepancies with experimental results were discussed.

scholarly journals Design of a Novel Linear Shaped Charge and Factors Influencing its Penetration Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Cheng ◽  
Guangyan Huang ◽  
Chunmei Liu ◽  
Shunshan Feng
Keyword(s):  
Structural Design ◽  
Apex Angle ◽  
Shaped Charge ◽  
Jet Formation ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
Eulerian Model ◽  
Steel Target ◽  
Linear Shaped Charge ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Good Agreement

In this paper, a novel linear shaped charge (LSC), called a bi-apex-angle linear shaped charge (BLSC), has been designed to investigate the improvement of penetration performance. Compared with a traditional single-apex-angle LSC, a BLSC, which consists of a small-apex-angle liner and a large-apex-angle liner, has been investigated by depth-of-penetration (DOP) test. The results show that the penetration depth of BLSC is 29.72% better than that of an ordinary LSC. An Eulerian method is applied to simulate the entire process of jet formation, as well as penetration on a #45 steel target. The effectiveness of the Eulerian model is demonstrated by the good agreement of the computational results with experimental observations. Furthermore, the numerical simulation is developed to investigate the influence of liner thickness, explosive type, combination of small and large apex angle, ratio of small to all apex angle liner, and standoff distance on the penetration performance of BLSCs. The suggested work and results can provide a guide and reference for the structural design of BLSC.

THE ORIENTATIONAL POTENTIAL IN SOLID C60

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
pp. 217-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. CHAPLOT ◽  
L. PINTSCHOVIUS
Keyword(s):  
Diffuse Scattering ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Intermolecular Distance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Empirical Potentials ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Extract Information

Numerous experimental findings indicate that the orientational potential in solid C60 is much stiffer than was anticipated from the nearly spherical shape of the C 60 molecule and the rather large intermolecular distance — a fact, which remains to be properly understood. In this review we summarize experimental studies which allow one to extract information on the orientational potential. The experimental results are contrasted with predictions from various empirical potentials proposed in the literature. Special emphasis is laid on X-ray and neutron diffuse scattering results and how these results can be exploited to further our knowledge on the orientational potential.

Simulation Study of Jet Formation and Depth of Penetration against Steel Targets at Different Cone Angles Using Autodyn-2D Hydrocode

2014 ◽  
Vol 722 ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
A. Mukhtar ◽  
Zheng Xiang Huang ◽  
A.Q. Malik ◽  
Xu Dong Zu ◽  
Qiang Qiang Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Cone Angle ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Oil Well ◽  
Jet Formation ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
Energy Behavior ◽  
Image Capturing ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Euler Solver

Jets obtained from shaped charge at different cone angle are simulated using Euler solver in Autodyn-2D Hydrocode against a 56mm-diameter of the charge. An OFHC copper liner of thickness 0.8mm and 54 mm-diameters is used for jet formation analysis. Point detonation method is used for Charge ignition. The simulation results are presented at 30 micro-second after initiation. Energy behavior is predicted at different obliquities. Numerical simulations are compared with the existing experimental results for liner angle 60. The depth of penetration and volume of the crater produced is measured. It is observed that simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. Flash X-ray Radiography was used for image capturing. It is observed that kinetic energy of the jet decreases as angle increases, also total energy of the explosive increases and hence the Ratio of the K.E of the jet to the total energy of the explosive decreases as the angle increases. The volume of the crater produced in steel at 65° has the highest value among the jets considered, so it can be used in oil well perforation also.

scholarly journals Study on the reflectivity properties of spherically bent analyser crystals

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari-Pekka Honkanen ◽  
Roberto Verbeni ◽  
Laura Simonelli ◽  
Marco Moretti Sala ◽  
Giulio Monaco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Strain Field ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Anisotropic Properties ◽  
Bent Crystal ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Crystal Strain

Theoretical and experimental studies are presented on properties of spherically bent analyser crystals for high-resolution X-ray spectrometry. A correction to the bent-crystal strain field owing to its finite surface area is derived. The results are used to explain the reflectivity curves and anisotropic properties of Si(660) and Si(553) analysers in near-backscattering geometry. The results from the calculation agree very well with experimental results obtained using an inelastic X-ray scattering synchrotron beamline.

A Method for X-ray Stress Analysis of Thin Films and Its Application to Zinc-Nickel-Alloy Electroplated Steel

1990 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 699-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshihiko Sasaki ◽  
Makoto Kuramoto ◽  
Yasuo Yoshioka
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Lattice Strain ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Theoretical Problem ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ni Alloy ◽  
The Difference

Zn-Ni-alloy electroplated steels are used for the parts of automob iles because of their high corrosion resistance. in the x-ray stress measurement of this material, some unique experimental results were observed: (i) The sin2Φ diagrams were severely curved, and (ii) the influence of the wave length of x-ray radiations upon the shape of the d-sin2Φ diagram was very slight. As no strong texture or the gradients of composition were observed in this material, the above experimental results suggested the existence of steep stress gradients in the direction of depth, and a theoretical problem on the difference in the effective penetration depth of x-rays and the weighted mean of the lattice strain between thin films and ordinary thick materials.

Diagnostics of Gold Laser Plasmas

1988 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 357-360
Author(s):  
J.C. Gauthier ◽  
J.P. Geindre ◽  
P. Monier ◽  
C. Chenais-Popovics ◽  
N. Tragin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Results ◽  
Pure Gold ◽  
Electronic Temperature ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Laser Plasmas ◽  
Collisional Radiative Model ◽  
Radiative Model

AbstractIn order to achieve a nickel-like X ray laser scheme we need a tool to determine the parameters which characterise the high-Z plasma. The aim of this work is to study gold laser plasmas and to compare experimental results to a collisional-radiative model which describes nickel-like ions. The electronic temperature and density are measured by the emission of an aluminium tracer. They are compared to the predictions of the nickel-like model for pure gold. The results show that the density and temperature can be estimated in a pure gold plasma.

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