scholarly journals Causes and Consequences of Deep Structural Roots in Urban Trees: From Nursery Production to Landscape Establishment

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 182-191
Author(s):  
Susan Day ◽  
Gary Watson ◽  
P. Eric Wiseman ◽  
J. Roger Harris
Keyword(s):  
Root Formation ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sediment Deposits ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Successful Establishment ◽  
Structural Roots ◽  
Landscape Establishment ◽  
Landscape Trees

Recent research has improved our understanding of how structural roots of landscape trees respond to being located abnormally deep in the soil profile. This condition is widespread among landscape trees and may originate during nursery production, at transplanting into the landscape, or when construction fill or sediment deposits bury root systems of established trees. Deep structural roots sometimes hinder successful establishment of trees, occasionally enhance establishment, and often have little or no effect on growth or survival. When trees respond to deep structural roots, effects are sometimes observed when root collars are as little as 7.5 cm (3 in) deep. In some cases, deep structural roots are implicated in girdling root formation, but research in this area is quite limited. This review describes scientific progress in our understanding of deep structural roots and encompasses their history, causes, and significance, as well as interdisciplinary efforts to address deep planting and tree response during establishment to deep structural roots. A theoretical model of short-term tree response to deep structural roots is presented that helps explain these conflicting outcomes and provides a decision framework for practitioners evaluating trees with deep structural roots.

scholarly journals A Review of the Effects of Transplant Timing on Landscape Establishment of Field-grown Deciduous Trees in Temperate Climates

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa E. Richardson-Calfee ◽  
J. Roger Harris
Keyword(s):  
Deciduous Trees ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
Successful Establishment ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Landscape Establishment ◽  
Landscape Trees ◽  
Temperate Climates

Prudent landscape professionals can enhance chances for successful establishment by timing tree transplant operations to coincide with ideal seasonal conditions. However, transplant timing is usually determined by economic factors, resulting in trees being transplanted at times that are unfavorable for their survival and growth. Knowledge of the effects of season of transplanting on the establishment of landscape trees can help assure the highest probability of success, especially since special post-transplant management may be required if trees are transplanted at unfavorable times. This manuscript reviews past and current research on the effects of transplant timing on landscape establishment of deciduous shade trees. Specific results are summarized from several key studies.

scholarly journals (114) Effects of Planting Depth on Landscape Tree Survival and Girdling Root Formation

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1079C-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Wells ◽  
Karen Townsend ◽  
Judy Caldwell ◽  
Donald Ham ◽  
E. Thomas Smiley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Tree Survival ◽  
Landscape Trees ◽  
Short Term Survival

Landscape trees are frequently planted with their root collars below grade, and it has been suggested that such deep planting predisposes trees to transplant failure and girdling root formation. The objective of the present research was to examine the effect of planting depth on the health, survival, and root development of two popular landscape trees, red maple (Acer rubrum) and `Yoshino' cherry (Prunus ×yedoensis). Trees were transplanted with their root flares at grade, 15 cm below grade or 31 cm below grade. Deep planting had a strong negative effect on the short-term survival of `Yoshino' cherries. Two years posttransplant, 50% of the 15-cm- and 31-cm-deep planted cherries had died, whereas all the control cherries had survived (P< 0.001; 2). Short-term survival of maples was not affected by planting depth. Deep-planted trees of both species exhibited little fine root regrowth into the upper soil layers during the first year after transplant. Four years posttransplant, control maples had 14% ± 19% of their trunk circumference encircled by girdling or potentially-girdling roots; this number rose to 48% ± 29% and 71% ± 21% for 15-cm- and 31-cm-deep planted maples, respectively (P< 0.01; ANOVA main effect). There were no treatment-related differences in girdling root development in the cherries.

scholarly journals Bare Root Liner Production Can Alter Tree Root Architecture

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Hewitt ◽  
Gary Watson
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Structural Roots ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
Bare Root

