scholarly journals Statistical Analysis of Vegetation and Stormwater Runoff in an Urban Watershed During Summer and Winter Storms in Portland, Oregon, U.S.

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Donovan ◽  
David Butry ◽  
Megan Mao
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Stormwater Runoff ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Model Structure ◽  
Urban Watershed ◽  
Tree Canopy Cover

Past research has examined the effect of urban trees, and other vegetation, on stormwater runoff using hydrological models or small-scale experiments. However, there has been no statistical analysis of the influence of vegetation on runoff in an intact urban watershed, and it is not clear how results from small-scale studies scale up to the city level. Researchers address this gap in the literature by estimating random-effects regression models of the effect of trees and other vegetation on total runoff and peak runoff for a summer (15–16 June 2010) and a winter (18–19 December 2010) storm in Portland, Oregon, U.S. Researchers found that additional tree canopy cover was associated with lower runoff in the summer storm, but the significance of the tree coefficient was sensitive to model structure. Researchers found that additional groundcover (grass and shrubs) associated with lower peak flow in the summer, and this result was robust to model structure. Neither trees nor groundcover were significantly associated with winter stormwater runoff. Results suggest that trees and other vegetation can be effective at moderating stormwater runoff. However, vegetation is not as effective in the winter, which is consistent with past modeling and experimental studies.

scholarly journals The economic benefits of reductions in nitrogen loads from stormwater runoff by street trees

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana D. Baptista ◽  
Marco Amati ◽  
Tim D. Fletcher ◽  
Matthew J. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Stormwater Runoff ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Deciduous Trees ◽  
Street Trees ◽  
Runoff Volume ◽  
Nitrogen Loads ◽  
Tree Canopy Cover ◽  
The Impact

Abstract It is increasingly recognised that urban trees can contribute to reducing stormwater runoff by intercepting and retaining a fraction of rainfall received. What is less studied is the translation of this to reduced pollutant loads being transferred to receiving streams, rivers, and water bodies. In this paper, we assess interception of two tree species (Eucalyptus microcorys and Ulmus procera) in an urban park. This data is used in simple water balance modelling to predict the environmental and economic benefit of reducing nitrogen loads to receiving waterways as a function of reduced runoff volume resulting from rainfall interception by urban trees on public land (21% of the catchment area). We use a highly urbanized catchment in Melbourne, Australia to demonstrate the impact of an urban forest dominated by deciduous trees, evergreen trees or a mixed tree canopy cover. We found that doubling the urban canopy cover in the catchment, while keeping the current mix ratio of deciduous and evergreen trees, could reduce annual runoff volume by 30 mm (92 MLyr−1). Using the prescribed values that developers must pay the local water authority for nitrogen treatment as a condition of new development, we calculate that this would deliver a nitrogen load removal benefit of AUD$ 200/tree. If only deciduous trees are planted the annual runoff reduction would decrease to 24 mm (73 MLyr−1) and increases to 37 mm (112 MLyr−1) if only evergreen trees are planted. This study highlights both the additional benefits of public street trees and the differences in deciduous and evergreen trees which should be accounted for by policy makers.

scholarly journals A Case Study Balancing Predetermined Targets and Real-World Constraints to Guide Optimum Urban Tree Canopy Cover for Perth, Western Australia

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1128
Author(s):  
Jackie Parker ◽  
Greg D. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Conceptual Tool ◽  
Urban Tree ◽  
Tree Canopy Cover ◽  
Urban Tree Canopy ◽  
Social Environmental

