scholarly journals Transplant Season, Irrigation, and Planting Depth Effects on Landscape Establishment of Baldcypress and Sycamore

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-65
Author(s):  
Donita Bryan ◽  
Michael Arnold ◽  
Astrid Volder ◽  
W. Todd Watson ◽  
Leonardo Lombardini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Platanus Occidentalis ◽  
Native Habitat ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Landscape Performance ◽  
Landscape Value ◽  
Landscape Establishment ◽  
Tree Transplanting

Tree transplanting practices influence plant survival, establishment, and subsequent landscape value. The inability to adequately quantify effects of transplanting practices threatens long-term sustainability of landscape trees. Planting depth [i.e., location of the root collar relative to soil grade (soil surface)], is of particular concern for tree growth, development, and landscape performance. The authors of this study investigated the effects of planting depth and transplant season on landscape establishment of baldcypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.] and effects of planting depth and irrigation practices on landscape establishment of sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.). Baldcypress planted above grade had reduced relative growth rate in height and diameter compared to those planted at or below grade during the first growing season, regardless of transplant season. Sycamore trees planted below grade had increased mortality and decreased growth compared to trees planted at grade or above grade, regardless of irrigation treatment. Even though trees of both species were grown under similar conditions, baldcypress was much more tolerant to belowgrade planting than sycamore. We suggest that this is related to the native habitat of both species, where baldcypress is frequently exposed to hypoxic conditions while sycamore is more prevalent on well-drained soils. Thus, it may be important to consider the native habitat of a species when evaluating the effect of planting depth.

scholarly journals (38) Planting Depth and Tree Performance

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1026C-1026
Author(s):  
Mark W. Jarecki ◽  
David J. Williams ◽  
Gary J. Kling
Keyword(s):  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Graft Union ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Landscape Performance ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Tree Survival ◽  
Bare Root

Growers, nurseries, landscape contractors and installers, and those responsible for maintenance have observed a trend that trees are too deep within the root ball. This study addresses the relationship between planting depth and its effect on tree survival, root growth, root architecture, and caliper growth. The experiment was initiated to determine the effect of planting depth on nursery-grown trees. Three-year-old, 2.1–2.7 m, bare-root liners of Acer platanoides `Emerald Lustre', Fraxinus americana `Autumn Purple', Fraxinus pennsylvanica `Patmore', and Gleditsia triacanthos f. inermis `Shade Master' were planted in April 2004 in a completely randomized design with 20 replications per treatment per species. The trees were selected so that the distance between the graft union and the trunk flare was consistent. Trees were planted with the graft union 15.2 cm below the soil surface, or with the base of the graft union at the finished grade or with the trunk flare at the finished grade. The trees were grown in a nursery field setting with minimal supplemental watering. There were no differences in stem caliper growth at the end of two seasons in any of the four species. Root dry mass, stem elongation, and rooting structure were determined on a representative sample of trees while others were planted into the landscape for a long-term study of the effects of the original planting depth on landscape performance.

scholarly journals Planting Depth During Container Production and Landscape Establishment Affects Growth of Ulmus parvifolia

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donita L. Bryan ◽  
Michael A. Arnold ◽  
Astrid Volder ◽  
W. Todd Watson ◽  
Leonardo Lombardini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Production Phase ◽  
Ulmus Parvifolia ◽  
Landscape Value ◽  
Landscape Establishment ◽  
Container Production

Planting depth during container production may influence plant growth, establishment, and subsequent landscape value. A lack of knowledge about the effects of common transplanting practices may lead to suboptimal performance of planted landscape trees. Planting depth, i.e., location of the root collar relative to soil grade, is of particular concern for posttransplant tree growth both when transplanted to larger containers during production and after transplanting into the landscape. It is unknown whether negative effects of poor planting practices are compounded during the production phases and affect subsequent landscape establishment. This study investigated effects of planting depth during two successive phases of container production (10.8 L and 36.6 L) and eventual landscape establishment using lacebark elm (Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.). Tree growth was greater when planted at grade during the initial container (10.8 L) production phase and was reduced when planted 5 cm below grade. In the second container production phase (36.6 L), trees planted above grade had reduced growth compared with trees planted at grade or below grade. For landscape establishment, transplanting at grade to slightly below or above grade produced trees with greater height on average when compared with planting below grade or substantially above grade, whereas there was no effect on trunk diameter. Correlations between initial growth and final growth in the field suggested that substantial deviations of the original root to shoot transition from at-grade planting was more of a factor in initial establishment of lacebark elm than the up-canning practices associated with planting depth during container production.

