scholarly journals Urban Tree Growth & Longevity: Introduction

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
E. Gregory McPherson ◽  
Bryant Scharenbroch
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Special Section ◽  
Urban Forestry ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Urban Tree ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
New Information ◽  
Site Design ◽  
Research And Education

This special issue of Arboriculture & Urban Forestry contains a series of papers related to urban tree growth and longevity. Research and new information on urban tree growth and longevity is important for improved management of our urban trees and forests, as well as assessing their function and value. The papers in this issue were presented at the Urban Tree Growth & Longevity Conference held on September 12–13, 2011 at The Morton Arboretum (Lisle, Illinois, U.S.). This international conference brought together researchers and practitioners to discuss the current state of knowledge concerning urban tree growth and longevity. The conference covered four topic areas: 1) Descriptive studies of tree growth, longevity, and mortality, 2) Roles of tree production and sales on tree growth and longevity, 3) Roles of site design and tree selection on tree growth and longevity, and 4) Roles of tree and site management on tree growth and longevity. The objectives of the conference and these papers are to: develop collaboration among professionals and researchers to help identify important gaps in our knowledge, foster discussions about promising new methodologies, prioritize research and education needs, and outline a course of action for future research and outreach on urban tree growth and longevity. A few additional papers from the conference will be published in a special section of a future issue of this journal.

scholarly journals Remotely Sensed Tree Characterization in Urban Areas: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4889
Author(s):  
Luisa Velasquez-Camacho ◽  
Adrián Cardil ◽  
Midhun Mohan ◽  
Maddi Etxegarai ◽  
Gabriel Anzaldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Forestry ◽  
Remotely Sensed ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Urban Tree

Urban trees and forests provide multiple ecosystem services (ES), including temperature regulation, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity. Interest in ES has increased amongst policymakers, scientists, and citizens given the extent and growth of urbanized areas globally. However, the methods and techniques used to properly assess biodiversity and ES provided by vegetation in urban environments, at large scales, are insufficient. Individual tree identification and characterization are some of the most critical issues used to evaluate urban biodiversity and ES, given the complex spatial distribution of vegetation in urban areas and the scarcity or complete lack of systematized urban tree inventories at large scales, e.g., at the regional or national levels. This often limits our knowledge on their contributions toward shaping biodiversity and ES in urban areas worldwide. This paper provides an analysis of the state-of-the-art studies and was carried out based on a systematic review of 48 scientific papers published during the last five years (2016–2020), related to urban tree and greenery characterization, remote sensing techniques for tree identification, processing methods, and data analysis to classify and segment trees. In particular, we focused on urban tree and forest characterization using remotely sensed data and identified frontiers in scientific knowledge that may be expanded with new developments in the near future. We found advantages and limitations associated with both data sources and processing methods, from which we drew recommendations for further development of tree inventory and characterization in urban forestry science. Finally, a critical discussion on the current state of the methods, as well as on the challenges and directions for future research, is presented.

scholarly journals Urban Trees and Human Health: A Scoping Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen L. Wolf ◽  
Sharon T. Lam ◽  
Jennifer K. McKeen ◽  
Gregory R.A. Richardson ◽  
Matilda van den Bosch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Urban Forestry ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Future Research

The urban forest is a green infrastructure system that delivers multiple environmental, economic, social and health services, and functions in cities. Environmental benefits of urban trees are well understood, but no review to date has examined how urban trees affect human health. This review provides a comprehensive summary of existing literature on the health impacts of urban trees that can inform future research, policy, and nature-based public health interventions. A systematic search used keywords representing human health, environmental health, and urban forestry. Following screening and appraisal of several thousand articles, 201 studies were conceptually sorted into a three-part framework. Reducing Harm, representing 41% of studies, includes topics such as air pollution, ultraviolet radiation, heat exposure, and pollen. Restoring Capacities, at 31%, includes attention restoration, mental health, stress reduction, and clinical outcomes. Building Capacities, at 28%, includes topics such as birth outcomes, active living, and weight status. The studies that were reviewed show substantial heterogeneity in purpose and method yet indicate important health outcomes associated with people’s exposure to trees. This review will help inform future research and practice, and demonstrates why urban forest planning and management should strategically promote trees as a social determinant of public health.

scholarly journals Growth of Abies sachalinensis Along an Urban Gradient Affected by Environmental Pollution in Sapporo, Japan

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Moser-Reischl ◽  
Thomas Rötzer ◽  
Peter Biber ◽  
Matthias Ulbricht ◽  
Enno Uhl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Abies Sachalinensis ◽  
Urban Tree ◽  
Rural Sites