Trees in urban settings are becoming increasingly important as mediators to emerging challenges that transect social, environmental, and economic factors. Trees provide shade; absorb and store atmospheric carbon and other pollutants; reduce local temperature fluctuations; provide essential inner-city fauna habitat; assist in reducing over-land stormwater flow; provide amenity; and provide many more social, environmental, and economic benefits. To secure these benefits, tree canopy cover targets are commonly employed by land managers; however, such targets are rarely quantified against the characteristics and limitations of individual urban centers. Through the generation and interrogation of qualitative and quantitative data, this case study of Perth, Western Australia presents a new conceptual tool that integrates eleven factors found to influence the capacity and opportunity for a city to support urban tree canopy cover. This tool is designed to capture and causally weigh urban tree canopy considerations based on individual city characteristics, collective values, and identifiable constraints. The output of the tool provides an “optimum” tree canopy cover result (as a percentage of the urban fabric) to better inform canopy cover targets and recommendations for urban tree strategic planning and management. This tool is valuable for urban land managers, city planners, urban designers, and communities in effective planning, management, valuation, and investment regarding urban trees as a sub-set of urban green infrastructure.

scholarly journals ASSESSING URBAN FOREST CANOPY COVER IN GREAT PLAIN CONSERVATION AREA (DÜZCE CITY, TURKEY) BETWEEN 1984 AND 2015

2021 ◽  
Vol XLVI-4/W5-2021 ◽  
pp. 539-544
Author(s):  
Z. Uçar ◽  
R. Eker ◽  
A. Aydin
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Urban Tree ◽  
Tree Canopy Cover ◽  
Urban Tree Canopy

Abstract. Urban trees and forests are essential components of the urban environment. They can provide numerous ecosystem services and goods, including but not limited to recreational opportunities and aesthetic values, removal of air pollutants, improving air and water quality, providing shade and cooling effect, reducing energy use, and storage of atmospheric CO2. However, urban trees and forests have been in danger of being lost by dense housing resulting from population growth in the cities since the 1950s, leading to increased local temperature, pollution level, and flooding risk. Thus, determining the status of urban trees and forests is necessary for comprehensive understanding and quantifying the ecosystem services and goods. Tree canopy cover is a relatively quick, easy to obtain, and cost-effective urban forestry metric broadly used to estimate ecosystem services and goods of the urban forest. This study aimed to determine urban forest canopy cover areas and monitor the changes between 1984–2015 for the Great Plain Conservation area (GPCA) that has been declared as a conservation Area (GPCA) in 2017, located on the border of Düzce City (Western Black Sea Region of Turkey). Although GPCA is a conservation area for agricultural purposes, it consists of the city center with 250,000 population and most settlement areas. A random point sampling approach, the most common sampling approach, was applied to estimate urban tree canopy cover and their changes over time from historical aerial imageries. Tree canopy cover ranged from 16.0% to 27.4% within the study period. The changes in urban canopy cover between 1984–1999 and 1999–2015 were statistically significant, while there was no statistical difference compared to the changes in tree canopy cover between 1984–2015. The result of the study suggested that an accurate estimate of urban tree canopy cover and monitoring long-term canopy cover changes are essential to determine the current situation and the trends for the future. It will help city planners and policymakers in decision-making processes for the future of urban areas.

An Assessment of Falling Trees Due Strong Winds in Lisbon: Affected Species and Microclimatic Simulation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavio Mendes ◽  
Felipe Petean ◽  
Antonio Lopes ◽  
Ezequiel Correia
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Prunus Cerasifera ◽  
Tree Canopy Cover ◽  
Approach Method ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
Microclimatic Simulation

Fallen trees due to strong winds are well recorded in Lisbon. However, specie identification is needed to increase urban trees management. This paper aimed the identification of the most vulnerable trees to strong winds in Lisbon, through a hybrid approach method by proximity. The occurrence database was compiled together with basic structural city maps. Four criteria were designed to presuppose the trees specie names by approximation: i) Trees must be within 15 m from the street center; ii) At least 3 individuals within 30 m from the occurrence must belong to the same specie; iii) The surrounding specie must be representative in the street (>50%); iv) Visual analysis of street/avenue medians. Microscale analysis through supervised classification and micrometeorological simulations od strong winds were performed. Morus nigra L., Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze, Liriodendron tulipifera L., Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. and Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. were identified as the species that fall the most. In 57.7% of cases (425 fallen trees), the wind speed 12-hours before the occurrence was greater than 7 m s−1. Alvalade neighborhood showed 22.7% tree canopy cover while the microclimatic simulation revealed two main vulnerability zones: Brazil and Church avenues, where winds were stronger possibly due acceleration effect.