scholarly journals Container and Landscape Planting Depth and Root Ball Shaving Affects Magnolia grandiflora Root Architecture and Landscape Performance

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Root Architecture ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Weather Event ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Magnolia Grandiflora ◽  
Landscape Performance ◽  
Tree Height Growth

Plants were grown in a 2 × 2 factorial combination of planting depth in nursery containers and at a landscape installation to study effects on root architecture, growth, and mechanical stability of Magnolia grandiflora L. Planting depth into containers or landscape soil had no impact on bending stress to tilt trunks 40 months after landscape planting, and impacted neither trunk diameter nor tree height growth 68 months later. Trees planted 128 mm deep into 170 L containers had more circling roots at landscape planting and 68 months later than trees planted shallow in containers. Root pruning at landscape planting reduced the container imprint rating on the root system to one-third of that absent root pruning with only a 4 mm reduction in trunk diameter growth over 68 months. Improvement in root architecture from root pruning likely outweighs the rarely encountered downside of slightly less anchorage in an extreme weather event simulated by winching trunks. Trees planted 5 cm above grade were slightly—but significantly—less stable in landscape than trees planted deeper (10 cm below grade). Root pruning at planting to remove roots on root ball periphery appeared to improve root architecture while only slightly impacting growth and anchorage.

scholarly journals Half-Sib Family Selection Improves Container Nursery and Landscape Performance of Sycamore

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-130
Author(s):  
Larry J. Shoemake ◽  
Michael A. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Family Selection ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Regional Market ◽  
Landscape Performance ◽  
Genetically Improved ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Sib Families ◽  
Landscape Establishment ◽  
Container Nursery

Abstract Seven groups of seedlings from each of seven single parent (half-sib) families of sycamore, Platanus occidentalis L., were grown to a marketable size in 9.1 liter (#3) containers to test responses to container nursery production in south Texas. Seedlings were then transplanted to a field site (Brazos County, TX) in the fall, spring, and summer to assess seasonal effects on landscape establishment. Regional selections grew larger, both during container production and following subsequent transplant to the field. Growth of nonimproved local half-sib families equaled or exceeded that of genetically improved families from a distant region. Differential responses among genetically improved and non-improved sources were less pronounced when genotypes were grown in a region from which they did not originate. Fall and spring transplanted seedlings had substantially greater growth and survival than did summer transplants regardless of genotype. This study demonstrates a potential for regional market segregation of seed-propagated landscape trees.

scholarly journals Influence of Trickle Irrigation Emitter Placement on Yield and Grade Distribution of Potatoes

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.E. Zartman ◽  
L. Rosado-Carpio ◽  
R.H. Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Norgold Russet ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Marketable Tuber ◽  
Crop Coefficients

A 2-year study on the influence of trickle irrigation on the yield response of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Norgold Russet `M') was conducted at Lubbock, Texas. The objective was to evaluate the effects of trickle emitter placement on yield of #1, #2, marketable, cull, small, and total tubers. Trickle emitter lines were positioned 1) on the soil surface, 2) with the tuber pieces (4-inch depth), and 3) at S-inch depth. Irrigation was applied daily to replenish the water lost the previous day based on pan evaporation and crop coefficients. Marketable tuber yield was ≈ 8.9 to 11 tons/acre for all irrigation treatments. In both years, the proportion of misshapen potatoes (culls) was significantly greater for the S-inch depth irrigation treatment than for the surface or 4-inch depth treatments (2.9 vs. 0.71 and 0.67 tons/acre and 3.3 vs. 0.89 and 1.16 tons/acre, respectively). The misshapen tubers were directly influenced by trickle emitter placement and indirectly influenced by temperature differences within the tuber zone.

scholarly journals Transplanting Depth Affects Pepper Lodging and Maturity

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-595
Author(s):  
Francis X. Mangan ◽  
Charles S. Vavrina ◽  
John C. Howell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
True Leaf