Abstract Typical nursery production practices, such as root pruning and transplanting, can alter tree root architecture and contribute to root systems that are too deep. In a study of field-grown liner production, root architecture was examined at each stage of the production process, from first year seedlings or rooted cuttings, through 4 to 5 year old branched liners. Depth and diameter of structural roots were recorded on ten replications each of Acer saccharum, Gleditsia triancanthos, Pyrus calleryana, and apple seedling rootstocks; Platanus ‘Columbia’ clonal rooted cuttings; and apple EMLA 111 clonal rootstock produced by mound propagation. By the time the liners reached marketable size, most natural lateral roots emerging from the primary root were lost. Simultaneously, adventitious roots were produced deeper on the root shank at the pruned end of the primary root. These changes in architecture result in the formation of an ‘adventitious root flare’ that is deeper in the soil than a natural root flare. The depth of this new root flare is dependent upon nursery production practices and may influence the ultimate depth of structural roots in the landscape.

scholarly journals The Scientific Basis of the Target Plant Concept: An Overview

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1293
Author(s):  
Anthony S. Davis ◽  
Jeremiah R. Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Seedling Morphology ◽  
Biological Capacity ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Successful Establishment ◽  
Genetic Source ◽  
Vegetative Communities ◽  
Target Plant

Reforestation and restoration using nursery-produced seedlings is often the most reliable way to ensure successful establishment and rapid growth of native plants. Plant establishment success—that is, the ability for the plant to develop within a set period of time with minimal further interventions needed—depends greatly on decisions made prior to planting, and yet nursery-grown plants are often produced independently of considering the range of stressors encountered after nursery production. The optimal plant or seedling will vary greatly with species and site (depending on edaphic and environmental conditions), and in having the biological capacity to withstand human and wildlife pressures placed upon vegetative communities. However, when nursery production strategies incorporate knowledge of genetic variability, address limiting factors, and include potential mitigating measures, meeting the objectives of the planting project—be it reforestation or restoration—becomes more likely. The Target Plant Concept (TPC) is an effective framework for defining, producing, and handling seedlings and other types of plant material based on specific characteristics suited to a given site. These characteristics are often scientifically derived from testing factors that are linked to outplanting success, such as seedling morphology and physiology, genetic source, and capacity to overcome limiting factors on outplanting sites. This article briefly summarizes the current knowledge drawn from existing literature for each component of the TPC framework, thereby helping land managers and scientists to meet objectives and accelerate reforestation and restoration trajectories.

PROGRESS AND REGRESS: UNDERSTANDING COMPLEX SOCIAL MEASURES AND THEIR TRADE-OFFS

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-189
Author(s):  
Daniel Austin Green ◽  
Roberta Q. Herzberg
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Moral Progress ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Global And Local

Abstract:What is progress and what is not progress? We can talk about progress in lots of different arenas; we will focus primarily on economic and scientific progress, but also make brief reference to cultural and moral progress. In our discussion, we want to distinguish, especially, between overall, long-term progress and narrower, shorter-term progress or regress. We will refer to these as “global” and “local” progress, respectively. Of course, one can also regress; therefore, we will also look at instances where progress, along some dimension, slows or even moves backwards. Generally, such regress is local, and often still in a context of broader, global progress. In scientific progress, for example, there are many instances of short-term progress which, if not completely discarded or disproved, are at least substantially modified or fundamentally challenged. And yet, those research paths, even when later abandoned, still contributed to the overall progress of the field. In that sense, the regress (that is, rejection or modification of previous theories) is corrected by, but not in conflict with, the overall progress. In the case of economic progress, the concept of regress usually takes on a different form in which things that aren’t advancing progress don’t necessarily stop it, but are simply retarding progress — that is, making the rate of progress less efficient. The consequence, we suggest, is that when talking about economic progress, objections to certain consequences of economic progress (for instance, income inequality — a type of regress, in our terminology) should not be cordoned off and dealt with independently, but should be incorporated into the way we think about economic progress itself — as instances of local regress within a context of global progress. We explore the effects of these different relations between progress and regress to suggest some of the challenges those seeking to broaden the standard measure, GDP, to incorporate other social values of well-being will face moving forward.

scholarly journals Growth Retardant Application to Canna × generalis ‘Florence Vaughan’

