scholarly journals Methodology for Spatial Analysis of Municipal Street Tree Benefits

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
F.D. Cowett
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spatial Analyses ◽  
Street Tree ◽  
Leaf Surface Area

Street trees comprise a fraction of the urban forest; however, due to their public function, the benefits they provide to urban residents have received particular attention from researchers. Spatial analyses of street tree benefits have been based on street tree counts that do not account for differences in tree species and size that in turn impact leaf surface area from which most benefits are derived. The United States Forest Service’s i-Tree Streets software program quantifies street tree benefits and does account for differences in tree species and size, but is not a Geographic Information Systems program and does not facilitate the spatial analysis of street tree benefits. This paper proposes a methodology for analyzing the spatial distribution of street tree benefits employing measures based on i-Tree Streets. Providence, Rhode Island, U.S., serves as a case study.

Wild Oat (Avena fatua) andAvena sterilisMorphological Characteristics and Response to Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol N. Somody ◽  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Stephen D. Miller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
The United States ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Avena Sterilis ◽  
Leaf Surface Area

Wild oat (Avena fatuaL. ♯3AVEFA) andAvena sterilisL. ♯ AVEST accessions from the United States were screened for tolerance to diallate [S-(2,3-dichloroallyl) diisopropylthiocarbamate], triallate [S-(2,3,3-trichloroallyl) diisopropylthiocarbamate], barban (4-chloro-2-butynylm-chlorocarbanilate), diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy] propanoic acid}, difenzoquat (1,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolium), flamprop [N-benzoyl-N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-DL-alanine], and MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate). Some accessions were tolerant to more than one herbicide but none were tolerant to all herbicides. Tolerance to a herbicide was not restricted to certain areas of origin of the accessions, and tolerant accessions occurred even in locations that had not been treated previously with the herbicide. In general, accessions from Southern California and Arizona were shorter, produced more tillers, and required the least number of days to panicle emergence. However, accessions from within individual areas were nearly as variable in these characteristics as the entire 1200 accessions. Tolerance of accessions to flamprop, difenzoquat, MSMA, and diclofop was not due to low leaf surface area, since the tolerant accessions usually had the most leaf surface area. All the accessions tolerant to difenzoquat, MSMA, and flamprop, and three of the four accessions tolerant to diclofop, tillered less than the susceptible accessions.

Political Segregation of the Metropolis: Spatial Sorting by Partisan Voting in Metropolitan Minneapolis–St Paul

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle E. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Central City ◽  
The United States ◽  
Twin Cities ◽  
Spatial Analyses ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Spatial Sorting ◽  
The Individual

Recent electoral research has claimed that individuals in the United States are self–segregating along political lines. In this paper, I use the Twin Cities, Minnesota, metropolitan area as a case study to test for the presence of political segregation through statistical and spatial analyses of electoral data from 1992 to 2012. I find that while segregation by partisan voting at the individual level is comparatively low, it has increased during the study period, and there exists substantial spatial clustering in voting patterns at aggregate levels. These distinct electoral divides between central city and exurb suggest spatial sorting of the electorate in the metropolitan area.

Modelling dimensional growth of three street tree species in the urban forest of the City of Tshwane, South Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
G H Stoffberg ◽  
M W van Rooyen ◽  
M J van der Linde ◽  
H T Groeneveld
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Street Tree ◽  
Dimensional Growth ◽  
The City

scholarly journals Experimental Data on Maximum Rainfall Retention on Crowns of Deciduous Tree Species of the Middle Ural (Russia)

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry Klimenko ◽  
Anna Ostakhova ◽  
Alina Tuneva
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Maximum Mass ◽  
Maximum Rainfall ◽  
Leaf Surface Area

