scholarly journals Identifying Common Practices and Challenges for Local Urban Tree Monitoring Programs Across the United States

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Roman ◽  
E. Gregory McPherson ◽  
Bryant Scharenbroch ◽  
Julia Bartens
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Urban Forestry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Forest Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Data ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Monitoring Programs ◽  
Tree Care

Urban forest monitoring data are essential to assess the impacts of tree planting campaigns and management programs. Local practitioners have monitoring projects that have not been well documented in the urban forestry literature. To learn more about practitioner-driven monitoring efforts, the authors surveyed 32 local urban forestry organizations across the United States about the goals, challenges, methods, and uses of their monitoring programs, using an e-mailed questionnaire. Non-profit organizations, municipal agencies, state agencies, and utilities participated. One-half of the organizations had six or fewer urban forestry staff. Common goals for monitoring included evaluating the success of tree planting and management, taking a proactive approach towards tree care, and engaging communities. The most commonly recorded data were species, condition rating, mortality status, and diameter at breast height. Challenges included limited staff and funding, difficulties with data management and technology, and field crew training. Programs used monitoring results to inform tree planting and maintenance practices, provide feedback to individuals responsible for tree care, and manage tree risk. Participants emphasized the importance of planning ahead: carefully considering what data to collect, setting clear goals, developing an appropriate database, and planning for funding and staff time. To improve the quality and consistency of monitoring data across cities, researchers can develop standardized protocols and be responsive to practitioner needs and organizational capacities.

scholarly journals Urban forest management in small Ontario municipalities

2012 ◽  
Vol 88 (02) ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. John Barker ◽  
W. Andy Kenney
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Urban Forestry ◽  
Urban Forests ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
Urban Forest Management

Urban forestry has emerged as an important and timely discipline in an urbanizing world. The practice of urban forestry has focused mainly on large urban centres but urban forests in small municipalities provide the same benefits to the residents within and around them. Small municipalities face many challenges similar to those in urban centres but a lack of resources may worsen the negative effects on small municipalities. Urban forestry in Ontario is undertaken by municipalities with little involvement from upper-level governments. Thus, the effectiveness of urban forestry in Ontario is inconsistent and sporadic, with many small municipalities unable to manage urban forests optimally. Ontario's legislative framework governing urban forestry is critiqued and compared to the system employed in the United States. Recommendations are provided for action toward a centralized urban forestry program in Ontario.

The Incorporation of American Religion: The Case of the Presbyterians

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-118
Author(s):  
Louis Weeks
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Voluntary Associations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
American Religion ◽  
Cultural Patterns ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Protestant Denominations ◽  
Family Groups

The Christian church, including all its various branches, has been consistently susceptible to the forces that form or change cultures. Scholars claim that this adaptability has been extremely important in the rise and spread of the religion. In the American environment, Protestants formed voluntary associations that attracted people individually and by family groups. This environment actually shaped “denominations” even during the colonial period. One such denomination was the Presbyterians, who pioneered in the formation of a communion that existed as neither a “state church” nor a “dissenting” church body. As the United States experienced industrialization and growing complexity in economic and cultural patterns, the Protestant denominations were affected by those same forces. Thus, denominations naturally became what came to be termed “non-profit corporations,” subject to the limitations and problems of such organizations but also the beneficiaries of that system as well.

Planting native trees to restore riparian forests increases biotic resistance to non-native plant invasions

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Chad F. Hammer ◽  
John S. Gunn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ecosystem Service ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Biotic Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tree Regeneration ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Plant Colonization ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Native Trees

Abstract Non-native invasive plant species are a major cause of ecosystem degradation and impairment of ecosystem service benefits in the United States. Forested riparian areas provide many ecosystem service benefits and are vital to maintaining water quality of streams and rivers. These systems are also vulnerable to natural disturbances and invasion by non-native plants. We assessed whether planting native trees on disturbed riparian sites may increase biotic resistance to invasive plant establishment in central Vermont in the northeastern United States. The density (stems/m2) of invasive stems was higher in non-planted sites (x̄=4.1 stems/m2) compared to planted sites (x̄=1.3 stems/m2). More than 90% of the invasive plants were Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica). There were no significant differences in total stem density of native vegetation between planted and non-planted sites. Other measured response variables such as native tree regeneration, species diversity, soil properties and soil function showed no significant differences or trends in the paired riparian study sites. The results of this case study indicate that tree planting in disturbed riparian forest areas may assist conservation efforts by minimizing the risk of invasive plant colonization.

scholarly journals How do Public Officials Learn About Policy? A Field Experiment on Policy Diffusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Miguel M. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Interest Group ◽  
Policy Diffusion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Policy Learning ◽  
Learning Context ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Non Profit

Abstract Prior research suggests that partisanship can influence how legislators learn from each other. However, same-party governments are also more likely to share similar issues, ideological preferences and constituency demands. Establishing a causal link between partisanship and policy learning is difficult. In collaboration with a non-profit organization, this study isolates the role of partisanship in a real policy learning context. As part of a campaign promoting a new policy among local representatives in the United States, the study randomized whether the initiative was endorsed by co-partisans, out-partisans or both parties. The results show that representatives are systematically more interested in the same policy when it is endorsed by co-partisans. Bipartisan initiatives also attract less interest than co-partisan policies, and no more interest than out-partisan policies, even in more competitive districts. Together, the results suggest that ideological considerations cannot fully explain partisan-based learning. The study contributes to scholarship on policy diffusion, legislative signaling and interest group access.

The Performance of Non-profit Housing Developments in the United States

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 595-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Rohe ◽  
Roberto G. Quercia ◽  
Diane K. Levy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Housing Developments

scholarly journals ANALISIS RELEVANSI PENERAPAN AKUNTANSI DANA PADA AKUNTANSI PEMERINTAH INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Hari Sugiyanto
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
The United States ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Indonesian Government ◽  
Government Accounting ◽  
Fund Accounting ◽  
Rule Out

The Indonesian government has applied the accrual basis in preparing its financial statements. However, it is possible to implement fund accounting. In the PP Conceptual Framework Number 71 Year 2010 it is stated that the Indonesian government can apply fund accounting for control purposes. Fund Accounting is an accounting system that is often used by non-profit organizations and public sector institutions, including government. The system is a method of recording and displaying entities in accounting such as assets and liabilities which are grouped according to their respective uses.This study aims to determine the relevance of the application of fund accounting in Indonesia and conduct a literature study on fund accounting practices in the United States government.Although the Indonesian government has applied accrual-based accounting, it does not rule out the possibility that fund accounting will be applied. Of course the authorized entity needs to draw up relevant regulations so that the accounting of funds is relevant to the implementation of accrual-based government accounting.

scholarly journals Community Forests Prepare for Climate Change

Eos ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney Peterson ◽  
Leslie Brandt ◽  
Emile Elias ◽  
Sarah Hurteau
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United States ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Community Forests ◽  
Urban Tree

Cities across the United States are feeling the heat as they struggle to integrate climate science into on-the-ground decisionmaking regarding urban tree planting and management.

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