The effects of transplant depth on lodging and yield were evaluated in five experiments in Florida and Massachusetts. `Cherry Bomb', `Jupiter', and `Mitla' pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) transplants were set at three depths so that the soil surface was even with the top of the rootball, the cotyledon leaf, or the first true leaf. Seedlings set to the depth of cotyledon leaves or to the first true leaf lodged less than did those set to the top of the rootball. No yield differences were recorded among treatments in Massachusetts; however, total weight of red fruit was greater in treatments that lodged less in 1 of the 2 years, suggesting that lodging delayed maturity. Soil temperature in Massachusetts declined at the level of the rootball as planting depth increased.

scholarly journals Desain dan Pengujian Alat Tanam Benih Jagung

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 314-319
Author(s):  
Muhammad Iskandar ◽  
Mustaqimah Mustaqimah ◽  
Syafriandi Syafriandi
Keyword(s):  
Ground Surface ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
The Body ◽  
Original Position ◽  
Working Capacity ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Testing Tools ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Work Done

Abstrak. Alat tanam merupakan suatu alat yang digunakan untuk menempatkan benih tanaman yaitu biji-bijian, bibit, batang atau sebagian tubuh tanaman lain diatas atau dibawah permukaan tanah. Alat tanam didesain memiliki fungsi untuk mempercepat proses penanaman pada lahan jagung dan mempermudah serta tidak memakan waktu yang lama. Tugal ini diharapkan mampu mengatasi permasalahan perkebunan yaitu keterbatasan waktu. Cara kerja tugal penanam jagung semi  mekanis menggunakan pegas pada saat  mata tugal  masuk ke dalam tanah. Pengatur pengeluaran benih tertekan  keatas oleh permukaan tanah. Kemudian mendorong tangkai pegas,  sehingga  lubang  benih  terbuka  dan  benih  pun  terjatuh  ke  bawah yang dibuat oleh mata tugal. Selanjutnya pada saat tugal diangkat dari permukaan tanah, tugal kembali pada posisi semula karena kerja dari pegas.Pengujian kapasitas kerja tugal semi mekanis ditentukan dengan kecepatan penanaman. Pada pengujian ini untuk jarak benih perbaris menggunakan jarak yang umum digunakan yaitu 50 cm. Pengambilan data kecepatan kerja alat dilakukan sebanyak 3 kali pengulangan pada jarak 17 meter. Dengan asumsi sepanjang 17 meter bila jarak antar benih tiap baris 50 cm maka sebanyak 36 lubang tanam. Dari hasil perhitungan kapasitas kerja tugal penanam ini yaitu 0.02 ha/jam. Hasil kedalaman tanam pada pengulangan ke 1 kedalaman tanam benih rata-rata jatuh pada lubang tanam adalah 4,08 cm. Pada pengulangan ke 2 kedalaman tanam benih rata-rata jatuh pada lubang tanam adalah 3,94 cm. Sedangkan pada pengulangan ke 3 kedalaman tanam benih rata-rata jatuh pada lubang tanam adalah 4,05 cm. Design and Testing Tools Planting Corn SeedsAbstract. A planting tool is a tool that is used to place the seed crop is grain, seed, stem or any part of the body other plants above or below the ground surface. A planting tool designed to have a function to accelerate the process of planting the corn field and enables easy and does not take a long time. A planting tool is expected to overcome the problems of plantation that time constraints workings drill corn planter mechanically using spring when the eyes drill into the ground. Regulatory seed depressed spending upwards by the soil surface. Then push the stalk of the spring, so that the holes open seeds and seeds also fell down created by the drill eye. Furthermore, when the drill is lifted from the ground, drill back to its original position due to the work of the working capacity spring. Examination semi mechanical drill is determined by the speed of planting. In this test for distance using a distance line seeds commonly used is 50 cm. Speed data retrieval tool work done 3 times a repetition at a distance of 17 meters. Assuming a 17-meter when the distance between seeds in each row 50 cm by 36 planting holes. From the calculation of working capacity drill this planter is 0.02 ha / hour. Planting depth results on repeatability to 1 seed planting depth average on hole fall planting is 4.08 cm. on repetition to 2 seed planting depth average on hole fall planting is 3.94 cm. while at repetition to 3 seed planting depth average on hole fall planting is 4.05 cm.