Metering of actual volume of rainfall flowing under deciduous stock canopy is essential for correct calculation of the water balance of forest watersheds of small rivers. This article includes the results of a physical (experimental) simulation of maximum rainfall retention on the laminae of deciduous tree species. The authors developed the experimental methodology, assembled the testing machine, assessed results, and suggested ways of interpreting the obtained results in calculations of flood runoff. According to experimental data, rainfall is retained on laminae both in film and drip form. Specific retention value per unit area of leaf surface is mostly determined by the level of physical roughness of a leaf, which, in turn, depends on the type of venation, typical for different types of analyzed trees. The value of complete raindrops retention by crowns of deciduous species is determined by the leaf surface area and rainfall intensity. Dependencies of the maximum mass of the retained moisture on the leaf surface area, which are characterized by the correlation coefficient of 0.98, were obtained on the basis of branch sprinkling experiments. The maximum mass of water retention on crowns of single deciduous trees can reach up to 77 kg, or 3.0–4.0 mm per projection area of a crown. This is significantly less than the maximum mass of water retention on crowns of coniferous species (for comparison, larch retains up to 150 kg of rain moisture or 5.9 mm of layer). Evaporation from crowns, as well as wind oscillations of laminae, result in larger volumes of interception as compared to the results obtained from experiments. Metering of irrecoverable losses values has great practical value in the assessment of the water balance of forest lands, moisture balance in soil layer under the forest canopy, as well as the flood runoff of small watersheds of forest zones.

Toward Urban Forest Diversity: Resident Tolerance for Mixtures of Tree Species Within Streets

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyndal Plant ◽  
Dave Kendal
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Tree Species Diversity ◽  
Local Resident ◽  
Forest Diversity ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Street Tree ◽  
The City

Municipalities are setting targets for increasing street tree species diversity to support resilience and enhance the supply of ecosystem services from the urban forest. Assessments of street tree composition and structure, and consequent vulnerability to the stresses of urban climate change, pests, and disease, offer guidance for such targets. However, assessing local resident preferences toward species diversity within streets is also important to achieving such targets. Much of the research on street tree preference to date has focused on resident preferences for individual street tree characteristics, without reference to collective/contextual characteristics such as species diversity. We inferred resident preferences for collective street tree features, including species richness, from nearby house sale prices in the city of Brisbane, Australia. While home-buyers were willing to pay a premium for houses on streets with mature and aged trees, their tolerance for mixtures of species was limited to no more than six species nearby. Tolerance also varied within the city with greater sensitivity to mixtures of species in locations of greater socio-economic advantage. These findings suggest that increased diversity will not automatically be accepted by the community. Municipalities need to be cautious in their approach to increasing tree species diversity at finer scales, like streetscapes, within the urban forest.

How Are Managers Making Tree Species Selection Decisions in the Pacific Northwest of the United States?

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-161
Author(s):  
Joshua Petter ◽  
Paul Ries ◽  
Ashley D’Antonio ◽  
Ryan Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
The United States ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Educational Campaigns ◽  
Urban Forest Management

Trees provide an array of social, economic, and ecological benefits; furthermore, trees on public land are critical for providing those benefits to people who cannot afford their own trees. It is important to know how managers make trade-offs and prioritize different tree selection criteria in order to target educational campaigns at the state or regional level. Primary contacts for Tree City USA designated cities were surveyed across the Pacific Northwest. Of these municipalities, 79 out of 151 responded (52.3% response rate), with 6 municipalities providing responses from different departments for a total of 85 responses. Currently, there are primarily descriptive statistics in relation to tree species selection. This study provides a framework for future statistical analysis and greater exploration of how municipalities and managers are selecting tree species. Results were analyzed with a Mann-Whitney U test to compare International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) Certified Arborists® to those who are not certified across various tree species selection criteria. Another Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare small (≤ 50,000) and large (> 50,000) municipalities across the same criteria. ISA Certified Arborists® showed statistically significant differences from those who are not certified in a number of tree species selection criteria. ISA Certified Arborists® also differed in urban forest management on a city-wide scale, particularly in favoring greater tree species diversity. The differences in urban forest management between ISA Certified Arborists® and noncertified—and between municipality sizes—can help to influence future educational campaigns targeted toward increasing urban forest health and resiliency.

scholarly journals Spatial Modeling of Maximum Capacity Values of Irrecoverable Rainfall Retention by Forests in a Small Watershed

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 641
Author(s):  
Dmitry E. Klimenko ◽  
Ekaterina S. Cherepanova ◽  
Alena A. Khomyleva
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Rainfall Interception ◽  
Maximum Rainfall ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Droplet Form ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Leaf Surface Area