scholarly journals Residential housing segregation and urban tree canopy in 37 US Cities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dexter Locke ◽  
Billy Hall ◽  
J Morgan Grove ◽  
Steward T.A. Pickett ◽  
Laura A. Ogden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Housing Stock ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
Socioeconomic Impacts ◽  
Tree Canopy Cover ◽  
Loan Corporation

Redlining was a racially discriminatory housing policy established by the federal Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) during the 1930s. For decades, redlining limited access to homeownership and wealth creation among racial minorities, contributing to a host of adverse social outcomes, including high unemployment, poverty, and residential vacancy, that persist today. While the multigenerational socioeconomic impacts of redlining are increasingly understood, the impacts on urban environments and ecosystems remains unclear. To begin to address this gap, we investigated how the HOLC policy administered 80 years ago may relate to present-day tree canopy at the neighborhood level. Urban trees provide many ecosystem services, mitigate the urban heat island effect, and may improve quality of life in cities. In our prior research in Baltimore, MD, we discovered that redlining policy influenced the location and allocation of trees and parks. Our analysis of 37 metropolitan areas here shows that areas formerly graded D, which were mostly inhabited by racial and ethnic minorities, have on average ~23% tree canopy cover today. Areas formerly graded A, characterized by U.S.-born white populations living in newer housing stock, had nearly twice as much tree canopy (~43%). Results are consistent across small and large metropolitan regions. The ranking system used by Home Owners’ Loan Corporation to assess loan risk in the 1930s parallels the rank order of average percent tree canopy cover today.

scholarly journals Assessing City Greenness using Tree Canopy Cover: The Case of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Rendy Bayu Aditya ◽  
Muhammad Ulul Lizamun Ningam
Keyword(s):  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Urban Greenery ◽  
Tree Canopy Cover ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Flooding Risk ◽  
Canopy Size

The study aims to measure the greenness of an Indonesia city using tree canopy cover data. Rapid physical development brings impacts to the loss of urban trees, which leads to the increase of flooding risk, local temperature and pollution level. To address the issues, a baseline assessment of urban tree canopy existence is necessary as inputs for effective urban environmental management policies. The methods used in this research include 1) remote sensing and spatial analysis, and 2) simple quantitative analysis. Furthermore, three indicators are used in assessing the greenness, including 1) size of the canopy, 2) canopy cover percentage, and 3) canopy per capita. The results found that the city of Yogyakarta has a low level of greenness based on the canopy size in which covers only 467.37 ha or 14.38% of the total area. The second finding is Yogyakarta has an unequal distribution of canopy cover percentage in each district (kecamatan). The third finding is Yogyakarta City has a canopy per capita rate of 10.93 sq m/person. This number is below the UN recommendation of 15sq m / person. It indicates that residents have poor access to urban greenery. Additionally, the article discusses that the three indicators used have strength and weakness in measuring the level of greenness. Therefore, the assessment objectives must be taken into account. We recommend the use of each indicator as follows: 1) the canopy size is used as an initial inventory of the existence and distribution of the canopy, 2) the canopy cover percentage canopy percentage for measuring and comparing the level of greenness spatially and visually between areas, 3) the canopy per capita is used to measure the possibility of access and interaction of residents with the presence of a tree canopy. Cities’ authority can use the information to measure the achievement of SDGs number 11, 13, or 15.

scholarly journals Assessing City Greenness using Tree Canopy Cover: The Case of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Rendy Bayu Aditya ◽  
Muhammad Ulul Lizamun Ningam
Keyword(s):  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Urban Greenery ◽  
Tree Canopy Cover ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Flooding Risk ◽  
Canopy Size