Green kyllinga (Kyllinga brevifolia): germination and herbicidal control

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 546-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. Molin ◽  
Rehana A. Khan ◽  
Robert B. Barinbaum ◽  
David M. Kopec
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Germination Requirements

Green kyllinga is a relatively new weed species in well-irrigated turfs in the southwest US. To understand the germination requirements of green kyllinga, the effects of planting depth, temperature, pH, and osmotic potential were determined. Green kyllinga emergence was sensitive to planting depth. At 21 days after planting (DAP), emergence of green kyllinga was 60% when planted at the soil surface but only 20% at 0.5 cm and less than 5% at 1 cm. Germination occurred at temperatures between 17 and 30 C but was notably better between 20 and 24 C. Germination was uniform from pH 5.5 to 9.5. Germination decreased between the water potentials −0.1 to −0.6 MPa, although germination was high at water potentials found in irrigated turf. The environmental conditions found in nonstressed turf areas in Arizona will likely support the establishment of green kyllinga. The efficacy of herbicides for the control of green kyllinga was also determined. Control of kyllinga (95% or greater) was obtained with preemergence applications of oxadiazon, dithiopyr, and metolachlor, and with postemergence applications of DSMA, halosulfuron-methyl, and imazaquin.

scholarly journals Different Waterlogging Depths Affect Spatial Distribution of Fine Root Growth for Pinus thunbergii Seedlings

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saki Fujita ◽  
Kyotaro Noguchi ◽  
Takeshi Tange
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Pinus Thunbergii ◽  
Coastal Forests ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Urban Greenery ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fine Root Growth

The increase of waterlogged environments at forests and urban greenery is of recent concern with the progress of climate change. Under waterlogging, plant roots are exposed to hypoxic conditions, which strongly affect root growth and function. However, its impact is dependent on various factors, such as waterlogging depth. Therefore, our objective is to elucidate effects of different waterlogging depths on Pinus thunbergii Parl., which is widely used for afforestation, especially at coastal forests. We conducted an experiment to examine growth and morphology of fine roots and transpiration using 2-year-old seedlings under three treatments, (1) control (no waterlogging), (2) partial waterlogging (partial-WL, waterlogging depth = 15 cm from the bottom), and (3) full waterlogging (full-WL, waterlogging depth = from the bottom to the soil surface, 26 cm). As a result, fine root growth and transpiration were both significantly decreased at full-WL. However, for partial-WL, fine root growth was significantly increased compared to control and full-WL at the top soil, where it was not waterlogged. Additionally, transpiration which had decreased after 4 weeks of waterlogging showed no significant difference compared to control after 8 weeks of waterlogging. This recovery is to be attributed to the increase in fine root growth at non-waterlogged top soil, which compensated for the damaged roots at the waterlogged bottom soil. In conclusion, this study suggests that P. thunbergii is sensitive to waterlogging; however, it can adapt to waterlogging by plastically changing the distribution of fine root growth.

Response of nine soybean lines to soil moisture conditions close to saturation

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (104) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
MN Hunter ◽  
PLMde Jabrun ◽  
DE Byth
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Moisture Conditions

The effects of two constant water table treatments, maintained at 3 and 15 cm below the soil surface (CWT 3 and CWT 15, respectively), were compared with the effect of overhead irrigation (OHI) on dry matter production of nine soybean (Glycine max) lines, grown for 36 days in beds of soil in the glasshouse. The lines represented a range of maturity groups. Water for each irrigation treatment was supplied with, or without, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (100 ppm N), on a split plot basis. CWT 15 plants accumulated 37% more dry matter, and 35 times more nodule dry matter, than did OH1 plants. CWT 3 plants became very chlorotic within a week of imposing the water table, but recovered to produce only 18% less dry matter than the OHI plants. CWT 3 plants accumulated the greatest amount of nodule dry matter, and this fraction accounted for 5% of total plant dry weight in some lines. Plants in both of the water table regimes were taller than the OHI plants, even for lines that flowered in 21 days, and this effect reduced the cultural disadvantage of short stature normally noted in early flowering lines. Nitrogen application marginally increased shoot proportion, plant height and node number, but decreased nodule mass in CWT 15 and OHI plants. The study indicated that soybeans can respond well to permanent water tables maintained close to the soil surface, and attain rapid early growth independent of applied nitrogen. Projections suggest that high yields of seed are feasible in 80-85 day soybean crops growing on a controlled water table system. This system also may promote other operational efficiencies related to a shortened cropping cycle, simplified water management, and weed control.

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