When performing hydrologic calculations, the actual amount of rain precipitation falling under the tree canopies of the taiga zone is one of the most important factors in forming and estimating rainfall runoff. This is due to the fact that only a portion of rainfall reaching the soil through the forest canopy takes part in forming river runoff. At present, there is no unanimity on methods of estimating rainfall retention by the canopies of different tree species in various natural geographical zones. The existing estimation methods rely on empirical observations of net and gross rainfall rather than on the results of physical modeling of moisture on leaf surfaces in droplet form. The disadvantages of the existing methods mean that it is not possible to make a spatial estimation of rainfall captured by canopies. The purpose of this study was to map the maximum rainfall interception capacity for a small forest watershed. The authors were able to solve the following problems: (1) In situ modeling of specific water retention in droplet form on leaf surfaces of tree species of the experimental watershed in the middle taiga subzone was carried out and the specific water retention per unit leaf area was determined. Such experiments have never been conducted previously. (2) Indirect methods of estimating the leaf surface area of tree plants depending on the amount of phytomass, age and height of tree stands were developed. (3) Mapping of tree stand characteristics (such as species composition, height, canopy cover) were performed, and together with the specific rainfall interception capacity, which was determined during experiments, provided the basis for a map of maximum rainfall retention capacity by canopies, i.e., a spatial image of irrecoverable rainfall losses was obtained. Rainfall is retained on a canopy in droplet form (droplet size varies from 10.6 to 18.6 mg). Specific water retention (mass per unit leaf surface area) is determined by the leaf (needle) roughness. The overall droplet retention on canopies is determined by leaf surface area and precipitation intensity. The maximum mass of the rainfall retained on the canopies of individual deciduous trees reaches 77 kg, (3.0–4.0 mm per canopy projection area) and that of coniferous trees ranges from 24.8 to 58.0 kg (1.9 to 5.9 mm). Understanding rainfall loss values in hydrology is of key importance in distributed models of rainfall flooding. Taking into account rainfall losses due to canopy interception makes it possible to reduce the margin of error in calculations of maximum rainfall flood loss from 126% to 25%.

scholarly journals Comparing Species Composition and Planting Trends: Exploring Pest Vulnerability in Toronto’s Urban Forest

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Vander Vecht ◽  
Tenley Conway
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Urban Forests ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Street Tree ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
Pest Vulnerability ◽  
Forest Species Composition

Urban forests represent a valuable resource for cities but are not without costs. These costs can include time, money, and the loss of beneficial services as results of pest infestations. Knowledge of an urban forest’s tree species composition and vulnerability to pests is needed to help managers enhance services delivered, while minimizing expenses over the long-term. Recent research has explored the impacts of individual pests on urban forests, but less attention has been given to the overall pest vulnerability. In this research, tree genera currently prevalent and commonly planted in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, were analyzed using a pest vulnerability matrix to explore how the city’s urban forest species composition and pest vulnerability may be changing. Current tree species composition was derived from existing inventory data, while the planting trends of a variety of local actors were determined through surveys and interviews. Results indicate there is somewhat limited diversity in current street and non-street tree populations, as well as a number of common tree species that have severe pest vulnerabilities. While new plantings replicate some current composition and pest vulnerability issues, several less common species are also being planted. As a result, overall pest vulnerability should decrease in the future, while some ongoing management concerns remain.

scholarly journals The formation of the leaf surface area and biomass of the miscanthus giganteus plants depending on the sewage sludge rate

2021 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 06009
Author(s):  
Vasyl Lopushniak ◽  
Нalyna Hrytsuliak ◽  
Mykhailo Gumentyk ◽  
Mykola Kharytonov ◽  
Bazena Barchak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Miscanthus Giganteus ◽  
Leaf Surface Area

The case study to determine the peculiarities of Miscanthus giganteus aboveground biomass formation depending on sewage sludge and composts rate carried out in the Precarpathian region of Ivano- Frankivsk province on sod-podzolic soils. The largest area of the leaf surface of miscanthus is formed in the trials where fresh sewage sludge was applied in the rate of 20 - 40 t/ha. The leaf surface area increases from 19 up to 24.0 cm2/plant, and the yield of raw mass of plants at the level of 23.5 - 25.1 t/ha due to increasing rates of sewage sludge application. The highest indicators of net photosynthesis productivity were found in the period of intensive growth, which amounted to 7.78 g/m²/day and in the maturation period of 7.56 g/m²/day in the trial SS - 40 t/ha + N10P14K58. The amount of dry mass of miscanthus plants significantly depends on the height of the shoot and the leaf surface area of the plants. The use of compost based on sewage sludge and straw in a ratio of 3: 1 at a rate of 30 t/ha contributes to the dry weight of miscanthus plants at the level of 15 t/ha.

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