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 114-119
Author(s):  
L.L. Bruner ◽  
G.J. Keever ◽  
J.R. Kessler ◽  
C.H. Gilliam
Keyword(s):  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Upright Position ◽  
Growth Retardant ◽  
Floral Display ◽  
Growth Retardants ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Plant Growth Retardants ◽  
Landscape Establishment ◽  
Canna Generalis ◽  
Suppression Effects

Abstract The effects of 15 to 45 ppm Cutless (flurprimidol), 2500/1500 to 7500/1500 ppm B-Nine/Cycocel tank mixes (daminozide/chlormequatchloride), and 20 to 60 ppm Sumagic (uniconazole) on the vegetative growth and flowering of Canna x generalis ‘Florence Vaughan’ were determined during container nursery production and landscape establishment. Vegetative heights 30 and 60 days after treatment (DAT) and vegetative and inflorescence heights at first and second flower were suppressed by all plant growth retardants (PGRs). There was no delay in flowering of the first inflorescence from any PGR treatment, and a three to seven day delay in flowering of the second inflorescence with only Sumagic. Vegetative height was suppressed quadratically 14–28% (30 DAT) and linearly 19–40% (60 DAT) by increasing Cutless rates. Inflorescence heights of plants treated with 15 or 30 ppm Cutless were suppressed proportionally to foliage heights without any detrimental effect on floral display. Heights of plants treated with Cutless and transplanted into the landscape at 60 DAT were similar to those remaining in containers at 90 DAT, and 7 cm (3 in) and 11 cm (3.5 in) taller at 120 and 150 DAT, respectively. Vegetative heights of plants in both locations were suppressed linearly by Cutless, 15–33% (90 DAT) and 7–12% (120 DAT) with height suppression effects dissipating by 150 DAT. Vegetative height was suppressed quadratically by B-Nine/Cycocel, 5–14% and 16–28% at 30 and 60 DAT, respectively. However, response was inconsistent with rate at all sampling dates both in containers and in the landscape. B-Nine/Cycocel treated plants were suppressed quadratically up to 33% (90 DAT) and up to 17% (120 DAT). Plants transplanted and treated with B-Nine/Cycocel were suppressed linearly 14–23% (90 DAT) and 6–16% (120 DAT). At 150 DAT, BNine/Cycocel treated plants were similar in height to control plants, with transplanted plants around 10 cm (4 in) taller than those remaining in containers. Sumagic suppressed vegetative height quadratically 28–33% (30 DAT) and 50–52% (60 DAT). At 60 DAT, the height suppression was excessive and leaf orientation was altered to a less upright position. Inflorescence height suppression by Sumagic was considered excessive with first and second flower occurring below the surrounding foliage. Compared to those transplanted into the landscape at 60 DAT, plants treated with Sumagic and remaining in containers were 12% (90 DAT), 36% (120 DAT), and 37% (150 DAT) shorter. In both locations, Sumagic suppressed vegetative height quadratically 46% (90 DAT) and 29% (120 DAT) compared to control plants. Compared to control plants, at 150 DAT, treated plants remaining in containers were suppressed to a greater extent (32–43%) than those transplanted into the landscape (11–14%).

scholarly journals Half-Sib Family Selection Improves Container Nursery and Landscape Performance of Sycamore

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-130
Author(s):  
Larry J. Shoemake ◽  
Michael A. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Family Selection ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Regional Market ◽  
Landscape Performance ◽  
Genetically Improved ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Sib Families ◽  
Landscape Establishment ◽  
Container Nursery

Abstract Seven groups of seedlings from each of seven single parent (half-sib) families of sycamore, Platanus occidentalis L., were grown to a marketable size in 9.1 liter (#3) containers to test responses to container nursery production in south Texas. Seedlings were then transplanted to a field site (Brazos County, TX) in the fall, spring, and summer to assess seasonal effects on landscape establishment. Regional selections grew larger, both during container production and following subsequent transplant to the field. Growth of nonimproved local half-sib families equaled or exceeded that of genetically improved families from a distant region. Differential responses among genetically improved and non-improved sources were less pronounced when genotypes were grown in a region from which they did not originate. Fall and spring transplanted seedlings had substantially greater growth and survival than did summer transplants regardless of genotype. This study demonstrates a potential for regional market segregation of seed-propagated landscape trees.