The study aims to measure the greenness of an Indonesia city using tree canopy cover data. Rapid physical development brings impacts to the loss of urban trees, which leads to the increase of flooding risk, local temperature and pollution level. To address the issues, a baseline assessment of urban tree canopy existence is necessary as inputs for effective urban environmental management policies. The methods used in this research include 1) remote sensing and spatial analysis, and 2) simple quantitative analysis. Furthermore, three indicators are used in assessing the greenness, including 1) size of the canopy, 2) canopy cover percentage, and 3) canopy per capita. The results found that the city of Yogyakarta has a low level of greenness based on the canopy size in which covers only 467.37 ha or 14.38% of the total area. The second finding is Yogyakarta has an unequal distribution of canopy cover percentage in each district (kecamatan). The third finding is Yogyakarta City has a canopy per capita rate of 10.93 sq m/person. This number is below the UN recommendation of 15sq m / person. It indicates that residents have poor access to urban greenery. Additionally, the article discusses that the three indicators used have strength and weakness in measuring the level of greenness. Therefore, the assessment objectives must be taken into account. We recommend the use of each indicator as follows: 1) the canopy size is used as an initial inventory of the existence and distribution of the canopy, 2) the canopy cover percentage canopy percentage for measuring and comparing the level of greenness spatially and visually between areas, 3) the canopy per capita is used to measure the possibility of access and interaction of residents with the presence of a tree canopy. Cities’ authority can use the information to measure the achievement of SDGs number 11, 13, or 15.

scholarly journals Residential housing segregation and urban tree canopy in 37 US Cities

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dexter H. Locke ◽  
Billy Hall ◽  
J. Morgan Grove ◽  
Steward T. A. Pickett ◽  
Laura A. Ogden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Housing Stock ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
Socioeconomic Impacts ◽  
Tree Canopy Cover ◽  
Loan Corporation

AbstractRedlining was a racially discriminatory housing policy established by the federal government’s Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) during the 1930s. For decades, redlining limited access to homeownership and wealth creation among racial minorities, contributing to a host of adverse social outcomes, including high unemployment, poverty, and residential vacancy, that persist today. While the multigenerational socioeconomic impacts of redlining are increasingly understood, the impacts on urban environments and ecosystems remain unclear. To begin to address this gap, we investigated how the HOLC policy administered 80 years ago may relate to present-day tree canopy at the neighborhood level. Urban trees provide many ecosystem services, mitigate the urban heat island effect, and may improve quality of life in cities. In our prior research in Baltimore, MD, we discovered that redlining policy influenced the location and allocation of trees and parks. Our analysis of 37 metropolitan areas here shows that areas formerly graded D, which were mostly inhabited by racial and ethnic minorities, have on average ~23% tree canopy cover today. Areas formerly graded A, characterized by U.S.-born white populations living in newer housing stock, had nearly twice as much tree canopy (~43%). Results are consistent across small and large metropolitan regions. The ranking system used by Home Owners’ Loan Corporation to assess loan risk in the 1930s parallels the rank order of average percent tree canopy cover today.

PENGGUNAAN AIR SUPER KRITIS PADA DEPOLIMERISASI NYLON-12 (BATCH PROCESS)

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Yusman
Keyword(s):  
Supercritical Water ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Chemical Recycling ◽  
Water Decomposition ◽  
Product Distributions ◽  
New Process ◽  
Nylon 12

Water at the supercritical state is a new process for the chemical recycling. At this thermodynamic state i.e. Pc = 218 atmospheres and Tc = 374oC , water behaves very differently from its everyday temperament and it is a very good solvent for organic components. Experimental studies show that supercritical water can decompose hydrocarbons/polymers and produce useful products like 2-Azacyclotridecanone /lactam-1 from Nylon-12 (batch process). The decomposition process itself was carried out in batch reaction system in order to get more information about product distributions, time dependence, and scale-up possibilities.Keywords: supercritical water, decomposition, batch, polymer, hydrocarbon

Zoning, land use, and urban tree canopy cover: The importance of scale

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah K. Mincey ◽  
Mikaela Schmitt-Harsh ◽  
Richard Thurau
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Urban Tree ◽  
Tree Canopy Cover ◽  
Urban Tree Canopy
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