Urban tree growth is often affected by reduced water availability, higher temperatures, small and compacted planting pits, as well as high nutrient and pollution inputs. Despite these hindering growth conditions, recent studies found a surprisingly better growth of urban trees compared to trees at rural sites, and an enhanced growth of trees in recent times. We compared urban versus rural growing Sakhalin fir (Abies sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Mast.) trees in Sapporo, northern Japan and analyzed the growth differences between growing sites and the effects of environmental pollution (NO2, NOX, SO2 and OX) on tree growth. Tree growth was assessed by a dendrochronological study across a gradient from urban to rural sites and related to high detailed environmental pollution data with mixed model approaches and regression analyses. A higher growth of urban trees compared to rural trees was found, along with an overall accelerated growth rate of A. sachalinensis trees over time. Moreover, environmental pollution seems to positively affect tree growth, though with the exception of oxides OX which had strong negative correlations with growth. In conclusion, higher temperatures, changed soil nutrient status, higher risks of water-logging, increased oxide concentrations, as well as higher age negatively affected the growth of rural trees. The future growth of urban A. sachalinensis will provide more insights as to whether the results were induced by environmental pollution and climate or biased on a higher age of rural trees. Nevertheless, the results clearly indicate that environmental pollution, especially in terms of NO2 and NOX poses no threat to urban tree growth in Sapporo.

scholarly journals Assessments of Citizen Willingness to Support Urban Forestry: An Empirical Study in Alabama

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-125
Author(s):  
Yaoqi Zhang ◽  
Bin Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Family Background ◽  
Urban Forestry ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Urban Tree ◽  
Tobacco Taxes ◽  
Willingness To Donate ◽  
Ordinary Least Square Regression

Using a survey conducted in Alabama, U.S., this study investigates the attitudes of urban residents toward urban trees and how they would like to support urban tree programs. An ordered logistic model and ordinary least square regression were applied in the analyses. It is found, in general, that people prefer to have trees on their property and in their community for all gender, age, race, income, and other family background, but individuals with higher education had a tendency to like more trees. The most desirable amenity of trees is the improved appearance. The potential risks and hazards would discourage them from having trees in their communities. It is found that each person’s voluntary willingness to donate is significantly less than the amount that he or she feels everyone should contribute to support the programs (e.g., taxation). The awareness of the presence of a tree agency and service can significantly increase the amount of donation a person is willing to make. While private donation is widely agreed upon as an important source of support, using alcohol and tobacco taxes as funding for financing urban tree programs receives more support than the idea of using corporate income tax and property tax. The results indicate that the citizen willingness to support urban forestry are affected by various factors, therefore, a holistic approach is needed to promote city tree programs.

scholarly journals The Benefits and Limits of Urban Tree Planting for Environmental and Human Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane E. Pataki ◽  
Marina Alberti ◽  
Mary L. Cadenasso ◽  
Alexander J. Felson ◽  
Mark J. McDonnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Local Cooling ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Urban Tree ◽  
Site Design

Many of the world’s major cities have implemented tree planting programs based on assumed environmental and social benefits of urban forests. Recent studies have increasingly tested these assumptions and provide empirical evidence for the contributions of tree planting programs, as well as their feasibility and limits, for solving or mitigating urban environmental and social issues. We propose that current evidence supports local cooling, stormwater absorption, and health benefits of urban trees for local residents. However, the potential for urban trees to appreciably mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution over a wide array of sites and environmental conditions is limited. Consequently, urban trees appear to be more promising for climate and pollution adaptation strategies than mitigation strategies. In large part, this is due to space constraints limiting the extent of urban tree canopies relative to the current magnitude of emissions. The most promising environmental and health impacts of urban trees are those that can be realized with well-stewarded tree planting and localized design interventions at site to municipal scales. Tree planting at these scales has documented benefits on local climate and health, which can be maximized through targeted site design followed by monitoring, adaptive management, and studies of long-term eco-evolutionary dynamics.

Tourism Microentrepreneurship: State of the Art and Research Agenda

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-292
Author(s):  
Birendra Kc ◽  
Chantell Lapan ◽  
Bruno Ferreira ◽  
Duarte B. Morais
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Special Section ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Business Ecosystem ◽  
New Information ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Practical Recommendations

Microentrepreneurship has always been an important driving force of the tourism industry. However, until recently, this sector was mostly invisible and understudied. Microentrepreneurs are now becoming influential stakeholders due to new information technologies that make their offerings easily accessible to a broader clientele and render their economic activity more transparent and taxable. There is a growing consensus that tourism microentrepreneurs can make destinations more competitive and equitable. Accordingly, there has been a surge of scholarship on tourism microentrepreneurship to inform strategies and policies to fuel microentrepreneurial development and its integration with the formal tourism sector. The purpose of this conceptual article is threefold: first, to discuss the definition of tourism microentrepreneurship and commonly used theoretical conceptualizations, as well as the evolution of research on tourism microentrepreneurship; second, to identify research gaps in the existing literature and propose avenues for future research; third, to serve as an introduction to a Special Section on Tourism Microentrepreneurship. In addition, we offer a set of practical recommendations for destination managers and supporting organizations to develop and nurture networks of microentrepreneurs, and to identify suitable and rewarding microentrepreneurial opportunities in the tourism business ecosystem.

scholarly journals Urban Tree Growth Modeling

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 172-180
Author(s):  
E. Gregory McPherson ◽  
Paula Peper
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Urban Forestry ◽  
Growth Modeling ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Design Management ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
High Performing ◽  
Urban Tree