scholarly journals USE OF SALICYLIC ACID IN THE PRODUCTION OF GRAFTED GRAPEVINE SEEDLINGS

Russian vine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
N.G. Pavluchenko ◽  
◽  
S.I. Melnikova ◽  
O.I. Kolesnikova ◽  
N.I. Zimina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Tissue Formation ◽  
Growth Processes ◽  
Grapevine Variety ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Root Stock ◽  
Wound Tissue

The aim of the study was to evaluate the ef-fect of salicylic acid on the processes of re-generation and root formation in vine grafts during the stratification period. The efficiency of treatment of copulation sections on root-stock cuttings of vines with Salicylic acid (SC) solution was studied) (10-2, 10-4, 10-6, 10-8) during the production of grafted grapevine seedlings. For setting up the experiment, we used the grafted grapevine variety Cabernet Sauvignon, the rootstock - Kober 5BB. In some variants of the experiment, a reduction in the period of vaccination stratification was noted, due to the activation of the process of wound tissue formation. At the same time, the use of salicylic acid stimulated the budding of the scion, the growth of shoots and the devel-opment of the root system. With an increase in the concentration of the solution to 10-2, a slowdown in the growth of shoots was noted. The present results indicate that salicylic acid, being an endogenous stimulator of growth processes, can be used in nursery production.

scholarly journals Crabapple and Lilac Growth and Root-zone Temperatures in Northern Nursery Production Systems

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. Neal
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plastic Container ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Common Lilac ◽  
Ground System ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Landscape Establishment ◽  
Shoot Mass

Crabapple (Malus ‘Donald Wyman’) and common lilac (Syringa vulgaris ‘Monge’) were grown from liners to marketable size in five production systems: field-grown, plastic container, pot-in-pot (PiP), bag-in-pot (BiP), and above-ground system (AGS). The objectives were to compare growth in modified container systems, which could potentially eliminate overwintering requirements in northern production nurseries and to compare the effects on tree root growth during landscape establishment. There were no significant differences in crabapple root or shoot mass after two seasons except PiP dry root weights exceeded field-grown trees. For lilacs, there were significant differences in growth and shoot dry weight with field-grown and PiP plants being largest. PiP root-zone temperatures (RZTs) were similar to field-grown RZTs. Container, BiP, and AGS systems all exceeded lethal high and low RZT thresholds, resulting in root damage. Five trees from each treatment were transplanted into a low-maintenance landscape and dug up 3 years later. There were no significant differences in top growth, but the effects of the production systems were evident in the root architecture. BiP and field-grown trees had fewest root defects and the greatest number of roots extending into the landscape soil.

scholarly journals Differing Nursery Production Systems Impact Cost of Planting Oak Species in the Urban Environment

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 651-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin L. Green ◽  
Richard W. Harper ◽  
Daniel A. Lass
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Community Forest Management ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mean Cost

Urban foresters must be able to accurately assess costs associated with planting trees in the built environment, especially since resources to perform community forest management are limited. Red oak (Quercus rubra) and swamp white oak (Q. bicolor) (n = 48) that were produced using four different nursery production systems—balled and burlapped (BNB), bare root (BR), pot-in-pot container grown (PIP), and in-ground fabric (IGF)—were evaluated to determine costs of planting in the urban environment. Costs associated with digging holes, moving the trees to the holes, and planting the trees were combined to determine the mean cost per tree: BNB trees cost $11.01 to plant, on average, which was significantly greater than PIP ($6.52), IGF ($5.38), and BR ($4.38) trees. Mean costs for BR trees were significantly lower than all other types of trees; IGF trees were less expensive to plant (by $1.14) than PIP trees, but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.058). Probabilities that cost per tree are less than specific values also are calculated. For example, the probabilities that IGF and BR can be planted for less than $8.00 per tree are 1.00. The probability that a PIP can be planted for less than $8.00 is 0.86, whereas the probability for a BNB tree is just 0.01. This study demonstrates that the cost of planting urban trees may be affected significantly in accordance with their respective nursery production method.

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