Selecting, locating, and managing trees to provide ecosystem services are becoming increasingly important facets of municipal and consulting forestry. The science of urban tree growth modeling is fundamental to quantifying these services. This paper describes three longterm tree growth studies conducted to evaluate tree performance because repeated measurements of the same trees produce critical data for growth model calibration and validation. Several empirical and process-based approaches to modeling tree growth are reviewed. Modeling is more advanced in the fields of forestry and pomology than in urban forestry. The USDA Forest Service’s reference city research has developed over 1,800 growth equations from measurements on more than 17,000 trees in 16 cities. The database is a valuable source of information that reflects regional differences in species composition, climate, soils, site conditions, and management practices. Several examples illustrate how differences in local climate and management practices can influence growth of a single species and the resulting value of services. Further advances in urban tree growth modeling are needed to inform the design, management, and modeling of high performing landscapes.

scholarly journals Urban Tree Growth and Longevity: An International Meeting and Research Symposium White Paper

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 237-241
Author(s):  
Rachel Leibowitz
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Urban Tree ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Professional Practitioners ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tree Care

Researchers from around the world gathered at The Morton Arboretum (Lisle, Illinois, U.S.) in September 2011 to share their experiences and knowledge on the topic of urban tree growth and longevity. A roundtable discussion was held at the end of the second day’s program, during which attendees discussed the state of current research in these areas and identified needs for future research. Four distinct subgroups were identified within the broader topic of urban tree growth and longevity: tree production; site design and tree selection; tree and site management; and the need for descriptive studies. Throughout the discussion, it became clear that there must be greater collaboration among researchers investigating tree growth, increased investment in long-term studies, the development of a clearing house for information, and the fostering of productive partnerships between the governmental, industry, and academic sectors. To strengthen the impact of urban tree growth research on the tree care industry, results and conclusions must be summarized and distributed through suitable means for a variety of audiences, which might include federal, state, and local governments; property owners and consumers; nurseries and growers; tree care and other green industry professionals; and urban planners, civil engineers, and landscape architects. To this end, the Urban Tree Growth & Longevity Working Group has been established to support communication between researchers and professional practitioners, enrich scientific exchange, and enhance the quality, productivity, and timeliness of research on tree growth, longevity, and mortality.

scholarly journals The Cost of Not Maintaining Trees: Findings and Recommendations from an International Symposium and Summit

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Koeser ◽  
Jess Vogt ◽  
Richard Hauer ◽  
Robert Northrop ◽  
Ward Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Urban Forestry ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Care Costs

Urban trees are both an asset and a cost to municipalities. Past research has focused largely on the asset—quantifying and valuing the social, economic, and environmental benefits provided by trees in urban areas. Relatively fewer studies have focused on defining the appropriate level of tree care (costs or inputs) for efficiently maintaining tree health and structural integrity, and potential resulting liabilities. On 18–20 March 2015, the International Society of Arboriculture assembled a panel of research and industry experts for a research symposium and summit titled, The Costs of Not Maintaining Trees. In the weeks leading up to the summit, the Delphi technique was initiated to help build consensus on key research questions related to the economics of trees and their care. After three iterations of questions and discussion, the panel identified 14 research topics that were deemed “very important” or “important” by at least 12 of the 14 expert panelists (80% being a commonly used threshold for consensus). Results of this work are intended to help focus future research and funding efforts in arboriculture and urban forestry.

scholarly journals Towards sustainable management of the stock and ecosystem services of urban trees. From theory to model and application

Trees ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Pretzsch ◽  
A. Moser-Reischl ◽  
M. A. Rahman ◽  
S. Pauleit ◽  
T. Rötzer
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Ecosystem Service ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Urban Tree ◽  
Age Class ◽  
Sustainable Planning

Abstract Key message A model for sustainable planning of urban tree stocks is proposed, incorporating growth, mortality, replacement rates and ecosystem service provision, providing a basis for planning of urban tree stocks. Abstract Many recent studies have improved the knowledge about urban trees, their structures, functions, and ecosystem services. We introduce a concept and model for the sustainable management of urban trees, analogous to the concept of sustainable forestry developed by Carl von Carlowitz and others. The main drivers of the model are species-specific tree diameter growth functions and mortality rates. Based on the initial tree stock and options for the annual replanting, the shift of the distribution of the number of trees per age class can be predicted with progressing time. Structural characteristics such as biomass and leaf area are derived from tree dimensions that can be related to functions such as carbon sequestration or cooling. To demonstrate the potential of the dynamic model, we first show how different initial stocks of trees can be quantitatively assessed by sustainability indicators compared to a target stock. Second, we derive proxy variables for ecosystem services (e.g. biomass for carbon sequestration, leaf area for deposition and shading) from a given distribution of the number of trees per age class. Third, we show by scenario analyses how selected ecosystem services and functions may be improved by combining complementary tree species. We exercise one aspect (cooling) of one ecosystem service (temperature mitigation) as an example. The approach integrates mosaic pieces of knowledge about urban trees, their structures, functions, and resulting ecosystem services. The presented model makes this knowledge available for a sustainable management of urban tree stocks. We discuss the potential and relevance of the developed concept and model for ecologically and economically sustainable planning and management, in view of progressing urbanization and environmental changes.

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